Energy最新文献_第5页

Minimum consumption pricing strategy for alleviating electric vehicle charging congestion 缓解电动汽车充电拥堵的最小消费定价策略

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139853

Ke Gong , Bo Zhao , Chu Xiong , Yuqin Huang , Yuanxiang Dong , Jian Hu

Insufficient electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure, coupled with charging station congestion during peak travel hours, poses severe challenges for operators to control congestion, shorten charging duration, and improve users' charging satisfaction. It has also become a key constraint to EV adoption. This study proposes a minimum consumption pricing (MCP) model grounded in second-degree price discrimination theory to screen high-value and high-demand EV users, thereby reducing users' waiting time. We developed a game-theoretic model encompassing the interaction between charging station operators and drivers, including queuing, station spacing, congestion, drivers’ alternative charging behaviors, and power shortage risks. Using calibrated data from China and the US, we found that the MCP model significantly reduces charging waiting times, with the reduction magnitude increasing as the minimum consumption threshold (MCT) increases. However, this effect is attenuated by enlarged inter-station distances and intensified congestion. Second, an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between MCT and operating profits. The optimal pricing threshold increases with both station distance and congestion severity, thereby enhancing enterprise profitability. Finally, an MCP will improve the social welfare by weighing the payoffs of the two players in the game. This paper contributes to the literature on EV charging operations by providing operators with a novel congestion mitigation tool and expanding the theoretical understanding of second-degree price discrimination in such contexts.

电动汽车充电基础设施不足，加上高峰时段充电站拥堵，给运营商控制拥堵、缩短充电时间、提高用户充电满意度带来了严峻挑战。它也成为电动汽车采用的一个关键制约因素。本研究提出基于二级价格歧视理论的最小消费定价（MCP）模型来筛选高价值、高需求的电动汽车用户，从而减少用户的等待时间。本文建立了一个包含充电站运营商和司机之间互动的博弈论模型，包括排队、充电站间隔、拥堵、司机的替代充电行为和电力短缺风险。使用来自中国和美国的校准数据，我们发现MCP模型显着减少了充电等待时间，并且随着最低消费阈值（MCT）的增加，减少幅度增加。然而，车站间距离的扩大和拥堵的加剧会减弱这种影响。第二，MCT与营业利润呈倒u型关系。最优定价阈值随着站点距离和拥堵严重程度的增加而增加，从而提高企业的盈利能力。最后，MCP将通过权衡游戏中两个玩家的收益来提高社会福利。本文通过为运营商提供一种新的拥堵缓解工具，扩展了在这种情况下二级价格歧视的理论认识，为电动汽车充电运营的文献做出了贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and model study of a novel passive air conditioning with heat pipe chilled beam 新型热管冷梁被动式空调的实验与模型研究

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139755

Shihao Wen, Chenhua Wang, Jiaxin Zhang, Sumei Liu, Junjie Liu

Maintaining a suitable temperature in critical areas such as nuclear power plant control rooms and data centres during power outages is essential for ensuring personnel safety and equipment cooling. However, traditional cooling systems rely on external power, and sudden outages can lead to system failure. To address this, passive cooling systems have been proposed as emergency solutions that provide essential cooling during outages. Based on the principles of active chilled beams and separated heat pipes, this study proposes a heat pipe chilled beam air conditioning terminal to overcome the low efficiency and lack of fresh air supply in existing cooling terminals. The terminal operates with a compressed air system, using air induction to enhance heat transfer through forced convection. Meanwhile, by integrating a cooling storage system, passive operation is enabled. Experimental measurements were conducted under various operating conditions. The results showed that under power outage conditions, when the temperature difference between ambient air and the cooling source ranged from 11.8 °C to 25.1 °C, the cooling capacity of the heat pipe chilled beam increased from 568.5 W to 1545.5 W. Increasing the primary air volumetric flow rate from 25.88 m³/h to 84.98 m³/h caused a steady increase in cooling capacity from 709.6 W to 1664.7 W. Additionally, a calculation model for the cooling capacity was developed, achieving an error consistently within 15 %.

