Pub Date : 1993-09-27DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.1993.489661
C. Leung, A. Lee
The erosion properties of a silver tin oxide contact material used in automotive DC relays were evaluated as a function of current and life cycles in lampload switching. The eroded surfaces were analyzed and an erosion mechanism based on transfer interface fracture was presented to explain the contact resistance, material transfer and welding properties of the silver tin oxide contact material. Pip and crater formation in silver tin oxide are small because of a weak deposit/cathode interface that resulted in delamination of pips.
{"title":"Silver tin oxide contact erosion in automotive relays","authors":"C. Leung, A. Lee","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1993.489661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1993.489661","url":null,"abstract":"The erosion properties of a silver tin oxide contact material used in automotive DC relays were evaluated as a function of current and life cycles in lampload switching. The eroded surfaces were analyzed and an erosion mechanism based on transfer interface fracture was presented to explain the contact resistance, material transfer and welding properties of the silver tin oxide contact material. Pip and crater formation in silver tin oxide are small because of a weak deposit/cathode interface that resulted in delamination of pips.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79973893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-09-27DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.1993.489669
E. Shobert
There are several fundamental considerations which can be used to describe the conduction in sliding contacts in electrical machines. When these are understood, most of the problems involved in these machines can be attacked with the hope of solution. This discussion will bring these together in a manner which will hopefully be useful to anyone concerned with these problems. The most important point in all brush problems is to identify the part of the system and its operation which is causing the problem so that the effort expended is properly directed.
{"title":"Sliding electrical contacts","authors":"E. Shobert","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1993.489669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1993.489669","url":null,"abstract":"There are several fundamental considerations which can be used to describe the conduction in sliding contacts in electrical machines. When these are understood, most of the problems involved in these machines can be attacked with the hope of solution. This discussion will bring these together in a manner which will hopefully be useful to anyone concerned with these problems. The most important point in all brush problems is to identify the part of the system and its operation which is causing the problem so that the effort expended is properly directed.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91006148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-09-27DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.1993.489657
Rong Mingzhe, Wang Qiping
The switching performances of several improved silver tin-oxide materials with several kinds of additives, including WO/sub 3/,Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/,In/sub 2/O/sub 3/, were conducted in an accelerated testing machine. Based on the experimental results and the observations of the contacts surface microstructure, the effects of additives on the silver tin-oxide contacts erosion behavior are studied. It is indicated that the effects of additives on the wettability between liquid silver metal and the contact surface, the distribution and the thermal stability of additives are critical in the determination of erosion characteristics and the morphological features of the contact surface. The erosion behaviors of silver-tin oxide materials with different additives are compared, and the doping effect on surface morphology is presented.
{"title":"Effects of additives on the AgSnO2 contacts erosion behavior","authors":"Rong Mingzhe, Wang Qiping","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1993.489657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1993.489657","url":null,"abstract":"The switching performances of several improved silver tin-oxide materials with several kinds of additives, including WO/sub 3/,Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/,In/sub 2/O/sub 3/, were conducted in an accelerated testing machine. Based on the experimental results and the observations of the contacts surface microstructure, the effects of additives on the silver tin-oxide contacts erosion behavior are studied. It is indicated that the effects of additives on the wettability between liquid silver metal and the contact surface, the distribution and the thermal stability of additives are critical in the determination of erosion characteristics and the morphological features of the contact surface. The erosion behaviors of silver-tin oxide materials with different additives are compared, and the doping effect on surface morphology is presented.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83421521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-09-27DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.1993.489671
S. Uda, T. Higaki, H. Funami, K. Mano
Sliding contacts are widely used in motors of various types and applications. Recently motors have become more and more downsized, while longer life and higher reliability are demanded. In such a background, many difficult problems remain to be solved. One of the most difficult problems is the behavior of the sliding contacts used in brushes and commutators. This study is intended to achieve satisfactory characteristics and long life of metal brushes and commutators. This is a report on the general idea of solving the problem by using a vapor lubricant. Polyhydric alcohols were used as vapor lubricants, and various types of small power motors tested. As a result, the surfaces of the brushes and commutators were found to be free of carbonaceous deposits, such as black powder and brown powder. Motors lubricated with vapor lubricants of this system have already been manufactured and used in quantity.
