IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.139907

Shuo Zhang , Jiahui Wang , Yingzi Li , Chunhui Yuan , Shaohui Ding

Zero-carbon parks are fundamental hubs supporting both the new-type power system and China's dual-carbon goal. These parks can effectively optimize the energy structure, promote energy coupling, and achieve zero-carbon operation of the system. It is key issue on how to provide an optimization planning scheme for capacity allocation of zero-carbon park integrated energy system(ZC-PIES), especially considering comprehensive interaction among operation uncertainty, multi-energy coupling, zero-carbon emission, etc. Firstly, this paper proposes a coupling operation architecture of ZC-PIES with wind, photovoltaic, hydrogen, and storage as core elements and constructs physical characteristic models for each equipment. Secondly, considering the uncertainties of system supply and demand interaction, a bi-level capacity configuration model is established for electricity-carbon-hydrogen coupled zero-carbon park. The two-stage distributionally robust optimization(DRO) method is applied to handle the uncertainties in wind, photovoltaic and load demand. Finally, a case study of a zero-carbon park in Southern China is used to validate the effectiveness of the bi-level planning optimization model. Sensitivity analysis is conducted on key factors such as the uncertainties of wind and solar power, load demand, investment in gas post-combustion carbon capture (GPCC) equipment, and time-of-use pricing. The research findings indicate that the bi-level planning optimization model for ZC-PIES can reduce investment costs by 16.06 % compared to alternative scenarios. Additionally, it achieves a maximum reduction of 97.24 % in the average absolute deviation of the net load. This provides a technical pathway and reference framework for the planning and construction of zero-carbon park.

零碳园区是支撑新型电力系统和中国双碳目标的基础枢纽。这些园区可以有效地优化能源结构，促进能源耦合，实现系统的零碳运行。如何为零碳园区综合能源系统（ZC-PIES）的容量分配提供优化规划方案，特别是考虑运行不确定性、多能耦合、零碳排放等因素的综合影响，是关键问题。首先，本文提出了以风能、光伏、氢能、储能为核心要素的ZC-PIES耦合运行架构，并构建了各设备的物理特性模型。其次，考虑系统供需相互作用的不确定性，建立了电-碳-氢耦合零碳园区的双层容量配置模型。采用两阶段分布鲁棒优化（DRO）方法来处理风电、光伏和负荷需求的不确定性。最后，以南方某零碳园区为例，验证了双层规划优化模型的有效性。对风电和太阳能发电的不确定性、负荷需求、燃气燃烧后碳捕集（GPCC）设备投资、分时电价等关键因素进行敏感性分析。研究结果表明，与备选方案相比，ZC-PIES双层规划优化模型可使投资成本降低16.06%。净荷载的平均绝对偏差最大减小97.24%。这为零碳园区的规划建设提供了技术路径和参考框架。

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引用次数: 0

Seasonal performance analysis and optical behavior assessment of bifacial PV-trombe wall systems 双面pv - trobe墙系统的季节性能分析及光学性能评价

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139887

Junjie Zong , Chenglong Luo , Jiechuang Peng , Jie Ji , Ruili Peng , Hua Zhang , Xiaoxiao Su

The bifacial PV-Trombe wall is an innovative building-integrated photovoltaic-thermal (BIPV/T) system merging efficient bifacial power generation with passive solar heating, yet the complex interactions between its optical properties and coupled energy performance remain unquantified. This study evaluates its seasonal performance through experimental testing and optical modeling. Results indicate that in summer passive cooling mode, reflective louvers increased total power generation by 7.52 %, raised PV efficiency from 15.45 % to 16.64 %, and reduced wall temperature. In winter passive heating mode, the system maintained a high average PV efficiency of 20.24 % while sustaining an average indoor temperature 8.3 °C above ambient. Although bifacial generation was achieved in summer, the module's efficiency remained 25.17 % lower than in winter conditions relying primarily on front-side irradiance. Optical mechanism analysis revealed that the lower solar altitude angle in winter results in a higher equivalent transmittance-absorptance product (TAP_g) for the facade system compared to summer. This study demonstrates the proposed system's excellent seasonal adaptability and energy conversion efficiency, thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for optimizing the optical design of BIPV facade systems.