在停电期间，在核电站控制室和数据中心等关键区域保持合适的温度对于确保人员安全和设备冷却至关重要。然而，传统的冷却系统依赖于外部电源，突然中断可能导致系统故障。为了解决这个问题，被动冷却系统被提议作为紧急解决方案，在停电期间提供必要的冷却。基于主动式冷梁和分离式热管的原理，针对现有制冷终端效率低、新风供应不足的问题，提出了一种热管冷梁空调终端。该终端采用压缩空气系统，利用空气感应通过强制对流加强传热。同时，通过集成蓄冷系统，实现被动运行。在不同的操作条件下进行了实验测量。结果表明：在停电条件下，当环境空气与冷却源温差在11.8℃~ 25.1℃范围内时，热管冷梁的制冷量从568.5 W增加到1545.5 W；将一次风量从25.88 m3/h增加到84.98 m3/h，制冷量从709.6 W稳步增加到1664.7 W。此外，建立了制冷量的计算模型，误差在15%以内。

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引用次数: 0

Machine learning and simulated annealing/Moth-flame based prediction-optimization for improving ultrasonication-assisted co-anaerobic digestion 基于机器学习和模拟退火/蛾焰的预测优化改善超声辅助共厌氧消化

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139831

Anh Tuan Hoang , Wei-Hsin Chen , M. Olga Guerrero-Pérez , Enrique Rodríguez-Castellón , María Cruz López-Escalante , Diep Ngoc Long Huynh , Xuan Phuong Nguyen , Thanh Hai Truong , Phuc Phat Pham

This study investigates a novel, hybrid approach to enhance biomethane production through ultrasonic-assisted anaerobic co-digestion of buffalo dung and food waste. Ultrasonic pretreatment effectively disrupted the complex organic matrix and stimulated hydrolysis, accelerating microbial degradation and increasing volatile fatty acid synthesis. In addition, a model-prediction-optimization framework was developed employing machine learning (ML) approaches of XGBoost and Decision Tree coupled with optimization methods of response surface methodology (RSM), Simulated Annealing (SA), and Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO). As a result, XGBoost showed superior performance with an R² of 1 and an MSE of 0 during training, while delivering an R² of 0.832 and an MSE of 6.139 in the model testing phase. Alternatively, RSM could optimize biomethane yield to 69.36 % at 51.52 °C and 60.97 min, while SA was marginally superior with 69.39 % biomethane yield at 51.08 °C and 61.38 min. Furthermore, MFO could achieve 68.81 % at 57.69 °C and 60.8 min, showing marginally lower efficiency but strong consistency across similar control parameters. This validated hybrid approach offers a scalable solution for advancing methane recovery in waste-to-energy systems, bridging experimental work with computational modelling. For next-generation bioenergy systems, this integrated approach offers great progress in integrating process intensification via ultrasonic waves, predictive analytics using ML, and multi-objective metaheuristic optimization.

本研究探讨了一种新的混合方法，通过超声辅助厌氧共消化水牛粪便和食物垃圾来提高生物甲烷的产量。超声波预处理有效地破坏了复杂的有机基质，刺激了水解，加速了微生物降解，增加了挥发性脂肪酸的合成。此外，采用XGBoost和决策树的机器学习（ML）方法，结合响应面法（RSM）、模拟退火（SA）和蛾焰优化（MFO）的优化方法，开发了模型-预测-优化框架。结果表明，XGBoost在训练阶段的R2为1，MSE为0，在模型测试阶段的R2为0.832，MSE为6.139，表现出优异的性能。在51.52°C和60.97 min条件下，RSM可以使生物甲烷产率达到69.36%，而SA在51.08°C和61.38 min条件下的生物甲烷产率为69.39%。此外，在57.69°C和60.8 min时，MFO可以达到68.81%，效率略低，但在相似的控制参数下具有很强的一致性。这种经过验证的混合方法为推进废物转化为能源系统中的甲烷回收提供了一种可扩展的解决方案，将实验工作与计算模型相结合。对于下一代生物能源系统，这种集成方法在通过超声波集成过程强化、使用ML的预测分析和多目标元启发式优化方面取得了巨大进展。

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引用次数: 0

Comprehensive analysis on heating performance characteristics of a photovoltaic-driven vapor injection variable refrigerant flow system 光伏驱动蒸汽喷射变制冷剂流量系统加热性能特性综合分析

