Geochemical analysis of tidal flat sediments was conducted to evaluate the environment of Ise Bay, Mie, central Japan. The sediment samples were analyzed using XRF to determine the geochemical compositions of sediments in the Ise and Matsusaka estuaries and their foreshores. Enrichment Factor (EF) and the Anthropogenic Contribution (AC) parameters were used to examine the potential effect of human activity. Furthermore, the Coastal Ocean Sediment Database, lowest and severe effect levels and Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines were applied as benchmarks to assess the sediment quality. The results show that the highest average concentrations of metals occur in the Ise estuary, mainly due to the presence of higher proportions of silt and clay in samples at that site. The EFs of Pb in the Matsusaka foreshore, and that of As in the Ise foreshore reflect minimal pollution. The average AC ranged from 1 to 30%, implying that the lithology is the primary control of any enrichment in trace metals within the bay. The sediment quality guidelines indicate that the metal levels in the study areas do not constitute a major threat to biota.
{"title":"Evaluation of Trace Metal Contamination in Ise Bay, Mie Prefecture, Central Japan, Based on Geochemical Analysis of Tidal Flat Sediments","authors":"I. Diallo, H. Ishiga","doi":"10.5539/EP.V5N1P92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V5N1P92","url":null,"abstract":"Geochemical analysis of tidal flat sediments was conducted to evaluate the environment of Ise Bay, Mie, central Japan. The sediment samples were analyzed using XRF to determine the geochemical compositions of sediments in the Ise and Matsusaka estuaries and their foreshores. Enrichment Factor (EF) and the Anthropogenic Contribution (AC) parameters were used to examine the potential effect of human activity. Furthermore, the Coastal Ocean Sediment Database, lowest and severe effect levels and Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines were applied as benchmarks to assess the sediment quality. The results show that the highest average concentrations of metals occur in the Ise estuary, mainly due to the presence of higher proportions of silt and clay in samples at that site. The EFs of Pb in the Matsusaka foreshore, and that of As in the Ise foreshore reflect minimal pollution. The average AC ranged from 1 to 30%, implying that the lithology is the primary control of any enrichment in trace metals within the bay. The sediment quality guidelines indicate that the metal levels in the study areas do not constitute a major threat to biota.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77475865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One way analysis (ANOVA) was used to analyze a large dataset of elemental levels of two vegetables – spinach ( Amaranthus cruentus ) and lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) grown around River Jakara in Kano, Nigeria using data generated during 12 months of monitoring Ca, K, Mg, Na, (essential bulk elements) Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Pb and Fe (trace/heavy elements) concentrations collected at three designated sites. The concentrations of the elements showed insignificant differences between sites but significant differences between some months. The soil was implicated as the major source of the elements. The concentrations of the trace/heavy metals exceeded those of the international permissible limits which pointed to the contamination of the vegetables. The mean concentrations of the elements occurred in the magnitude of Ca > Mg > K > Na > Fe > Zn > Pb > Co > Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd and Ca > Na > K >Mg > Fe > Zn > Pb > Cr > Co > Cu > Ni > Cd in the spinach and lettuce respectively. The continued consumption of these vegetables by the inhabitants of Kano and its environs present a public health risk with regards to their concentrations with heavy metals. It is therefore recommended that the relevant organ of government should find an alternative farmland for the farmers within the catchment area of River Jakara where unpolluted soil can be utilized for the production of the vegetables.