双面PV-Trombe墙是一种创新的建筑集成光伏热（BIPV/T）系统，将高效的双面发电与被动式太阳能加热结合在一起，但其光学特性和耦合能源性能之间的复杂相互作用仍未量化。本研究通过实验测试和光学模型来评估其季节性性能。结果表明，在夏季被动制冷模式下，反射百叶可使总发电量增加7.52%，将光伏效率从15.45%提高到16.64%，并降低了墙温。在冬季被动采暖模式下，系统在保持室内平均温度高于环境温度8.3℃的情况下，平均光伏效率高达20.24%。虽然在夏季实现了双面发电，但组件的效率仍然比冬季低25.17%，主要依赖于正面辐照度。光学机理分析表明，与夏季相比，冬季较低的太阳高度角导致立面系统的等效透射-吸收系数（TAPg）较高。本研究证明了该系统具有良好的季节适应性和能量转换效率，从而为优化BIPV立面系统的光学设计奠定了理论基础。

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引用次数: 0

Global assessment of wind-solar hybrid systems: unraveling physical constraints and economic potential for sustainable energy deployment 风能-太阳能混合系统的全球评估：解开可持续能源部署的物理限制和经济潜力

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139898

Yunxiao Chen, Jinfu Liu, Daren Yu

The global transition to renewable energy necessitates a thorough understanding of the physical and economic constraints affecting wind-solar power systems. This study evaluates the global terrestrial potential of wind-solar hybrid systems through a comprehensive spatial analysis framework incorporating power density, flexibility demand, reliability, and complementarity metrics. Results demonstrate that the power generation efficiency of standalone systems varies by 3–5 folds globally. Furthermore, hybrid configurations enhance system reliability to a range of 0.5–1.0, representing a significant improvement improvement over the baseline reliability of standalone solar power (0.4–0.5) and standalone wind power (0–0.95), primarily due to temporal complementarity. Key constraints on economic performance include resource reliability, wind power volatility, and vegetation coverage, while regions with superior single-resource quality often achieve higher profitability despite weaker complementarity. Geographic analysis reveals optimal wind-solar capacity ratios vary substantially, with solar-dominant systems performing best in low latitudes (30°S-30°N) and wind-dominant configurations excelling in mid-high latitudes. These findings highlight how fundamental geophysical factors create inherent disparities in renewable energy economics, providing critical insights for optimizing global renewable energy deployment strategies. The study offers a systematic approach to approaching physical performance limits while addressing natural constraints through location-specific hybrid system designs.

全球向可再生能源的过渡需要彻底了解影响风能和太阳能发电系统的物理和经济限制。本研究通过综合空间分析框架，结合功率密度、灵活性需求、可靠性和互补性指标，评估了风能-太阳能混合系统的全球陆地潜力。结果表明，独立系统的发电效率在全球范围内存在3-5倍的差异。此外，混合配置将系统可靠性提高到0.5-1.0的范围，与独立太阳能（0.4-0.5）和独立风能（0-0.95）的基线可靠性相比，这是一个显著的改善，主要是由于时间上的互补性。制约经济绩效的关键因素包括资源可靠性、风电波动性和植被覆盖率，而单一资源质量较好的地区往往具有较高的盈利能力，但互补性较弱。地理分析表明，最佳的风能-太阳能容量比差异很大，以太阳能为主的系统在低纬度地区（30°S-30°N）表现最佳，而以风能为主的配置在中高纬度地区表现出色。这些发现强调了基本的地球物理因素如何造成可再生能源经济的内在差异，为优化全球可再生能源部署战略提供了重要见解。该研究提供了一种系统的方法来接近物理性能极限，同时通过特定位置的混合系统设计来解决自然约束。

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引用次数: 0

Performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with bionic fish scale porous flow field design 仿生鱼鳞多孔流场设计质子交换膜燃料电池性能研究

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.139912

Naixiao Wang , Youliang Cheng , Lei Zhang , Yixuan Ma , Xiaochao Fan

A bionic fish-scale porous flow field was proposed and investigated for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). To enhance cell performance, the effects of varying GDL porosity and downstream contracting flow field dimensions were examined. Results show that compared to parallel/serpentine flow fields, the bionic design significantly optimizes oxygen transport both transversely and longitudinally, while also reducing pressure drop, improving water removal efficiency and thermal management. At 0.2 V, it reduces pressure drop by 44.92 % versus serpentine fields and increases current density by 36.58 % over parallel fields. Peak power density at 0.4 V shows 8.13 % and 27.82 % improvements over serpentine and parallel configurations respectively. Reducing GDL porosity from 0.78 to 0.48 decreases oxygen concentration but increases water concentration, helping maintain membrane humidity to ensure proton conduction. Optimal performance occurs at 0.58 porosity, yielding peak current density (1.8987 A/cm²) and power density (0.5824 W/cm²) – representing 1.61 % and 1.11 % gains over 0.78 porosity. The downstream contracting flow field enhances drainage and oxygen transport with increasing depth at the expense of reduced conductivity and elevated pressure drop. At 0.4 mm depth, peak current density reaches 1.9204 A/cm² with 13300 Pa pressure drop, delivering performance improvements while requiring increased pumping power.