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139848

Yaran Liang , Yanhua Guo , Shuangquan Shao , Hui Zhang , Feifei Huang

With the increasing global focus on renewable energy and environmental protection, solar photovoltaic (PV)-driven variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems are gaining widespread application in commercial and industrial buildings. Due to the advantages of vapor injection (VI) technology, this paper proposes a PV independently-driven VI-VRF system. During non-office hours, the energy generated by the PV is stored. During working hours, the PV supplies power to the VRF system, and the excess energy is stored. The stored energy is used for replenishment when the PV generation is insufficient. The energy models of PV and VRF system are developed. The performances of the traditional VRF system and the VI-VRF system are compared under basic conditions. Thereafter, the effects of system parameters are analyzed and the PV operating mode is revealed under varying parameters. The results show that, under low-temperature heating conditions, the VI-VRF system can increase the heating capacity and COP (coefficient of performance) by 21.57 % and 19.32 %, respectively. To enable the independent operation of the PV-driven VRF system, the designed solar PV area is 30 m², with a peak PV power output of up to 6.26 kW. The all-day efficiency of the PV power generation system is 20.11 %. Furthermore, as the indoor and outdoor fan speeds increase, the proportion of fan power consumption in total power consumption gradually rises, even exceeding 20 %. This will cause the COP to reach its peak prematurely. When the PV panel tilt angle is 60°, the operating time reaches its maximum value of 9.17 h.

随着全球对可再生能源和环境保护的日益关注，太阳能光伏（PV）驱动的可变制冷剂流量（VRF）系统在商业和工业建筑中得到了广泛的应用。基于汽注技术的优势，本文提出了一种光伏独立驱动的汽注- vrf系统。在非办公时间，光伏发电产生的能量被储存起来。在工作时间，光伏向VRF系统供电，多余的能量储存起来。储存的能量用于光伏发电不足时的补充。建立了PV和VRF系统的能量模型。在基本条件下，对传统VRF系统和虚拟VRF系统的性能进行了比较。分析了系统参数的影响，揭示了不同参数下PV的运行模式。结果表明，在低温加热条件下，VI-VRF系统可使热容量和COP（性能系数）分别提高21.57%和19.32%。为实现PV驱动VRF系统的独立运行，设计太阳能光伏面积为30 m2，峰值光伏输出功率高达6.26 kW。光伏发电系统的全天效率为20.11%。此外，随着室内外风机转速的增加，风机功耗占总功耗的比例逐渐上升，甚至超过20%。这将导致缔约方会议过早达到高峰。当光伏板倾角为60°时，运行时间达到最大值9.17 h。

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引用次数: 0

Dual-season thermal energy storage-integrated heat pump system for load shifting: experiments, modeling and nationwide analysis 负荷转移双季蓄热集成热泵系统：实验、建模与全国分析

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139849

Yiyuan Qiao, Zhenning Li, Lingshi Wang, Yifeng Hu, Kyle Gluesenkamp, Xiaobing Liu, Bo Shen

This paper proposes and validates a dual-season thermal energy storage-integrated heat pump (TES-HP) system that shifts building electric load in both cooling and heating modes using a single phase-change TES. The design uses the TES as a heat sink for the condenser in summer and a heat source for the evaporator in winter, thereby reducing on-peak electric demand while ensuring compatible with existing air-distribution systems. A 14-kW TES-HP prototype with six operating modes and novel refrigerant charge management strategies was experimentally tested under varied conditions. Subsequently, data-driven polynomial performance curves were developed and validated against experiments, then coupled with a phase change material (PCM) model and a calibrated building model within a rule-based controller. Single-day case studies demonstrated effective on-peak demand reduction while maintaining thermal comfort. During cooling, hourly power was lowered by up to 1.5 kW; in heating, average hourly power decreased from over 3.5 kW to 1.8 kW, compared to an HP-only system, achieving 64.5 % load shifting, and the need for resistance heating was eliminated. Seasonal simulations showed typical on-peak electricity savings of 25–35 % in cooling and 40–65 % in heating, with the largest benefits on the hottest and coldest days. Extended response-surface analysis and nationwide mapping quantified load shifting as functions of ambient and TES temperatures, revealing a seasonal trade-off in TES phase-change temperature. These results demonstrate the TES-HP system as a practical and scalable solution for grid-interactive buildings that reduces on-peak demand and electricity use while maintaining thermal comfort and enhancing grid flexibility and reliability.