采用单向分析(ANOVA)分析了尼日利亚卡诺贾卡拉河附近种植的两种蔬菜——菠菜(Amaranthus cruentus)和生菜(Lactuca sativa)的元素水平的大型数据集，使用了在三个指定地点收集的12个月监测Ca, K, Mg, Na，(必需散装元素)Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Pb和Fe(微量/重元素)浓度的数据。这些元素的浓度在不同地点之间差异不显著，但在某些月份之间差异显著。土壤被认为是这些元素的主要来源。微量/重金属的浓度超过了国际允许的限度，这表明蔬菜受到了污染。菠菜和生菜中各元素的平均浓度分别为Ca >Mg > K > Na > Fe > Zn > Pb > Co > Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd和Ca > Na > K >Mg > Fe > Zn > Pb > Cr > Co > Cu > Ni > Cd。卡诺及其周边地区的居民继续食用这些蔬菜，由于其重金属含量过高，对公众健康构成威胁。因此，建议政府有关机关在贾卡拉河流域内为农民寻找可用于生产蔬菜的未受污染土壤的替代农田。
{"title":"Elemental Contents of Spinach and Lettuce from Irrigated Gardens in Kano, Nigeria","authors":"Dike N. I., A. Odunze","doi":"10.5539/EP.V5N1P73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V5N1P73","url":null,"abstract":"One way analysis (ANOVA) was used to analyze a large dataset of elemental levels of two vegetables – spinach ( Amaranthus cruentus ) and lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) grown around River Jakara in Kano, Nigeria using data generated during 12 months of monitoring Ca, K, Mg, Na, (essential bulk elements) Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Pb and Fe (trace/heavy elements) concentrations collected at three designated sites. The concentrations of the elements showed insignificant differences between sites but significant differences between some months. The soil was implicated as the major source of the elements. The concentrations of the trace/heavy metals exceeded those of the international permissible limits which pointed to the contamination of the vegetables. The mean concentrations of the elements occurred in the magnitude of Ca > Mg > K > Na > Fe > Zn > Pb > Co > Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd and Ca > Na > K >Mg > Fe > Zn > Pb > Cr > Co > Cu > Ni > Cd in the spinach and lettuce respectively. The continued consumption of these vegetables by the inhabitants of Kano and its environs present a public health risk with regards to their concentrations with heavy metals. It is therefore recommended that the relevant organ of government should find an alternative farmland for the farmers within the catchment area of River Jakara where unpolluted soil can be utilized for the production of the vegetables.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74236455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The contamination of pesticides in 32 soils and 64 drinking water samples was investigated from cocoa farms in the Dormaa West District of Ghana to assess pollution status. A total of nine synthetic pyrethroids pesticides were measured with a high resolution Varian CP-3800 Gas Chromatograph equipped with 63 Ni electron capture detector (ECD). Eight synthetic pyrethroid residues namely fenvalerate, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, bifenthrin, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, allethrin and cyfluthrin were detected with lambda-cyhalothrin and allethrin occurring most frequently in soil and water respectively. The concentrations of synthetic pyrethroids residues in the soil samples were in the ranges of; 0.02-0.03 mg/kg for lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.010-0.02 mg/kg for allethrin, 0.010-0.04 mg/kg for cyfluthrin, 16-30m>above 30m). All synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues recorded in the water samples were below and within their respective WHO MRLs for drinking water except for deltamethrin, which exceeded the WHO MRL at Kwakuanya (S4) at distance 0-15m from a cocoa farm. The presence of synthetic pyrethroids residues in the soil and water samples analysed is an indication of the use of the pesticide by cocoa farmers in the study area. The routine monitoring of pesticide residues in the study area is necessary for the control and reduction of environmental pollution.
{"title":"Synthetic Pyrethroids Pesticide Residues in Soils and Drinking Water Sources from Cocoa Farms in Ghana","authors":"B. Fosu-Mensah, E. Okoffo, M. Mensah","doi":"10.5539/EP.V5N1P60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V5N1P60","url":null,"abstract":"The contamination of pesticides in 32 soils and 64 drinking water samples was investigated from cocoa farms in the Dormaa West District of Ghana to assess pollution status. A total of nine synthetic pyrethroids pesticides were measured with a high resolution Varian CP-3800 Gas Chromatograph equipped with 63 Ni electron capture detector (ECD). Eight synthetic pyrethroid residues namely fenvalerate, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, bifenthrin, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, allethrin and cyfluthrin were detected with lambda-cyhalothrin and allethrin occurring most frequently in soil and water respectively. The concentrations of synthetic pyrethroids residues in the soil samples were in the ranges of; 0.02-0.03 mg/kg for lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.010-0.02 mg/kg for allethrin, 0.010-0.04 mg/kg for cyfluthrin, 16-30m>above 30m). All synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues recorded in the water samples were below and within their respective WHO MRLs for drinking water except for deltamethrin, which exceeded the WHO MRL at Kwakuanya (S4) at distance 0-15m from a cocoa farm. The presence of synthetic pyrethroids residues in the soil and water samples analysed is an indication of the use of the pesticide by cocoa farmers in the study area. The routine monitoring of pesticide residues in the study area is necessary for the control and reduction of environmental pollution.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85032300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil monitoring data can be no better than the quality of the monitoring system they stem from. Quality assessment (QA) of soil monitoring requires reliable and comprehensive quality assessment and quality control (QA/QC) schemes including (1) the selection of parameters and measurement quality related to (2) space and (3) time. It can be presented by a synoptic diagram with three axes based on a table with quality criteria. The two major quality parameters are the degrees of resolution (precision) and representativeness (bias), whereas the latter does not yet include parameter selection and soil sampling. As a result the quality of soil monitoring is usually greatly overestimated. This finding is supported by examples and practical recommendations are given. Since full representativeness for the three aspects of soil monitoring is a fiction in practice, their biases have to be quantified completely, continuously and reliably. The most important challenges are to quantitatively assess and control the representativeness of primary soil sampling and to improve it.