{"title":"The general idea of a vapor lubrication system applied in small power motors","authors":"S. Uda, T. Higaki, H. Funami, K. Mano","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1993.489671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1993.489671","url":null,"abstract":"Sliding contacts are widely used in motors of various types and applications. Recently motors have become more and more downsized, while longer life and higher reliability are demanded. In such a background, many difficult problems remain to be solved. One of the most difficult problems is the behavior of the sliding contacts used in brushes and commutators. This study is intended to achieve satisfactory characteristics and long life of metal brushes and commutators. This is a report on the general idea of solving the problem by using a vapor lubricant. Polyhydric alcohols were used as vapor lubricants, and various types of small power motors tested. As a result, the surfaces of the brushes and commutators were found to be free of carbonaceous deposits, such as black powder and brown powder. Motors lubricated with vapor lubricants of this system have already been manufactured and used in quantity.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86704534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-09-27DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.1993.489667
P. Wingert
Silver-tungsten-based contacts are commonly used in air circuit breakers. The most common contact-related problems for devices using this type of material are high contact resistance, i.e. high temperature rise in a device, and catastrophic material erosion (cracking). This paper describes how the addition of nickel affects the erosion characteristics of the base silver-tungsten material. It is shown that a multiphase tungsten/nickel structure can form on the contact surface resulting in high contact resistance. The silver remains more cohesively adherent to the tungsten phase when the nickel is present. The multiphase structure which forms appears to be more resistant to thermal stress cracking. Negative effects of the nickel addition are the reduced high temperature stability of the contact material and the potential for high contact resistance if contact is made directly with the multiphase tungsten-nickel material. Two surface structure conditions which can cause high contact resistance without the presence of oxides are described.
{"title":"The effects of nickel on the switching performance of silver-tungsten-based contacts","authors":"P. Wingert","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1993.489667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1993.489667","url":null,"abstract":"Silver-tungsten-based contacts are commonly used in air circuit breakers. The most common contact-related problems for devices using this type of material are high contact resistance, i.e. high temperature rise in a device, and catastrophic material erosion (cracking). This paper describes how the addition of nickel affects the erosion characteristics of the base silver-tungsten material. It is shown that a multiphase tungsten/nickel structure can form on the contact surface resulting in high contact resistance. The silver remains more cohesively adherent to the tungsten phase when the nickel is present. The multiphase structure which forms appears to be more resistant to thermal stress cracking. Negative effects of the nickel addition are the reduced high temperature stability of the contact material and the potential for high contact resistance if contact is made directly with the multiphase tungsten-nickel material. Two surface structure conditions which can cause high contact resistance without the presence of oxides are described.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86668457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-09-27DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.1993.489672
N. Shimoda, G. Mitsumatsu, H. Kanoh, K. Sawa
Recently many small D.C. motors have been used for automotive electrical equipment. In particular, motors for fuel pumps play an important role of supplying the engine with gasoline. Therefore, high reliability and long life are required for the motors. The feature of these motors is that gasoline flows inside the motor and commutation is done in gasoline. This paper is a fundamental investigation of the commutation phenomena in gasoline. We have already reported in a previous paper on fundamental characteristics of the commutation arc such as arc duration, arc voltage and residual current. In this paper, the experimental results of arc duration, residual current and arc voltage are reported for both commutator materials of Cu and Ag/Ni. And the wear of a brush made of metallic-carbon is measured, respectively on Cu and Ag/Ni commutators. When the silver-nickel commutator is used, brush wear is slighter in gasoline than in air. When the copper commutator is used, brush wear in gasoline is similar to that in air. The influence of gasoline on commutation arc voltage is also described.