本文提出并验证了一种双季节热能储存集成热泵（TES- hp）系统，该系统使用单相相变TES在制冷和制热模式下转换建筑电力负荷。该设计使用TES在夏季作为冷凝器的散热器，在冬季作为蒸发器的热源，从而减少高峰电力需求，同时确保与现有的空气分配系统兼容。在不同条件下，对具有6种工作模式和新型制冷剂充注管理策略的14kw TES-HP原型机进行了实验测试。随后，开发了数据驱动的多项式性能曲线，并根据实验进行了验证，然后在基于规则的控制器中结合相变材料（PCM）模型和校准的建筑模型。单日案例研究表明，在保持热舒适的同时，有效地减少了高峰需求。在冷却期间，每小时的功率降低了1.5 kW；在供暖方面，与纯hp系统相比，平均每小时功率从3.5 kW下降到1.8 kW，实现了64.5%的负载转移，并且消除了对电阻加热的需求。季节性模拟显示，典型的峰值制冷节电25 - 35%，供暖节电40 - 65%，在最热和最冷的日子里效益最大。扩展响应面分析和全国范围内的测绘量化了负荷转移作为环境和TES温度的函数，揭示了TES相变温度的季节性权衡。这些结果表明，TES-HP系统是一种实用且可扩展的解决方案，适用于电网互动建筑，可减少高峰需求和用电量，同时保持热舒适，增强电网的灵活性和可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Self-adaptive photovoltaic power generation under day-night large temperature differences enabled by phase change brine gels with high latent heat and high thermal conductivity 利用高潜热、高导热的相变盐水凝胶实现昼夜温差下的自适应光伏发电

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139871

Qianyu Zhou, Zhenxiang Wang, Pengcheng Lin, Ying Chen

With the gradual depletion of fossil fuels, photovoltaic power generation has been increasingly adopted because of its low carbon footprint and high availability. However, in plateau regions characterized by large diurnal temperature variations, intense solar radiation readily causes module temperatures to rise, thereby reducing photovoltaic conversion efficiency. Traditional air- or water-based cooling methods are often associated with high energy consumption and waste of resource. Here, a self-adaptive photovoltaic power generation strategy is reported for conditions involving large diurnal temperature variations, employing a phase-change brine gel with high latent heat and thermal conductivity. The segmental adsorption of cold-storage brine by agar and the porous adsorption by expanded graphite (EG) synergistically enable high brine loading in the gel, yielding enthalpy and enthalpy efficiency values of 233.87 J g⁻¹ and 93.78 %, respectively. The phase-change brine gels also demonstrate excellent leakage resistance and cyclic stability. Surface modification of EG with gallic acid produces an evenly distributed composite of phase-change brine and EG, yielding a thermal conductivity of up to 5.146 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹. The phase-change brine gel is integrated with photovoltaic panels to form a self-adaptive photovoltaic power generation device. The gel material utilizes natural nighttime cooling to store cold, thereby providing a stable cooling capacity for photovoltaic devices operating during the day. This storage/release cycle lowers the temperature of the photovoltaic panels by up to 20 °C. The maximum increases in generated power reach 13 %. This work effectively mitigates the temperature impact of the plateau climate on photovoltaic devices, offering new insights into sustainable power generation.

随着化石燃料的逐渐枯竭，光伏发电因其低碳足迹和高可用性而被越来越多地采用。然而，在高原地区，昼夜温度变化较大，强烈的太阳辐射容易导致组件温度升高，从而降低光伏转换效率。传统的空气或水基冷却方法往往伴随着高能耗和资源浪费。本文报道了一种自适应光伏发电策略，该策略采用具有高潜热和导热系数的相变盐水凝胶。琼脂对冷库卤水的分段吸附和膨胀石墨（EG）的多孔吸附协同作用，使凝胶中的卤水负载高，焓值和焓效率分别为233.87 J g−1和93.78%。相变盐水凝胶还表现出优异的耐泄漏性和循环稳定性。用没食子酸对EG进行表面改性，可以得到均匀分布的相变卤水和EG的复合材料，导热系数高达5.146 W m−1 K−1。将相变盐水凝胶与光伏板集成，形成自适应光伏发电装置。凝胶材料利用自然夜间冷却来储存冷，从而为白天运行的光伏设备提供稳定的冷却能力。这种储存/释放循环将光伏板的温度降低了20°C。发电量的最大增幅可达13%。这项工作有效地减轻了高原气候对光伏设备的温度影响，为可持续发电提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical investigation of ship fuel consumption optimization through weather routing in the North Brazil Current region 北巴西海流区域天气航路下船舶油耗优化数值研究