提出并研究了质子交换膜燃料电池（pemfc）的仿生鱼鳞多孔流场。为了提高电池性能，研究了不同GDL孔隙率和下游收缩流场尺寸对电池性能的影响。结果表明，与平行/蛇形流场相比，仿生设计显著优化了氧在横向和纵向上的输运，同时降低了压降，提高了除水效率和热管理。在0.2 V时，与蛇形电场相比，压降降低了44.92%，电流密度比平行电场提高了36.58%。在0.4 V时，峰值功率密度比蛇形和并联结构分别提高了8.13%和27.82%。将GDL孔隙率从0.78降低到0.48会降低氧浓度，但会增加水浓度，有助于维持膜湿度，确保质子传导。孔隙度为0.58时性能最佳，产生峰值电流密度（1.8987 A/cm2）和功率密度（0.5824 W/cm2），比孔隙度为0.78时分别提高1.61%和1.11%。随着深度的增加，下游收缩流场增强了排水和氧输运，但代价是导电性降低和压降升高。在0.4 mm深度下，峰值电流密度达到1.9204 A/cm2，压降为13300 Pa，在提高泵送功率的同时提高了性能。

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引用次数: 0

Macro-coating and micro-impregnation enabled hydrated salt composites for battery thermal safety systems 用于电池热安全系统的宏观涂层和微浸渍水合盐复合材料

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.139917

Xinxi Li , Zikai Guo , Wensheng Yang , Yuhang Wu , Ziyu Huang , Chen Fang , Guanxun Diao , Yu Zhang , Haojing Wang , Yunjun Luo , Dequan Zhou , Canbing Li

The increasing energy density of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and energy-storage systems is intensifying thermal-safety challenges, particularly the risk of thermal-runaway initiation and propagation under high-rate operating conditions. To address these critical issues, in this research, we have designed a double-layer- encapsulated, modified, hydrated-salt composite phase-change material (SPHE2-UVPCM) for battery thermal management. This material, SPHE2-UV, employs sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate and sodium acetate trihydrate as the phase-change matrix, integrated within a dual-scale encapsulation architecture. Microscopically, hydrophilic fumed silica and expanded graphite collaboratively construct combine to form a porous confinement scaffold that provides nucleation sites and salt immobilization. Macroscopically, a UV-curable resin coating forms an impervious barrier to ensure mechanical integrity. Systematic characterization confirmed near-zero supercooling and enhanced thermal conductivity reaching 2.74 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ in SPHE2-UV, concurrently while simultaneously delivering a latent heat of 138.87 J g⁻¹ and a water-vaporization enthalpy of crystallized water measuring 509.69 J g⁻¹. The hierarchical encapsulation enables cyclic stability with a 96.6 % retention of latent heat after 80 cycles and with superior leak resistance, with more than 96 % of the mass retained at 150 °C. In battery-module testing, this composite material maintains the maximum temperature of the battery module below 50 °C and suppresses the temperature differential to 4.5 °C at a 3C discharge rate. Additionally, this research has also proven that thermal runaway can be contained effectively under simulated-abuse conditions. The unique dual-scale encapsulation architecture developed in this research thus provides a novel solution to the long-standing challenges of leakage and supercooling in hydrated-salt PCMs, while simultaneously delivering the integrated functions of thermal regulation, flame retardance, and thermal-runaway inhibition, which are key requirements for next-generation battery thermal-management systems.