{"title":"A study on commutation arc and wear of brush in gasoline of D.C. motor","authors":"N. Shimoda, G. Mitsumatsu, H. Kanoh, K. Sawa","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1993.489672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1993.489672","url":null,"abstract":"Recently many small D.C. motors have been used for automotive electrical equipment. In particular, motors for fuel pumps play an important role of supplying the engine with gasoline. Therefore, high reliability and long life are required for the motors. The feature of these motors is that gasoline flows inside the motor and commutation is done in gasoline. This paper is a fundamental investigation of the commutation phenomena in gasoline. We have already reported in a previous paper on fundamental characteristics of the commutation arc such as arc duration, arc voltage and residual current. In this paper, the experimental results of arc duration, residual current and arc voltage are reported for both commutator materials of Cu and Ag/Ni. And the wear of a brush made of metallic-carbon is measured, respectively on Cu and Ag/Ni commutators. When the silver-nickel commutator is used, brush wear is slighter in gasoline than in air. When the copper commutator is used, brush wear in gasoline is similar to that in air. The influence of gasoline on commutation arc voltage is also described.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73352203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-09-27DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.1993.489690
H.A. Francisco, K. Koeneke, J. Wallace
Surface contamination introduced by deburring electrical contacts with mineral silicon (SiO/sub 2/), will affect the contact spot in different ways by varying the arcing properties. Those factors which affect contact resistance were investigated. The investigation demonstrated that contact spot degradation was caused by absorption of organic vapors during switching, rather than decomposition of the mineral silicon (SiO/sub 2/) on the surface of fine silver rivets. This degradation mechanism may be reduced by sustaining an arc at switching currents of 2, 5 and 10 amps at 12.5 VDC. Furthermore, increasing the contact force from 50 grams (0.5 N) to 100 grams (1 N) produced significant reduction in the kinetics of the degradation mechanism in the contact spot at low switching currents (2 amps). The degradation of the contact spot during switching was explained as interactions among mineral silicon (SiO/sub 2/) concentration on the rivet's surface, arcing properties and contact force used during switching.
{"title":"The effect of SiO/sub 2/ contaminated silver rivets on contact spot degradation under various arcing properties","authors":"H.A. Francisco, K. Koeneke, J. Wallace","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1993.489690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1993.489690","url":null,"abstract":"Surface contamination introduced by deburring electrical contacts with mineral silicon (SiO/sub 2/), will affect the contact spot in different ways by varying the arcing properties. Those factors which affect contact resistance were investigated. The investigation demonstrated that contact spot degradation was caused by absorption of organic vapors during switching, rather than decomposition of the mineral silicon (SiO/sub 2/) on the surface of fine silver rivets. This degradation mechanism may be reduced by sustaining an arc at switching currents of 2, 5 and 10 amps at 12.5 VDC. Furthermore, increasing the contact force from 50 grams (0.5 N) to 100 grams (1 N) produced significant reduction in the kinetics of the degradation mechanism in the contact spot at low switching currents (2 amps). The degradation of the contact spot during switching was explained as interactions among mineral silicon (SiO/sub 2/) concentration on the rivet's surface, arcing properties and contact force used during switching.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82169004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-09-27DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.1993.489688
Bor-Jenq Wang, N. Saka, E. Rabinowicz
A recent investigation has shown that the increase in contact resistance of low-voltage noble-metal electrical contacts with the number of on-off switch cycles is primarily due to carbon build-up on the contact surfaces. Moreover, when the contact electrodes are made of base metals, such as Ni, Fe, Ti and Sb, carbon formation can be delayed, if not eliminated. Among these metals, Sb has been found to be the best contact material against carbon formation. Because of the comparatively higher electrical resistivity and the potential for oxidation, however, Sb cannot be used as a contact material. Therefore, it has been decided to alloy noble metals, such as Au and Ag, with Sb. In this study, Au-Sb and Au-Ag-Sb alloys of various compositions were prepared and tested in air-benzene mixture at room temperature. An impact tester was used for conducting tests that simulate the operation of relay contacts with electrical load. Of all the alloys tested for discouraging carbon formation, the Au-7 Ag-30 Sb alloy was found to be the best.