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139674

Rafael Meier , Carlos Hakio Fucatu , Giovanni Aiosa Amaral , Kaique Almeida , Raul Dotta , Edgard Borges Malta , André Bergsten Mendes

Voyage optimization methods can enhance vessel operational efficiency and provide insight into key parameters essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, such as weather conditions, vessel speed, and routing constraints. This work evaluates the effects of favorable and adverse environmental conditions on fuel consumption, focusing on their influence on the vessel’s speed through water. A weather routing system was developed using an adapted Dijkstra’s algorithm to optimize trajectories based on a minimum fuel consumption objective function. Simulations analyzed the influence of the North Brazil Current on both transoceanic and coastal voyages. The results show that under favorable environmental conditions, route optimization is strongly influenced by the interaction between vessel speed and ocean current patterns. At intermediate speeds, fuel consumption efficiency was comparable to or even better than at lower speeds due to improved alignment with favorable currents. However, at low speeds, the optimized route converged with the shortest path, indicating limited benefits from current-assisted deviations. Under adverse weather conditions, fuel consumption increased monotonically with vessel speed, resembling still-water navigation and reducing the potential for optimization. Seasonal analysis along the northern Brazilian coastline revealed a consistent trend of reduced fuel consumption from June to August. A regime diagram summarizes how voyage legs can be classified based on energy expenditure, highlighting the limits of achievable fuel efficiency improvements under varying environmental conditions.

航次优化方法可以提高船舶的操作效率，并为减少温室气体排放提供关键参数，如天气条件、船舶速度和航线限制。这项工作评估了有利和不利的环境条件对燃料消耗的影响，重点是它们对船舶通过水的速度的影响。利用Dijkstra算法，开发了一种基于最小燃料消耗目标函数的天气路径系统。模拟分析了北巴西洋流对跨洋和沿海航行的影响。结果表明，在良好的环境条件下，航速与海流模式的相互作用对航路优化影响较大。在中速行驶时，由于改善了与有利电流的对齐，燃油消耗效率与低速行驶时相当，甚至更好。然而，在低速时，优化后的路径收敛于最短路径，表明电流辅助偏差带来的好处有限。在恶劣天气条件下，燃油消耗随着船速单调增加，类似于静水航行，降低了优化的潜力。巴西北部海岸线的季节性分析显示，从6月到8月，燃料消耗一直呈下降趋势。一个状态图总结了如何根据能量消耗对航程进行分类，突出了在不同环境条件下可实现的燃油效率改进的限制。

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引用次数: 0

Flash boiling spray comparison at fixed superheat index: independent control of fuel temperature and ambient pressure 固定过热度下闪蒸喷雾比较：可独立控制燃油温度和环境压力

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139868

Shuyi Qiu , Xiao Dong , Yuhang Wang , Shangning Wang , Mohamed Nour , Xuesong Li , Min Xu