电动汽车和储能系统中锂离子电池的能量密度不断增加，加剧了热安全挑战，特别是在高速运行条件下热失控的发生和传播风险。为了解决这些关键问题，在本研究中，我们设计了一种双层封装，改性，水合盐复合相变材料（SPHE2-UVPCM）用于电池热管理。这种材料SPHE2-UV采用五水合硫代硫酸钠和三水合乙酸钠作为相变基质，集成在双尺度封装结构中。微观上，亲水性气相二氧化硅和膨胀石墨协同构建，形成多孔约束支架，提供成核位点和盐固定。从宏观上看，紫外光固化树脂涂层形成了一个不透水的屏障，以确保机械完整性。系统表征证实了SPHE2-UV的近零过冷和增强的导热系数达到2.74 W m−1 K−1，同时提供138.87 J g−1的潜热和509.69 J g−1的结晶水蒸发焓。分层封装实现了循环稳定性，80次循环后潜热保留率为96.6%，并且具有卓越的防泄漏性，在150°C时保留率超过96%。在电池模块测试中，该复合材料可将电池模块的最高温度保持在50℃以下，并在3C放电速率下将温差抑制在4.5℃。此外，本研究还证明了在模拟滥用条件下可以有效地控制热失控。因此，本研究开发的独特的双尺度封装架构为水合盐pcm中长期存在的泄漏和过冷问题提供了一种新颖的解决方案，同时提供了热调节、阻燃和热失控抑制的综合功能，这些都是下一代电池热管理系统的关键要求。

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引用次数: 0

PMV-based HVAC control strategy for demand response: Optimizing energy savings and occupant comfort 基于pmv的HVAC需求响应控制策略：优化节能和乘员舒适度

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139893

Zekai Wang , Tianrun Yang , Wei Wang , Yixiao Yu , Qie Sun

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources poses challenges to grid stability due to their inherent variability, highlighting the need for effective demand response (DR) strategies. This study proposes a novel PMV-based DR strategy for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, using the predicted mean vote (PMV) index to account for thermal comfort factors and introducing a comfort duration metric to quantify HVAC DR potential. A residential microgrid model is used to evaluate the proposed strategy, incorporating dynamic PMV thresholds and day-ahead scheduling for energy optimization. The method is implemented in summer and winter scenarios, simulating HVAC operations for 100 households with varying environmental conditions. The results show that the PMV-based strategy reduces HVAC energy consumption by 18.26 % in summer compared to the traditional temperature-based control, while simultaneously increasing DR participation by 24 %. The approach maintains indoor comfort within a PMV range of −1 to +1 and reduces daily microgrid operating costs by 43.56 %. In winter, HVAC flexibility is limited due to reduced thermal inertia, underscoring the need for additional strategies such as heating load aggregation or thermal storage. The PMV-based control demonstrates superior energy efficiency and occupant comfort compared to temperature-based methods, particularly during high-demand periods. This approach provides a robust framework for improving DR performance and microgrid cost-effectiveness, making it suitable for diverse applications.

由于可再生能源固有的可变性，可再生能源的日益整合对电网的稳定性提出了挑战，这凸显了对有效需求响应（DR）策略的需求。本研究提出了一种新的基于PMV的供暖、通风和空调（HVAC）系统DR策略，使用预测平均投票（PMV）指数来考虑热舒适因素，并引入舒适持续时间度量来量化HVAC DR潜力。采用住宅微电网模型，结合动态PMV阈值和日前调度进行能源优化。该方法在夏季和冬季场景中实施，模拟100户不同环境条件下的暖通空调运行。结果表明，与传统的基于温度的控制相比，基于pmv的策略在夏季减少了18.26%的暖通空调能耗，同时增加了24%的DR参与。该方法将室内舒适度保持在- 1到+1的PMV范围内，并将微电网的日常运营成本降低43.56%。在冬季，由于热惯性减少，暖通空调的灵活性受到限制，强调需要额外的策略，如热负荷聚集或储热。与基于温度的控制方法相比，基于pmv的控制方法具有更高的能源效率和乘员舒适度，特别是在高需求时期。这种方法为提高DR性能和微电网成本效益提供了一个强大的框架，使其适用于各种应用。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of electric vehicle adoption on air pollution: Insights from non-linear spatial model 电动汽车对空气污染的影响：来自非线性空间模型的见解

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139866

Chao Bi, Ya'nan Li, Shanshan Wei

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) represents a transformative shift in the transportation energy sector, poised to facilitate the achievement of low-carbon transportation and significantly reduce traffic-related atmospheric pollutant emissions. However, the extent to which EVs can effectively reduce air pollution remains unclear. The study examines the non-linear spatial effects of EV adoption on air pollution by employing a spatial model that utilizes data from 278 Chinese cities over the period from 2011 to 2021. The findings indicate that: (1) there exists a significant U-shaped relationship between EV adoption and air pollution. (2) The influence of EV adoption extends beyond local area, exhibiting a U-shaped effect on neighbouring cities' air pollution as well. Furthermore, EV adoption will exacerbate air pollution in cities where coal-fired power plants are located.(3) An increase in environmental regulation enhances the mitigating effect of EV adoption on air pollution, whereas rising economic development levels tend to weaken the effect. When formulating policies to promote EV adoption, the governments should consider the nonlinear and externality characteristics of EVs in terms of air pollution.

