IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140187

Tingting Jiang , Ziqi Chi , Dongzhou Xie , Tao He , Youqiang Liao , Tianfu Yang

Hydrogen storage in salt caverns is the optimal choice for large-scale hydrogen storage. However, significant amounts of sediment accumulate at the bottom of salt caverns in China. Utilizing the pore spaces within these sediments for storage is an inevitable approach for the future development of hydrogen storage caverns. Understanding the in-situ sediment particle size distribution and its gas storage capacity is essential to achieving this goal. This study develops a mathematical model that could accurately predict the gradation of in-situ sediment particles based on the geological characteristics of salt layers and the leaching process. The model was further used to explore the porosity distribution and gas storage capacity of sediments in actual salt mines. The results indicate that the proposed mathematical model demonstrates high accuracy. The gradation and porosity of sediments at the bottom of actual salt caverns exhibit significant heterogeneity with depth. The sediment pore reveals remarkable gas storage potential, with an overall porosity of 46.67% for the in-situ sediment body. Utilizing the sediment pores is expected to increase the available gas storage space by 28244.73 m³, leading to an expected expansion of effective storage volume by over 25.58% compared to the original capacity. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the development of large-scale hydrogen storage utilizing high-impurity, bedded salt formations in China.

盐穴储氢是大规模储氢的最佳选择。然而，在中国，大量的沉积物积聚在盐穴底部。利用这些沉积物中的孔隙空间进行储氢是未来储氢洞穴发展的必然途径。了解原位沉积物粒度分布及其储气能力是实现这一目标的关键。本研究基于盐层地质特征和淋滤过程，建立了能够准确预测原位沉积物颗粒级配的数学模型。并利用该模型对实际盐矿沉积物的孔隙度分布和储气能力进行了研究。结果表明，所提出的数学模型具有较高的精度。实际盐穴底部沉积物的级配和孔隙度随深度呈明显的非均质性。沉积物孔隙具有显著的储气潜力，沉积体整体孔隙度为46.67%。利用沉积物孔隙预计可增加28244.73 m3的有效储气空间，有效储气容积预计比原容量增加25.58%以上。本研究为国内大规模开发高杂质层状盐储氢技术提供了理论基础。

{"title":"Prediction model of the in-situ sediment gradation and gas storage capacity for salt cavern hydrogen storage","authors":"Tingting Jiang , Ziqi Chi , Dongzhou Xie , Tao He , Youqiang Liao , Tianfu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen storage in salt caverns is the optimal choice for large-scale hydrogen storage. However, significant amounts of sediment accumulate at the bottom of salt caverns in China. Utilizing the pore spaces within these sediments for storage is an inevitable approach for the future development of hydrogen storage caverns. Understanding the in-situ sediment particle size distribution and its gas storage capacity is essential to achieving this goal. This study develops a mathematical model that could accurately predict the gradation of in-situ sediment particles based on the geological characteristics of salt layers and the leaching process. The model was further used to explore the porosity distribution and gas storage capacity of sediments in actual salt mines. The results indicate that the proposed mathematical model demonstrates high accuracy. The gradation and porosity of sediments at the bottom of actual salt caverns exhibit significant heterogeneity with depth. The sediment pore reveals remarkable gas storage potential, with an overall porosity of 46.67% for the in-situ sediment body. Utilizing the sediment pores is expected to increase the available gas storage space by 28244.73 m<sup>3</sup>, leading to an expected expansion of effective storage volume by over 25.58% compared to the original capacity. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the development of large-scale hydrogen storage utilizing high-impurity, bedded salt formations in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140187"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Parameter analysis and layout optimization of a rooftop photovoltaic power system using a data-driven approach 基于数据驱动方法的屋顶光伏发电系统参数分析与布局优化

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140363

Difeng Hu

Rooftop photovoltaic (RPV) systems play an important role in supporting urban energy transition, yet their layout optimization remains challenging due to complex physical modeling and limited multi-objective capability. This paper proposes a data-driven surrogate-based optimization approach that integrates Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to improve the technical performance of RPV systems. Three key configuration parameters, including string size, tilt angle, and PV row spacing, are systematically evaluated through PVsyst-based simulation experiments. A 630 kW rooftop RPV installation in China is used as a case study to validate the proposed approach. The optimized configuration increases total energy generation from 786.29 MWh/year to 820.86 MWh/year and improves system efficiency from 81.45% to 84.85%. ANOVA results confirm that tilt angle and PV row spacing are the dominant contributors to performance improvement, while string size exhibits a marginal influence. Compared with conventional metaheuristic methods, the proposed approach achieves rapid performance enhancement by constructing a data-driven surrogate model from a limited number of simulation outputs, without requiring explicit formulation and coupling of intricate physical equations in the optimization process. The analysis of coupling effects between the dominant parameters offers practical guidance for RPV layout design, facilitating real-world decision-making for rooftop PV deployment.