Flash boiling is a promising technique for enhancing fuel spray, even in the absence of a high-pressure injection system. The superheat index (SI), defined as the ratio of ambient pressure (P_a) to saturated vapor pressure (P_s), serves as a representative criterion for classifying the flash boiling regime. It is found that the spray characteristics remain constant at the same SI, regardless of the fuel temperature (T_f) and P_a. However, it is anticipated that T_f and P_a influence the sub-processes of flash boiling spray, such as bubble nucleation, plume expansion, and vapor-induced breakup, in different ways. In this work, numerical and experimental approaches were combined to systematically investigate the effects of T_f and P_a. The pressure and vapor volume fraction (α) of the in-nozzle flow were obtained through simulations. Subsequently, the spray morphology, velocity field, vorticity field and droplet size distributions were measured using particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) and structured laser illumination planar imaging–laser induced exciplex fluorescence/Mie scattering (SLIPI-LIEF/MIE) techniques. It was found that under identical SI conditions, cases with higher T_f and P_a exhibited more intense in-nozzle heterogeneous nucleation and bubble growth, resulting in a higher α compared to lower T_f and P_a. Additionally, the higher T_f and P_a cases showed shorter plume width and penetration, lower radial velocity, and more small, weak vortices within the flow field. Under transitional flash boiling conditions, higher T_f and P_a result in larger and less uniformly distributed droplets, whereas under flare flash boiling conditions, higher T_f and P_a result in smaller and more uniformly distributed droplets.

即使在没有高压喷射系统的情况下，闪蒸也是一种很有前途的燃油喷射技术。过热指数（SI）定义为环境压力（Pa）与饱和蒸汽压（Ps）之比，是判别闪沸状态的代表性标准。结果表明，在相同的SI下，无论燃油温度（Tf）和Pa如何，喷雾特性都保持不变。然而，预计Tf和Pa会以不同的方式影响闪蒸喷雾的子过程，如气泡成核、羽流膨胀和蒸汽诱导破裂。在这项工作中，数值和实验方法相结合，系统地研究了Tf和Pa的影响。通过模拟得到了喷嘴内流动的压力和蒸汽体积分数（α）。随后，采用粒子成像测速（PIV）和结构激光照明平面成像-激光诱导激振荧光/米氏散射（SLIPI-LIEF/ Mie）技术测量了喷雾形貌、速度场、涡度场和液滴尺寸分布。结果表明，在相同的SI条件下，相对于较低的Tf和Pa，较高的Tf和Pa表现出更强的喷嘴内非均质成核和气泡生长，导致α值较高。此外，较高的Tf和Pa条件下，羽流宽度和穿透度较短，径向速度较低，流场内小而弱的涡较多。在过渡闪速沸腾条件下，较高的Tf和Pa导致液滴较大且分布不均匀，而在火炬闪速沸腾条件下，较高的Tf和Pa导致液滴较小且分布较均匀。

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引用次数: 0

Multi-objective optimization study of Organic Rankine Cycle system driven by combined grain drying waste heat and solar energy 粮食干燥余热与太阳能联合驱动有机朗肯循环系统多目标优化研究

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139820

Zhen Zhang , Siyuan Zhang , Liang Liu , Gang Li , Pengfei Li , Youzhou Jiao , Junfeng Guo , Xinxin Liu , Chao He

This study proposes an Organic Rankine Cycle system based on a multi-energy complementary strategy, which couples the residual heat from grain drying with solar energy to achieve energy cascade utilization. The system adopts two heat source configuration modes: series and parallel. A thermodynamic-economic-environmental comprehensive evaluation model is constructed using MATLAB. Six working fluids (R1233zd, R601a, R601, isohexane, hexane, and benzene) are selected to systematically evaluate the effects of key parameters - including four heat source parameters and two Organic Rankine Cycle side parameters - on system performance metrics: exergy efficiency, levelized cost of energy, and Emission Rate of Carbon Dioxide.The hybrid Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory-Analytic Network Process method is employed to quantify interdependencies and establish objective weights, revealing that system exergy efficiency is the foundational metric (centrality: 4.801506, causality: 0.750033). The resulting weights (levelized cost of energy: 0.337614, exergy efficiency: 0.333045, Emission Rate of Carbon Dioxide: 0.329341) indicate a balanced prioritization with a slight emphasis on economic performance. A multi-objective multi-criteria decision-making framework, integrating Co-evolutionary Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization-Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, is then established to determine the global optimum. Optimization results demonstrate that the series configuration with R1233zd constitutes the global optimum, yielding an exergy efficiency of 26.15 % and an levelized cost of energy of 0.25 $/kWh and an annual CO₂ reduction of 135.72 t. A general comparison reveals that, excluding the global optimum (R1233zd), the parallel mode offers superior thermo-economic performance, whereas the series mode consistently provides better environmental performance.