电动汽车（ev）的采用代表着交通能源领域的革命性转变，有望促进低碳交通的实现，并显著减少与交通相关的大气污染物排放。然而，电动汽车能在多大程度上有效减少空气污染仍不清楚。该研究采用了一个空间模型，利用2011年至2021年期间278个中国城市的数据，考察了电动汽车使用对空气污染的非线性空间效应。研究结果表明：(1)电动汽车采用率与空气污染呈显著的u型关系。(2)电动汽车普及对周边城市空气污染的影响超出了区域范围，呈现u型效应。此外，电动汽车的采用将加剧燃煤电厂所在城市的空气污染。(3)环境监管力度的加大会增强电动汽车对大气污染的缓解作用，而经济发展水平的提高则会削弱电动汽车对大气污染的缓解作用。在制定促进电动汽车采用的政策时，政府应考虑电动汽车在空气污染方面的非线性和外部性特征。

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引用次数: 0

Redesigning energy transition pathways: Integrating mineral constraints and circular economy in net-zero power system planning 重新设计能源转型路径：在净零电力系统规划中整合矿产约束和循环经济

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139790

Arian Zahedmanesh , Gregor Verbič , Gobinath Rajarathnam , Gustavo Fimbres Weihs , Timothy Luke Sorenson , Kentaro Shikata , Naohiko Matsuda , Ali Abbas

The energy transition to net-zero emissions (NZE) requires extensive deployment of renewable energy resources and battery storage, a trajectory increasingly challenged by the limited supply of essential critical minerals, such as lithium. This study addresses a critical gap by integrating the dynamics of mineral resource availability into power system capacity expansion planning (CEP). A novel methodology is developed to impose time-dependent path constraints on lithium supply, capturing limitations from both primary production and the material recovery of end-of-life batteries via recycling for new manufacturing. This approach explicitly models the circular economy’s contribution to lithium availability for future storage deployment. Applied to the New South Wales (NSW) power system, the analysis reveals that lithium supply shortages, compounded by competing demands such as electric vehicles, severely limit battery energy storage deployment. Conversely, pathways with augmented primary supply or robust recycling yield significant reductions in total system cost and carbon emissions. These results underscore the necessity of a resource-aware CEP framework to inform policy and investment decisions for designing a resilient, cost-effective NZE transition pathway that explicitly accounts for critical mineral limitations.

向净零排放（NZE）的能源转型需要广泛部署可再生能源资源和电池存储，锂等重要关键矿物供应有限，这一轨迹日益受到挑战。本研究通过将矿产资源可用性动态整合到电力系统容量扩展规划（CEP）中，解决了一个关键的缺口。开发了一种新的方法来对锂供应施加时间依赖的路径约束，通过回收新制造来捕获初级生产和报废电池的材料回收的限制。这种方法明确地模拟了循环经济对未来锂存储部署的贡献。应用于新南威尔士州（NSW）的电力系统，分析显示，锂供应短缺，加上电动汽车等竞争需求，严重限制了电池储能的部署。相反，增加初级供应或强劲回收的途径可显著降低系统总成本和碳排放。这些结果强调了资源意识CEP框架的必要性，为政策和投资决策提供信息，以设计具有弹性、成本效益的NZE过渡途径，明确考虑关键的矿物限制。

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引用次数: 0

A novel architecture for enhanced thermal management in fuel cell cooling systems 一种新型结构，用于增强燃料电池冷却系统的热管理

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.139916

Rongheng Li , Zhongze Wu , George He , Zhanjiang Zou , Yuexin Huang , Jinyong Luo , Xuan Zhou

This study presents a novel decoupled cooling architecture for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), aiming to enhance energy conversion performance through improved thermal management flexibility. Conventional cooling subsystems often exhibit tight coupling between the coolant flowrate and radiator heat dissipation, which can lead to unnecessary energy loss and suboptimal temperature regulation under variable operating conditions. To overcome these limitations, this work introduces an optimized system layout and control strategy that enables independent control of the coolant pump and mixing valve. A GT-SUITE-based simulation model, calibrated and validated using experimental data, is developed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed design. The results validate the effectiveness of the proposed decoupled control strategy, demonstrating reduced auxiliary power demand and smoother thermal regulation while maintaining prescribed stack inlet and outlet temperature constraints across a wide range of operating conditions. By alleviating scaling-induced thermal bottlenecks at high power, this work provides a promising pathway toward enhanced thermal controllability and operational adaptability of PEMFC systems through advanced thermal management design.