屋顶光伏系统在支持城市能源转型中发挥着重要作用，但由于其复杂的物理建模和有限的多目标能力，其布局优化仍然具有挑战性。本文提出了一种基于数据驱动的基于代理的优化方法，该方法将灰色关联分析（GRA）和响应面法（RSM）相结合，以提高RPV系统的技术性能。通过基于PV系统的模拟实验，系统地评估了三个关键配置参数，包括管柱尺寸、倾斜角度和PV排距。本文以中国630千瓦的屋顶RPV装置为例，验证了所提出的方法。优化后的系统总发电量由786.29 MWh/年增加到820.86 MWh/年，系统效率由81.45%提高到84.85%。方差分析结果证实，倾角和PV排间距是提高性能的主要因素，而管柱尺寸的影响较小。与传统的元启发式方法相比，该方法通过从有限数量的仿真输出中构建数据驱动的代理模型，实现了性能的快速提升，而无需在优化过程中明确表述和耦合复杂的物理方程。分析各主要参数之间的耦合效应，可为屋顶光伏布局设计提供实用指导，为现实世界的屋顶光伏部署决策提供依据。

{"title":"Parameter analysis and layout optimization of a rooftop photovoltaic power system using a data-driven approach","authors":"Difeng Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rooftop photovoltaic (RPV) systems play an important role in supporting urban energy transition, yet their layout optimization remains challenging due to complex physical modeling and limited multi-objective capability. This paper proposes a data-driven surrogate-based optimization approach that integrates Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to improve the technical performance of RPV systems. Three key configuration parameters, including string size, tilt angle, and PV row spacing, are systematically evaluated through PVsyst-based simulation experiments. A 630 kW rooftop RPV installation in China is used as a case study to validate the proposed approach. The optimized configuration increases total energy generation from 786.29 MWh/year to 820.86 MWh/year and improves system efficiency from 81.45% to 84.85%. ANOVA results confirm that tilt angle and PV row spacing are the dominant contributors to performance improvement, while string size exhibits a marginal influence. Compared with conventional metaheuristic methods, the proposed approach achieves rapid performance enhancement by constructing a data-driven surrogate model from a limited number of simulation outputs, without requiring explicit formulation and coupling of intricate physical equations in the optimization process. The analysis of coupling effects between the dominant parameters offers practical guidance for RPV layout design, facilitating real-world decision-making for rooftop PV deployment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140363"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High value utilization of residual biochar from sorption-enhanced hydrogen-rich syngas production: CO2 conversion, supercapacitors and catalytic supports 吸附强化富氢合成气生产中剩余生物炭的高价值利用：二氧化碳转化、超级电容器和催化支架

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140318

Hongyu Liu , Yuting Tang , Jiehong Tang , Wenchang Yue , Xiaoqian Ma

Sorption-enhanced hydrogen-rich syngas production from biomass (SEHB) based on the calcium looping (CaL) results in residual biochar due to temperature limitations. The high-value utilization of residual biochar is crucial for improving the economic viability of the SEHB process. This study explored the value-added utilization of the residual biochar in three scenarios: CO₂ conversion, supercapacitors and catalytic supports. The results demonstrated that in CO₂ conversion, biochar exhibited low CO₂ conversion rates and activation treatment further inhibited the conversion process. In the field of supercapacitors, the biochar achieved a specific capacitance of 166.6 F/g at 0.5 A/g in a three-electrode system. Symmetric supercapacitors assembled with the biochar delivered a high energy density of 9.3 Wh/kg and exhibited good cycling stability. In the field of catalytic supports, the biochar-based support increased the gas yield to 48.12 mmol/g_biomass, representing a 21.9% improvement. Additionally, it effectively inhibited the methane cracking and reduced coke formation. This study provided new methods for solving the biochar disposal problem in the SEHB process.

基于钙环（CaL）的吸附增强生物质富氢合成气生产（SEHB）由于温度限制导致残留生物炭。剩余生物炭的高价值利用对于提高SEHB工艺的经济可行性至关重要。本研究探讨了剩余生物炭在CO2转化、超级电容器和催化载体三种场景下的增值利用。结果表明，在CO2转化过程中，生物炭表现出较低的CO2转化率，活化处理进一步抑制了其转化过程。在超级电容器领域，生物炭在三电极系统中，在0.5 a /g下获得了166.6 F/g的比电容。用生物炭组装的对称超级电容器具有9.3 Wh/kg的高能量密度和良好的循环稳定性。在催化载体领域，生物炭基载体将产气量提高到48.12 mmol/gbiomass，提高了21.9%。此外，它还能有效地抑制甲烷裂解，减少焦炭的形成。本研究为解决SEHB工艺中生物炭的处理问题提供了新的方法。

{"title":"High value utilization of residual biochar from sorption-enhanced hydrogen-rich syngas production: CO2 conversion, supercapacitors and catalytic supports","authors":"Hongyu Liu , Yuting Tang , Jiehong Tang , Wenchang Yue , Xiaoqian Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sorption-enhanced hydrogen-rich syngas production from biomass (SEHB) based on the calcium looping (CaL) results in residual biochar due to temperature limitations. The high-value utilization of residual biochar is crucial for improving the economic viability of the SEHB process. This study explored the value-added utilization of the residual biochar in three scenarios: CO<sub>2</sub> conversion, supercapacitors and catalytic supports. The results demonstrated that in CO<sub>2</sub> conversion, biochar exhibited low CO<sub>2</sub> conversion rates and activation treatment further inhibited the conversion process. In the field of supercapacitors, the biochar achieved a specific capacitance of 166.6 F/g at 0.5 A/g in a three-electrode system. Symmetric supercapacitors assembled with the biochar delivered a high energy density of 9.3 Wh/kg and exhibited good cycling stability. In the field of catalytic supports, the biochar-based support increased the gas yield to 48.12 mmol/g<sub>biomass</sub>, representing a 21.9% improvement. Additionally, it effectively inhibited the methane cracking and reduced coke formation. This study provided new methods for solving the biochar disposal problem in the SEHB process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140318"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Economic assessment of hybrid electric vehicles for sustainable transportation and decarbonization in Brazil 巴西混合动力电动汽车可持续交通和脱碳的经济评估