{"title":"Au-Sb and Au-Ag-Sb alloys as low-voltage contact materials","authors":"Bor-Jenq Wang, N. Saka, E. Rabinowicz","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1993.489688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1993.489688","url":null,"abstract":"A recent investigation has shown that the increase in contact resistance of low-voltage noble-metal electrical contacts with the number of on-off switch cycles is primarily due to carbon build-up on the contact surfaces. Moreover, when the contact electrodes are made of base metals, such as Ni, Fe, Ti and Sb, carbon formation can be delayed, if not eliminated. Among these metals, Sb has been found to be the best contact material against carbon formation. Because of the comparatively higher electrical resistivity and the potential for oxidation, however, Sb cannot be used as a contact material. Therefore, it has been decided to alloy noble metals, such as Au and Ag, with Sb. In this study, Au-Sb and Au-Ag-Sb alloys of various compositions were prepared and tested in air-benzene mixture at room temperature. An impact tester was used for conducting tests that simulate the operation of relay contacts with electrical load. Of all the alloys tested for discouraging carbon formation, the Au-7 Ag-30 Sb alloy was found to be the best.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88918417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-09-27DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.1993.489662
Zhuan-Ke Chen, H. Mizukoshi, K. Sawa
Arc erosion patterns of pure Pd contacts tested with switching inductive loads at 20 V, 1.0/spl sim/4.0 A were determined by means of SEM and material transfer was measured with an electronic balance. Three types of erosion patterns were observed at the different load current regions. Firstly, distributed craters occurred on the anode and scattered redeposited mounds surrounded by sprayed particles on the cathode when the current was less than about 2.5 A, which we called a critical transition current because it demonstrates the change of metal transfer direction; secondly, if the current was larger than the critical current value, pips occurred on the anode and craters on the cathode; thirdly, when the current was around the critical current value, both pips and craters co-existed either on the cathode or on the anode. The behaviours of electrical contact resistance and arc duration in the metallic phase and the gaseous phase at different load currents are reported. The particle sputtering-depositing model is presented and used to explain the mechanism of material transfer processes and the formation of erosion patterns. The material transfer direction is affected by the arc duration of the metallic phase as well as the gaseous phase. The electrical contact resistance not only depends on the surface films and surface morphology, but is also influenced by the particle sputtering.
{"title":"Contact erosion patterns of Pd material in DC breaking arcs","authors":"Zhuan-Ke Chen, H. Mizukoshi, K. Sawa","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1993.489662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1993.489662","url":null,"abstract":"Arc erosion patterns of pure Pd contacts tested with switching inductive loads at 20 V, 1.0/spl sim/4.0 A were determined by means of SEM and material transfer was measured with an electronic balance. Three types of erosion patterns were observed at the different load current regions. Firstly, distributed craters occurred on the anode and scattered redeposited mounds surrounded by sprayed particles on the cathode when the current was less than about 2.5 A, which we called a critical transition current because it demonstrates the change of metal transfer direction; secondly, if the current was larger than the critical current value, pips occurred on the anode and craters on the cathode; thirdly, when the current was around the critical current value, both pips and craters co-existed either on the cathode or on the anode. The behaviours of electrical contact resistance and arc duration in the metallic phase and the gaseous phase at different load currents are reported. The particle sputtering-depositing model is presented and used to explain the mechanism of material transfer processes and the formation of erosion patterns. The material transfer direction is affected by the arc duration of the metallic phase as well as the gaseous phase. The electrical contact resistance not only depends on the surface films and surface morphology, but is also influenced by the particle sputtering.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84486940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-09-27DOI: 10.1109/HOLM.1993.489658
D. McDonnell, J. Gardener, J. Gondusky
An investigation of the switching behavior of internally oxidized silver cadmium oxide and silver tin, indium oxide contact materials was undertaken in which detailed, computer supported analysis of changes in the performance (contact weld force, electrical resistance and temperature change) was evaluated. In addition, the impact of electrical switching on the physical characteristics of the material (contact erosion and surface morphology) was examined. The silver tin, indium oxide materials exhibited significantly higher resistance to erosion than the silver cadmium oxide materials. The resistance to welding as well as changes to electrical resistance and temperature were comparable and were more dependent on oxide level than on materials. The results suggest that internally oxidized silver tin, indium oxide could serve as a nontoxic replacement for internally oxidized silver cadmium oxide.
{"title":"Comparison of the switching behavior of silver metal oxide contact materials","authors":"D. McDonnell, J. Gardener, J. Gondusky","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1993.489658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1993.489658","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation of the switching behavior of internally oxidized silver cadmium oxide and silver tin, indium oxide contact materials was undertaken in which detailed, computer supported analysis of changes in the performance (contact weld force, electrical resistance and temperature change) was evaluated. In addition, the impact of electrical switching on the physical characteristics of the material (contact erosion and surface morphology) was examined. The silver tin, indium oxide materials exhibited significantly higher resistance to erosion than the silver cadmium oxide materials. The resistance to welding as well as changes to electrical resistance and temperature were comparable and were more dependent on oxide level than on materials. The results suggest that internally oxidized silver tin, indium oxide could serve as a nontoxic replacement for internally oxidized silver cadmium oxide.","PeriodicalId":11624,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 2007 Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88197343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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