本研究提出了一种基于多能互补策略的有机朗肯循环系统，将谷物干燥余热与太阳能耦合，实现能量梯级利用。系统采用串联和并联两种热源配置方式。利用MATLAB建立了热力-经济-环境综合评价模型。选择6种工质（R1233zd、R601a、R601、异己烷、己烷和苯），系统评估了关键参数（包括4个热源参数和2个有机朗肯循环侧参数）对系统性能指标（火用效率、平准化能源成本和二氧化碳排放率）的影响。采用混合决策试验与评价实验室-分析网络过程方法，量化相互依赖关系，建立客观权重，得出系统能效是基础度量（中心性：4.801506，因果性：0.750033）。由此产生的权重（能源平准化成本：0.337614，能源效率：0.333045，二氧化碳排放率：0.329341）表明了一个平衡的优先级，稍微强调经济绩效。在此基础上，结合协同进化多目标粒子群优化-基于理想解相似性的排序偏好算法，建立了多目标多准则决策框架，确定了全局最优方案。优化结果表明，与R1233zd串联配置为全局最优配置，其火用效率为26.15%，平均化能源成本为0.25美元/千瓦时，年二氧化碳减排量为135.72 t。总体比较表明，除全局最优配置（R1233zd）外，并联模式具有更优的热经济性能，而串联模式始终具有更好的环境性能。

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引用次数: 0

Field evaluation of a ground-source heat pump system for frost heave control in high-speed railway subgrades 高速铁路路基冻胀控制地源热泵系统的现场评价

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139850

Tianfei Hu , Rui Yang , Tengfei Wang , Zurun Yue , David P. Connolly , Yan Liu , Yifei Yuan

Frost heave in seasonally frozen subgrades destabilizes railway track geometry and leads to significant maintenance demand in cold regions. As a thermally driven process, its mitigation requires reliable and energy-efficient temperature control. This study develops and field-tests an integrated ground-source heat pump (GSHP) thermal management system designed to actively heat frost-susceptible subgrade zones using shallow geothermal energy. The system consists of vertical heat-collector pipes, horizontal heat-supply pipes, and modular surface heat-pump units. A 20 m full-scale test section was implemented on the Shenyang–Baishan high-speed railway and operated throughout the 2024–2025 winter. Pre-installation heat-load modeling identified a peak thermal demand of 1183 W/m, guiding the deployment of ten 1.2 kW heat-pump units with intermittent operation (2.5 h ON/0.5 h OFF). During operation, outlet pipe temperatures remained stable at 18.7 °C, reducing frost depth to 70–83 cm at the track center and 34–44 cm at the shoulder, and suppressing track heave to within 5 mm. In contrast, untreated subgrade experienced frost penetration of 195–224 cm and heave up to 6.6 mm. These results demonstrate that GSHP-based active heating can effectively limit frost penetration, elevate minimum soil temperatures, and enhance the service reliability of transport infrastructure. The findings also highlight the potential for geothermal-based thermal management in energy-intensive cold-region applications.

在寒冷地区，季节性冻土路基的冻胀破坏了铁路轨道的几何形状，导致了大量的维护需求。作为一个热驱动的过程，其缓解需要可靠和节能的温度控制。本研究开发并现场测试了一种综合地源热泵（GSHP）热管理系统，该系统旨在利用浅层地热能主动加热易受霜冻影响的路基区域。该系统由垂直集热管、水平供热管和模块化地面热泵机组组成。沈阳-白山高速铁路实施了一个20米的全尺寸试验段，并在2024-2025年冬季运行。安装前热负荷建模确定了1183 W/m的峰值热需求，指导了10台1.2 kW间歇性运行（2.5 h开/0.5 h关）的热泵机组的部署。运行过程中，出水管温度稳定在18.7℃，轨道中心结霜深度降至70-83 cm，轨道肩霜深度降至34-44 cm，轨道隆起控制在5 mm以内。相比之下，未经处理的路基经历了195-224厘米的霜冻渗透和高达6.6毫米的隆起。结果表明，地源热泵主动采暖能够有效地限制结霜深度，提高土壤最低温度，提高交通基础设施的服务可靠性。这些发现还强调了地热热管理在能源密集型寒冷地区应用的潜力。

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引用次数: 0