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140370

Laene Oliveira Soares , José Ricardo Sodré , Luis Hernández-Callejo , Paulo Sérgio Duque de Brito , Ronney Arismel Mancebo Boloy

The transportation sector is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, demanding the adoption of low-carbon technologies. This study focuses on the economic assessment of two types of hybrid electric vehicles as taxis in Brazil, exploring their potential to ease electric vehicle adoption and contribute to decarbonizing the transportation sector. Environmental life cycle cost, net present value, and total cost of ownership were calculated for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), as taxis and private cars, fuelled by different fuels, in single-fuel and dual-fuel modes. It also compares the Brazilian scenario with Spain and the United Kingdom to examine their economic benefits, considering factors such as purchase costs, operating expenses, and government incentives. Results show that taxis outperform private cars in return on investment, with Spain performing best due to its lower discount rate. Brazil ranked between Spain and the United Kingdom in ELCC and TCO but was the least favourable in NPV. Overall, the research highlights that taxis are identified as a practical short-term alternative for introducing electric vehicles in Brazil, proving to be more economically favourable than private vehicles.

交通运输部门是全球温室气体排放的重要贡献者，需要采用低碳技术。本研究的重点是对巴西两种类型的混合动力电动汽车作为出租车的经济评估，探索它们在缓解电动汽车采用和促进交通部门脱碳方面的潜力。计算了混合动力汽车（hev）和插电式混合动力汽车（phev）的环境生命周期成本、净现值和总拥有成本，分别作为出租车和私家车，使用不同的燃料，单燃料和双燃料模式。它还将巴西的情况与西班牙和英国进行了比较，以考察它们的经济效益，考虑到购买成本、运营费用和政府激励等因素。结果显示，出租车在投资回报方面优于私家车，西班牙表现最好，因为它的折扣率较低。巴西在ELCC和TCO方面排在西班牙和英国之间，但在NPV方面是最不利的。总体而言，该研究强调，出租车被认为是在巴西引入电动汽车的一种实用的短期替代方案，事实证明，出租车比私家车更经济。

{"title":"Economic assessment of hybrid electric vehicles for sustainable transportation and decarbonization in Brazil","authors":"Laene Oliveira Soares , José Ricardo Sodré , Luis Hernández-Callejo , Paulo Sérgio Duque de Brito , Ronney Arismel Mancebo Boloy","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transportation sector is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, demanding the adoption of low-carbon technologies. This study focuses on the economic assessment of two types of hybrid electric vehicles as taxis in Brazil, exploring their potential to ease electric vehicle adoption and contribute to decarbonizing the transportation sector. Environmental life cycle cost, net present value, and total cost of ownership were calculated for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), as taxis and private cars, fuelled by different fuels, in single-fuel and dual-fuel modes. It also compares the Brazilian scenario with Spain and the United Kingdom to examine their economic benefits, considering factors such as purchase costs, operating expenses, and government incentives. Results show that taxis outperform private cars in return on investment, with Spain performing best due to its lower discount rate. Brazil ranked between Spain and the United Kingdom in ELCC and TCO but was the least favourable in NPV. Overall, the research highlights that taxis are identified as a practical short-term alternative for introducing electric vehicles in Brazil, proving to be more economically favourable than private vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140370"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative energy performance evaluation of high-density data centers using air- and immersion-cooling systems with various economizers 高密度数据中心使用空气和浸入式冷却系统与各种省煤器的能源性能比较评估

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140367

Se Hyeon Ham , Dong Soo Jang , Soonbum Kwon , Jun Yeob Chung , Yongchan Kim

With increasing demand for high-density data centers, immersion-cooling systems and economizers have emerged as energy-efficient alternatives to conventional air-cooling systems. A comprehensive analysis of the combined adoption of immersion-cooling and economizer systems is essential for reducing energy consumption in data centers. This study analyzed the annual energy performance of a data center using immersion-cooling systems with economizers in various climatic regions. Specifically, the energy performance of the immersion-cooling system with economizers was compared with that of a conventional air-cooling system. Using economizers in the air-cooling system decreased annual power consumption by up to 40%, with the lowest monthly power usage effectiveness (PUE) values of 1.257, 1.195, and 1.146 with a non-economizer (NE), water-side economizer (WSE), and air-side economizer (ASE), respectively. The annual PUEs of the immersion-cooling systems with an NE and a WSE were 0.052 and 0.078, respectively, lower than that of the air-cooling system with an NE. Moreover, the influence of climatic conditions on the energy performance of air- and immersion-cooling systems with economizers was analyzed. The immersion-cooling system with a WSE exhibited a lower PUE than that with an ASE under most climatic conditions. In addition, a comparative life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis showed that the immersion-cooling system was economically superior to the air-cooling system specifically in climate zones at MATs above 14.4 °C.