本研究提出了一种新的质子交换膜燃料电池（pemfc）解耦冷却架构，旨在通过提高热管理灵活性来提高能量转换性能。传统的冷却子系统往往表现出冷却剂流量和散热器散热之间的紧密耦合，这可能导致不必要的能量损失和在可变运行条件下的温度调节不理想。为了克服这些限制，本研究引入了一种优化的系统布局和控制策略，使冷却剂泵和混合阀能够独立控制。开发了基于gt - suite的仿真模型，并使用实验数据进行了校准和验证，以评估所提出设计的有效性。结果验证了所提出的解耦控制策略的有效性，表明在广泛的运行条件下，在保持规定的堆入口和出口温度约束的同时，减少了辅助功率需求和更平稳的热调节。通过减轻高功率下结垢引起的热瓶颈，本研究为通过先进的热管理设计增强PEMFC系统的热可控性和运行适应性提供了一条有希望的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of low pressure on thermal runaway behavior of lithium-ion batteries induced by internal short circuit with optical diagnostics 低压对锂离子电池内短路热失控行为的影响及光学诊断

IF 9.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139869

Shuaiqi Liu , Xianghao Kong , Jun Wang , Shuai Li , Chao Ma , Cangsu Xu , Wugao Zhang , Jiabo Zhang , Zhen Huang , Dong Han

Thermal runaway (TR) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) triggered by internal short circuits (ISCs) poses severe safety risks and becomes even more critical under low-pressure conditions. This study investigates the influence of ambient pressure on ISC-induced TR behavior using commercial 18650-type

LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2

cells. Experiments are conducted in a constant-volume combustion chamber with simultaneous measurements of temperature, pressure, recoil force, and voltage, and Schlieren diagnostics are employed to visualize the TR evolution. The results show that reduced ambient pressure primarily affects the venting and deflagration stages. At the onset of safety valve opening, shock waves are consistently generated and their propagation velocity increases as the pressure decreases. During venting, lower pressure narrows the venting angle due to reduced air density and flow resistance. In the deflagration stage, ambient pressure shows a nonlinear effect on TR intensity, with maximum pressure and deflagration strength generally decreasing at lower pressures but showing an anomalous intensification at 0.6 bar where the maximum pressure variation reaches 3.77 bar. This abnormal behavior arises from the increase in the equivalence ratio of the combustible gas as pressure decreases, with the equivalence ratio approaching unity at 0.6 bar. Furthermore, oxygen limitation promotes incomplete reactions, leading to hydrocarbon and CO accumulation and reduced flame propagation velocity under extremely low pressures. These findings collectively provide critical insights into TR mechanisms under low ambient pressure conditions, supporting safety management for LIBs in aerospace and high-altitude energy storage applications.

锂离子电池内部短路（ISCs）引发的热失控（TR）存在严重的安全隐患，在低压条件下更为严重。本研究以商用18650型LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2细胞为研究对象，探讨环境压力对isc诱导的TR行为的影响。实验在定容燃烧室中进行，同时测量温度、压力、反冲力和电压，并采用纹影仪诊断来可视化TR的演变。结果表明，环境压力的降低主要影响了泄放和爆燃阶段。安全阀开启时，冲击波持续产生，冲击波传播速度随压力减小而增大。在排气过程中，由于空气密度和流动阻力降低，较低的压力缩小了排气角。在爆燃阶段，环境压力对TR强度表现出非线性影响，在较低压力下，最大压力和爆燃强度普遍下降，但在0.6 bar时表现出异常增强，最大压力变化达到3.77 bar。这种异常行为是由于可燃气体的当量比随着压力的降低而增加，当量比在0.6 bar时接近于1。此外，氧气限制促进了不完全反应，导致烃类和CO积聚，并降低了极低压力下火焰的传播速度。这些发现共同为低环境压力条件下的TR机制提供了重要见解，为航空航天和高空储能应用中的lib安全管理提供了支持。

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