随着对高密度数据中心需求的增加，浸入式冷却系统和节能器已经成为传统空气冷却系统的节能替代品。对浸入式冷却和省煤器系统的综合采用进行全面分析对于降低数据中心的能源消耗至关重要。本研究分析了在不同气候区域使用带节能器的浸入式冷却系统的数据中心的年度能源性能。具体而言，将带省煤器的浸入式冷却系统与传统风冷系统的能源性能进行了比较。在空冷系统中使用省煤器可减少高达40%的年用电量，其中，非省煤器（NE）、水侧省煤器（WSE）和风侧省煤器（ASE）的月用电量效率（PUE）值最低，分别为1.257、1.195和1.146。配备NE和WSE的浸没冷却系统的年pue分别比配备NE和WSE的风冷系统低0.052和0.078。此外，还分析了气候条件对带省煤器的空冷和浸入式冷却系统节能性能的影响。在大多数气候条件下，具有WSE的浸入式冷却系统的PUE低于具有ASE的系统。此外，比较生命周期成本（LCC）分析表明，浸没冷却系统在经济上优于风冷系统，特别是在MATs高于14.4°C的气候区。

{"title":"Comparative energy performance evaluation of high-density data centers using air- and immersion-cooling systems with various economizers","authors":"Se Hyeon Ham , Dong Soo Jang , Soonbum Kwon , Jun Yeob Chung , Yongchan Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With increasing demand for high-density data centers, immersion-cooling systems and economizers have emerged as energy-efficient alternatives to conventional air-cooling systems. A comprehensive analysis of the combined adoption of immersion-cooling and economizer systems is essential for reducing energy consumption in data centers. This study analyzed the annual energy performance of a data center using immersion-cooling systems with economizers in various climatic regions. Specifically, the energy performance of the immersion-cooling system with economizers was compared with that of a conventional air-cooling system. Using economizers in the air-cooling system decreased annual power consumption by up to 40%, with the lowest monthly power usage effectiveness (PUE) values of 1.257, 1.195, and 1.146 with a non-economizer (NE), water-side economizer (WSE), and air-side economizer (ASE), respectively. The annual PUEs of the immersion-cooling systems with an NE and a WSE were 0.052 and 0.078, respectively, lower than that of the air-cooling system with an NE. Moreover, the influence of climatic conditions on the energy performance of air- and immersion-cooling systems with economizers was analyzed. The immersion-cooling system with a WSE exhibited a lower PUE than that with an ASE under most climatic conditions. In addition, a comparative life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis showed that the immersion-cooling system was economically superior to the air-cooling system specifically in climate zones at MATs above 14.4 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140367"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermodynamic and economic analysis of a SRCO2–MEOFC–HTSC multi-cycle coupled system for power and steam cogeneration utilizing medium- and high-temperature waste heat 利用中高温余热的SRCO2-MEOFC-HTSC多循环耦合电汽热电联产系统的热力学和经济分析

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140311

Zengli Wang, Yu Zhu, Tao Nie, Hua Shao

To enhance the utilization efficiency of medium- and high-temperature flue-gas waste heat, a novel power-steam cogeneration system integrating a supercritical CO₂ recuperative cycle (SRCO₂), a modified organic flash cycle with a two-phase expander (MEOFC), and a high-temperature steam heat pump cycle (HTSC) is proposed. A thermodynamic model was established and optimized using a particle swarm optimization algorithm with net electric output as the objective to determine operating conditions and working fluids. On this basis, the thermodynamic performance of the proposed SRCO₂-MEOFC-HTSC system was compared with three existing configurations: SRCO₂-organic flash cycle-HTSC (SRCO₂-OFC-HTSC), SRCO₂-regenerative organic flash cycle-HTSC (SRCO₂-REOFC-HTSC), and SRCO₂-organic rankine cycle-HTSC (SRCO₂-ORC-HTSC). The evaluation was conducted from the perspectives of energy, exergy, economic impact. The results indicate that, using O-xylene as the working fluid for the organic cycle in all four coupled systems, the proposed system yields 3.3%-4.4% higher net power at an expander inlet temperature of 440 °C. After optimization, the optimal working fluid for each coupled system was identified, and under identical heat source conditions, an improvement of 7.0%-13.2% in net power output was achieved. From an economic perspective, the unit cost of energy generation is reduced by 1.8%-5.3% as the heat source temperature increases, while annual primary-energy savings are improved by 3.69%-9.49%. Regarding adaptability to heat source fluctuations, net power output increases by 68.5% to 82.4% over the heat source temperature range of 450-600 °C, demonstrating operational stability. These results confirm that the SRCO₂-MEOFC-HTSC system exhibits significant advantages in energy efficiency, performance stability, and cost control.

为提高中高温烟气余热的利用效率，提出了一种集超临界CO2回收循环（SRCO2）、含两相膨胀器的改性有机闪蒸循环（MEOFC）和高温蒸汽热泵循环（HTSC）为一体的新型电汽热电联产系统。以净发电量为目标，建立了热力模型，并采用粒子群优化算法进行了优化，确定了工况和工质。在此基础上，比较了SRCO2-MEOFC-HTSC体系与现有srco2 -有机闪蒸循环- htsc （SRCO2-OFC-HTSC）、srco2 -再生型有机闪蒸循环- htsc （SRCO2-REOFC-HTSC）、srco2 -有机朗肯循环- htsc （SRCO2-ORC-HTSC）体系的热力学性能。从能源、能源、经济影响等角度进行评价。结果表明，在四种耦合系统中，使用邻二甲苯作为有机循环的工作流体，当膨胀器进口温度为440℃时，该系统的净功率提高了3.3%-4.4%。优化后，确定了各耦合系统的最优工作流体，在相同热源条件下，净输出功率提高7.0% ~ 13.2%。从经济角度看，随着热源温度的升高，单位发电成本降低1.8% ~ 5.3%，年一次能源节约提高3.69% ~ 9.49%。在热源波动适应性方面，在热源温度450 ~ 600℃范围内，净输出功率增加68.5% ~ 82.4%，运行稳定。这些结果证实了SRCO2-MEOFC-HTSC体系在能源效率、性能稳定性和成本控制方面具有显著的优势。

{"title":"Thermodynamic and economic analysis of a SRCO2–MEOFC–HTSC multi-cycle coupled system for power and steam cogeneration utilizing medium- and high-temperature waste heat","authors":"Zengli Wang, Yu Zhu, Tao Nie, Hua Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the utilization efficiency of medium- and high-temperature flue-gas waste heat, a novel power-steam cogeneration system integrating a supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> recuperative cycle (SRCO<sub>2</sub>), a modified organic flash cycle with a two-phase expander (MEOFC), and a high-temperature steam heat pump cycle (HTSC) is proposed. A thermodynamic model was established and optimized using a particle swarm optimization algorithm with net electric output as the objective to determine operating conditions and working fluids. On this basis, the thermodynamic performance of the proposed SRCO<sub>2</sub>-MEOFC-HTSC system was compared with three existing configurations: SRCO<sub>2</sub>-organic flash cycle-HTSC (SRCO<sub>2</sub>-OFC-HTSC), SRCO<sub>2</sub>-regenerative organic flash cycle-HTSC (SRCO<sub>2</sub>-REOFC-HTSC), and SRCO<sub>2</sub>-organic rankine cycle-HTSC (SRCO<sub>2</sub>-ORC-HTSC). The evaluation was conducted from the perspectives of energy, exergy, economic impact. The results indicate that, using O-xylene as the working fluid for the organic cycle in all four coupled systems, the proposed system yields 3.3%-4.4% higher net power at an expander inlet temperature of 440 °C. After optimization, the optimal working fluid for each coupled system was identified, and under identical heat source conditions, an improvement of 7.0%-13.2% in net power output was achieved. From an economic perspective, the unit cost of energy generation is reduced by 1.8%-5.3% as the heat source temperature increases, while annual primary-energy savings are improved by 3.69%-9.49%. Regarding adaptability to heat source fluctuations, net power output increases by 68.5% to 82.4% over the heat source temperature range of 450-600 °C, demonstrating operational stability. These results confirm that the SRCO<sub>2</sub>-MEOFC-HTSC system exhibits significant advantages in energy efficiency, performance stability, and cost control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140311"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Potassium fixation and ash fusion behavior in biomass and sewage sludge co-gasification 生物质与污水污泥共气化过程中的固钾和灰融合行为

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140317

Kejie Huang , Jiawei Wu , Xin Yang , Jinfan Li , Xin Han , Xinping Pei , Shunxuan Hu , Fenghao Jiang , Ke Liu , Junguo Li

Biomass gasification is an efficient method for utilizing biomass energy. However, the widespread adoption of this technology is limited by ash-related issues caused by potassium, which can disrupt the stable operation of gasification systems. This study explored the co-gasification of sewage sludge (SS) and corn cob (CC) to address this challenge. The high SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ content in SS reacted with potassium to form the high-melting-point mineral leucite (KAlSi₂O₆), thereby facilitating potassium fixation in the gasification residues. At 1000 °C, the potassium retention in the gasification residues without SS addition was only 65.68%. However, when 15% and 20% SS were added, potassium retention increased significantly to 94.71% and 92.13%, respectively. The deformation temperature (DT) and softening temperature (ST) of the CC ash were 984 °C and 1041 °C, respectively. After adding 5% SS, both DT and ST increased to 1317 °C and 1349 °C, demonstrating a significant improvement in the ash fusion characteristics. Furthermore, FT-IR, XPS, and SEM-EDS analyses revealed that the melting of KCl and potassium silicate was the main cause of ash fusion and slagging. Additionally, the phosphorus in SS was found to exist in the molten phase as (PO₄)^3-. These findings confirm that SS can effectively reduce potassium volatilization and mitigate ash-related issues during biomass gasification. This study also offers new insights into the causes of biomass ash fusion and the fate of phosphorus, providing potential strategies for the recycling of gasification residues.

生物质气化是利用生物质能源的一种有效方法。然而，该技术的广泛采用受到钾引起的灰分相关问题的限制，这可能会破坏气化系统的稳定运行。本研究探索了污水污泥（SS）和玉米芯（CC）的共气化来解决这一挑战。SS中SiO2和Al2O3含量高，与钾反应生成高熔点矿物白晶石（KAlSi2O6），有利于钾在气化残渣中的固定。在1000℃时，未添加SS的气化残渣中钾的保留率仅为65.68%。而添加15%和20% SS时，钾潴留率显著提高，分别达到94.71%和92.13%。CC灰的变形温度（DT）和软化温度（ST）分别为984℃和1041℃。添加5% SS后，DT和ST分别升高到1317°C和1349°C，表明灰熔融特性有明显改善。此外，FT-IR、XPS和SEM-EDS分析表明，KCl和硅酸钾的熔融是灰熔融和结渣的主要原因。此外，SS中的磷以（PO4）3-的形式存在于熔融相中。这些结果证实，SS可以有效地减少钾的挥发，缓解生物质气化过程中的灰分相关问题。该研究还为生物质灰融合的原因和磷的命运提供了新的见解，为气化残留物的回收利用提供了潜在的策略。

{"title":"Potassium fixation and ash fusion behavior in biomass and sewage sludge co-gasification","authors":"Kejie Huang , Jiawei Wu , Xin Yang , Jinfan Li , Xin Han , Xinping Pei , Shunxuan Hu , Fenghao Jiang , Ke Liu , Junguo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biomass gasification is an efficient method for utilizing biomass energy. However, the widespread adoption of this technology is limited by ash-related issues caused by potassium, which can disrupt the stable operation of gasification systems. This study explored the co-gasification of sewage sludge (SS) and corn cob (CC) to address this challenge. The high SiO<sub>2</sub> and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content in SS reacted with potassium to form the high-melting-point mineral leucite (KAlSi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>), thereby facilitating potassium fixation in the gasification residues. At 1000 °C, the potassium retention in the gasification residues without SS addition was only 65.68%. However, when 15% and 20% SS were added, potassium retention increased significantly to 94.71% and 92.13%, respectively. The deformation temperature (DT) and softening temperature (ST) of the CC ash were 984 °C and 1041 °C, respectively. After adding 5% SS, both DT and ST increased to 1317 °C and 1349 °C, demonstrating a significant improvement in the ash fusion characteristics. Furthermore, FT-IR, XPS, and SEM-EDS analyses revealed that the melting of KCl and potassium silicate was the main cause of ash fusion and slagging. Additionally, the phosphorus in SS was found to exist in the molten phase as (PO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>3-</sup>. These findings confirm that SS can effectively reduce potassium volatilization and mitigate ash-related issues during biomass gasification. This study also offers new insights into the causes of biomass ash fusion and the fate of phosphorus, providing potential strategies for the recycling of gasification residues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140317"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Using fuzzy cognitive maps to couple energy and social system models in planning urban low-carbon energy transition 城市低碳能源转型规划中能源与社会系统模型的模糊认知映射耦合

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140347

Zhenyu Shi , Zhi Wei Ngion , Weiqi Li , Maximilian Arras , Xingyuan Yang , Linwei Ma , Zheng Li

In urban low-carbon energy transition planning, coupling physics-based energy models and relationships-based social models has become a frontier. However, limited amounts of previous studies face challenges, as the results being plagued by stakeholders’ dependence and difficulties in achieving soft connections. This paper introduces Energy systems-Sustainability-Governance-Operation (ESGO) Conceptual Framework to describe energy-society relationships and uses Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM) to establish a quantitative relationship between energy and social models for simulation, providing a new approach. Firstly, a conceptual framework is developed to describe the Coordination Cycle in multi-level governments and the Innovation Cycle between enterprises and research institutes. Then a five-step general method is proposed: 1) proposing a conceptual framework, 2) system modelling, 3) planning goals coordination, 4) action plans coordination, 5) selection of action plans and policy implications. A case study on the Shanxi Transformation and Comprehensive Reform Demonstration Zone (STCRD Zone) demonstrates the feasibility of the method. The results indicate that this method can interpret how to balance economic and low-carbon goals, and energy saving and electrification schemes from a new perspective. In this case, low-carbon development can contribute to long-term economic growth, otherwise the latter will be dragged down by higher costs of delayed emission reduction. Energy saving scenario (E1) saves an average of 71.0% in convergence steps compared to electrification scenario (E2) and increases the completion ratio of economic goals by 5.6%. Only energy saving coupled low-carbon coordination scenario (E1-S3) can simultaneously achieve economic and carbon emission goals, providing policy implications from the dynamic iteration delay.

在城市低碳能源转型规划中，基于物理的能源模型与基于关系的社会模型的耦合已成为一个前沿问题。然而，数量有限的前人研究面临着挑战，研究结果受到利益相关者依赖的困扰，难以实现软连接。本文引入能源系统-可持续性-治理-运营（ESGO）概念框架来描述能源-社会关系，并利用模糊认知图（FCM）建立能源与社会之间的定量关系模型进行仿真，提供了一种新的途径。首先，构建了多层次政府协调周期和企业与科研院所创新周期的概念框架。在此基础上，提出了五步法：1)提出概念框架，2)系统建模，3)规划目标协调，4)行动计划协调，5)行动计划选择和政策影响。以山西省转型综合改革示范区为例，验证了该方法的可行性。结果表明，该方法可以从新的角度解释如何平衡经济和低碳目标，以及节能和电气化方案。在这种情况下，低碳发展可以促进经济的长期增长，否则，后者将被延迟减排的更高成本拖累。与电气化情景（E2）相比，节能情景（E1）在收敛步骤中平均节省71.0%，并将经济目标完成率提高5.6%。只有节能耦合低碳协调情景（E1-S3）才能同时实现经济和碳排放目标，提供动态迭代延迟的政策含义。

{"title":"Using fuzzy cognitive maps to couple energy and social system models in planning urban low-carbon energy transition","authors":"Zhenyu Shi , Zhi Wei Ngion , Weiqi Li , Maximilian Arras , Xingyuan Yang , Linwei Ma , Zheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In urban low-carbon energy transition planning, coupling physics-based energy models and relationships-based social models has become a frontier. However, limited amounts of previous studies face challenges, as the results being plagued by stakeholders’ dependence and difficulties in achieving soft connections. This paper introduces Energy systems-Sustainability-Governance-Operation (ESGO) Conceptual Framework to describe energy-society relationships and uses Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM) to establish a quantitative relationship between energy and social models for simulation, providing a new approach. Firstly, a conceptual framework is developed to describe the Coordination Cycle in multi-level governments and the Innovation Cycle between enterprises and research institutes. Then a five-step general method is proposed: 1) proposing a conceptual framework, 2) system modelling, 3) planning goals coordination, 4) action plans coordination, 5) selection of action plans and policy implications. A case study on the Shanxi Transformation and Comprehensive Reform Demonstration Zone (STCRD Zone) demonstrates the feasibility of the method. The results indicate that this method can interpret how to balance economic and low-carbon goals, and energy saving and electrification schemes from a new perspective. In this case, low-carbon development can contribute to long-term economic growth, otherwise the latter will be dragged down by higher costs of delayed emission reduction. Energy saving scenario (E1) saves an average of 71.0% in convergence steps compared to electrification scenario (E2) and increases the completion ratio of economic goals by 5.6%. Only energy saving coupled low-carbon coordination scenario (E1-S3) can simultaneously achieve economic and carbon emission goals, providing policy implications from the dynamic iteration delay.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140347"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Potential impacts of large-scale wind farms on regional climate and vegetation in northern China: Insights from modeling studies 大型风电场对中国北方区域气候和植被的潜在影响：来自模拟研究的见解

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140360

Longxiang Dong , Ye Yu , Xiaoqing Gao , Suping Zhao , Jianglin Li , Hongchao Zuo

Large-scale wind power development is a critical pathway for China's low-carbon energy transition. However, the cascading impacts of rapidly expanding wind farms (WFs) on regional climate and vegetation remain poorly understood. This study employs a coupled climate-vegetation model to assess the potential environmental effects of large-scale WFs in northern China and to investigate the mechanisms linking WFs with climate and vegetation dynamics. Our results show that WFs significantly alter lower atmospheric dynamics (e.g., wind speed and turbulence) at both local and regional scales, with minimal impact on temperature. Furthermore, by enhancing windward moisture convergence, vertical velocity, and regional atmospheric instability, the WFs promote summer convective precipitation in northern China's farming-pastoral ecotone (FPE). The resultant positive soil moisture anomalies, together with reduced vapor pressure deficit, collectively drive vegetation greening, leading to a widespread 1–5% increase in vegetation coverage. Sensitivity experiments further reveal that larger turbines and expanded WFs amplify these climatic-ecological effects. These findings highlight the potential benefits of wind power infrastructure for regional climate and vegetation in similar dryland regions, providing scientific insights for synergizing wind energy development with desertification control in climate-sensitive transition zones.

大规模开发风电是中国向低碳能源转型的重要途径。然而，快速扩张的风力发电场（WFs）对区域气候和植被的连锁影响仍然知之甚少。本研究采用气候-植被耦合模式评估了中国北方大尺度WFs的潜在环境效应，并探讨了WFs与气候和植被动态的联系机制。我们的研究结果表明，WFs在局地和区域尺度上显著改变低层大气动力学（如风速和湍流），对温度的影响最小。此外，WFs通过增强迎风水汽辐合、垂直速度和区域大气不稳定性，促进了中国北方农牧交错带夏季对流降水。由此产生的正土壤水分异常，加上蒸气压亏缺的减少，共同推动植被绿化，导致植被覆盖率增加1-5%。敏感性实验进一步表明，更大的涡轮机和扩大的WFs放大了这些气候生态效应。这些发现强调了风力发电基础设施对类似干旱地区的区域气候和植被的潜在益处，为气候敏感过渡地区风能开发与荒漠化控制的协同作用提供了科学见解。

{"title":"Potential impacts of large-scale wind farms on regional climate and vegetation in northern China: Insights from modeling studies","authors":"Longxiang Dong , Ye Yu , Xiaoqing Gao , Suping Zhao , Jianglin Li , Hongchao Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-scale wind power development is a critical pathway for China's low-carbon energy transition. However, the cascading impacts of rapidly expanding wind farms (WFs) on regional climate and vegetation remain poorly understood. This study employs a coupled climate-vegetation model to assess the potential environmental effects of large-scale WFs in northern China and to investigate the mechanisms linking WFs with climate and vegetation dynamics. Our results show that WFs significantly alter lower atmospheric dynamics (e.g., wind speed and turbulence) at both local and regional scales, with minimal impact on temperature. Furthermore, by enhancing windward moisture convergence, vertical velocity, and regional atmospheric instability, the WFs promote summer convective precipitation in northern China's farming-pastoral ecotone (FPE). The resultant positive soil moisture anomalies, together with reduced vapor pressure deficit, collectively drive vegetation greening, leading to a widespread 1–5% increase in vegetation coverage. Sensitivity experiments further reveal that larger turbines and expanded WFs amplify these climatic-ecological effects. These findings highlight the potential benefits of wind power infrastructure for regional climate and vegetation in similar dryland regions, providing scientific insights for synergizing wind energy development with desertification control in climate-sensitive transition zones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140360"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

User refueling choice behavior of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and economic optimization of hydrogen stations under multi-stakeholder multi-layer game model 多利益相关者多层博弈模型下氢燃料电池汽车用户加氢选择行为与加氢站经济性优化

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140380

Haibing Wang , Libo Zhu , Weiqing Sun , Haiwang Zhong

In the ongoing integration of electricity and carbon markets and the decarbonization of the transportation sector, the increasing adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) has driven the development of hydrogen production and refueling station (HPRS). Beyond their traditional role as refueling service providers, HPRSs act as profit-driven hydrogen suppliers with electricity-intensive production processes. This operational characteristic enables HPRSs, as distribution-level loads, to actively participate in the carbon market and the demand response (DR) market, thus enhancing their economic performance. This engagement creates a complex network of interactions among the distribution system operator (DSO), HPRS, and HFCV users. To address the associated challenges, this paper constructs a multi-layer game model for HFCV dispatch based on demand-side power bidding. The model incorporates an evolutionary game that enables HFCV users to independently select HPRS, a Stackelberg game for strategic optimization between HPRS and HFCVs, and a non-cooperative game facilitating competition among different HPRS in the DR market organized by DSO. By analyzing the utilities and constraints of each participant, the study develops an algorithm specifically designed to solve this multi-layer game model. Case studies validate that this method effectively coordinates the interactive benefits among the DSO, HPRS, and HFCVs, leading to a significant increase in revenue.

在电力和碳市场的持续整合以及运输部门的脱碳过程中，氢燃料电池汽车（HFCV）的日益普及推动了氢生产和加氢站（HPRS）的发展。除了作为传统的加油服务提供商之外，hprs还扮演着利润驱动的氢气供应商的角色，其生产过程是电力密集型的。这种运行特性使hprs作为配电级负荷，能够积极参与碳市场和需求响应（DR）市场，从而提高其经济绩效。这种参与在分配系统运营商（DSO）、HPRS和HFCV用户之间建立了一个复杂的互动网络。为了解决相关问题，本文构建了基于需求侧竞价的HFCV调度的多层博弈模型。该模型包含了使HFCV用户能够独立选择HPRS的进化博弈、HPRS与HFCV之间策略优化的Stackelberg博弈以及由DSO组织的DR市场中促进不同HPRS之间竞争的非合作博弈。通过分析每个参与者的效用和约束，研究开发了一个专门设计的算法来解决这个多层博弈模型。案例研究证实，该方法有效地协调了DSO、HPRS和hfcv之间的互动利益，从而显著增加了收入。

{"title":"User refueling choice behavior of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and economic optimization of hydrogen stations under multi-stakeholder multi-layer game model","authors":"Haibing Wang , Libo Zhu , Weiqing Sun , Haiwang Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the ongoing integration of electricity and carbon markets and the decarbonization of the transportation sector, the increasing adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) has driven the development of hydrogen production and refueling station (HPRS). Beyond their traditional role as refueling service providers, HPRSs act as profit-driven hydrogen suppliers with electricity-intensive production processes. This operational characteristic enables HPRSs, as distribution-level loads, to actively participate in the carbon market and the demand response (DR) market, thus enhancing their economic performance. This engagement creates a complex network of interactions among the distribution system operator (DSO), HPRS, and HFCV users. To address the associated challenges, this paper constructs a multi-layer game model for HFCV dispatch based on demand-side power bidding. The model incorporates an evolutionary game that enables HFCV users to independently select HPRS, a Stackelberg game for strategic optimization between HPRS and HFCVs, and a non-cooperative game facilitating competition among different HPRS in the DR market organized by DSO. By analyzing the utilities and constraints of each participant, the study develops an algorithm specifically designed to solve this multi-layer game model. Case studies validate that this method effectively coordinates the interactive benefits among the DSO, HPRS, and HFCVs, leading to a significant increase in revenue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140380"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Energy最新文献