{"title":"Quality Assessment of Soil Pollution Monitoring: Focus on Representativeness","authors":"A. Desaules","doi":"10.5539/EP.V5N1P51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V5N1P51","url":null,"abstract":"Soil monitoring data can be no better than the quality of the monitoring system they stem from. Quality assessment (QA) of soil monitoring requires reliable and comprehensive quality assessment and quality control (QA/QC) schemes including (1) the selection of parameters and measurement quality related to (2) space and (3) time. It can be presented by a synoptic diagram with three axes based on a table with quality criteria. The two major quality parameters are the degrees of resolution (precision) and representativeness (bias), whereas the latter does not yet include parameter selection and soil sampling. As a result the quality of soil monitoring is usually greatly overestimated. This finding is supported by examples and practical recommendations are given. Since full representativeness for the three aspects of soil monitoring is a fiction in practice, their biases have to be quantified completely, continuously and reliably. The most important challenges are to quantitatively assess and control the representativeness of primary soil sampling and to improve it.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82238969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Piao, C. Tang, Toma Matsumaru, Z. Han, H. Sakaguchi, S. Satake
The distribution and adsorption characteristics of phosphorus were investigated in a typical headwater wetland in Ichikawa City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) was the main phosphorus fraction in the waters, ranging from limit of quantification (0.002 mg/L) to 0.059 mg/L in spring water, from limit of quantification to 0.128 mg/L in groundwater and from 0.012 to 0.048 mg/L in river water. TDP in 33% water samples were higher than the environmental quality standard for eutrophication (0.020 mg/L). Next, phosphorus adsorption experiment was conducted to study phosphorus distribution in the aquifer where the equilibrium phosphorus concentration (C EPC ) is the key to access the phosphorus in the waters. In addition, the amount of TDP releasing from the wetland through river was 20.9 g/day.
{"title":"Distribution and Adsorption Characteristics of Phosphorus at A Headwater Wetland in Ichikawa City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan","authors":"J. Piao, C. Tang, Toma Matsumaru, Z. Han, H. Sakaguchi, S. Satake","doi":"10.5539/EP.V5N1P31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V5N1P31","url":null,"abstract":"The distribution and adsorption characteristics of phosphorus were investigated in a typical headwater wetland in Ichikawa City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) was the main phosphorus fraction in the waters, ranging from limit of quantification (0.002 mg/L) to 0.059 mg/L in spring water, from limit of quantification to 0.128 mg/L in groundwater and from 0.012 to 0.048 mg/L in river water. TDP in 33% water samples were higher than the environmental quality standard for eutrophication (0.020 mg/L). Next, phosphorus adsorption experiment was conducted to study phosphorus distribution in the aquifer where the equilibrium phosphorus concentration (C EPC ) is the key to access the phosphorus in the waters. In addition, the amount of TDP releasing from the wetland through river was 20.9 g/day.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75503024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mercury is one of the most common metals found in contaminated ecosystems. It occurs naturally, but high levels found in contaminated areas derive from human use practices. Among the most vulnerable species to exposure are birds that live, nest, or feed in or near these contaminated ecosystems. Because of the known neurological effects of mercury on birds, it is hypothesized that effects upon migratory ability would be evident after exposure to low levels of this metal, and effects may be exacerbated in young birds. Difficulties in following mercury exposed birds once they migrate away from contaminated areas have left investigators with insufficient data to establish exposure levels causing injury of migratory species due to migration disruption. Breeding pigeons were exposed to ~1.0 mg/kg/day methylmercury via the drinking water, and first round offspring were trained to home after fledging, while also continually exposed to methylmercury. The young pigeons were released individually for three flights, and flight times were assessed and compared to control young pigeon flight times from 3.5, 9, 21, 53, 65, and 98 air miles as well as two individual flights at ~50 air miles from multiple directions. Results indicate that methylmercury exposed birds exhibit slower flight times than controls during the initial flight, and generally improve on successive flights at each distance and direction. This may suggest orientation impairment and allude to migration disruption in migratory species.
{"title":"Effects of Parental and Direct Methylmercury Exposure on Flight Activity in Young Homing Pigeons (Columba livia)","authors":"J. K. Moye, C. R. Perez, C. Pritsos","doi":"10.5539/EP.V5N1P23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V5N1P23","url":null,"abstract":"Mercury is one of the most common metals found in contaminated ecosystems. It occurs naturally, but high levels found in contaminated areas derive from human use practices. Among the most vulnerable species to exposure are birds that live, nest, or feed in or near these contaminated ecosystems. Because of the known neurological effects of mercury on birds, it is hypothesized that effects upon migratory ability would be evident after exposure to low levels of this metal, and effects may be exacerbated in young birds. Difficulties in following mercury exposed birds once they migrate away from contaminated areas have left investigators with insufficient data to establish exposure levels causing injury of migratory species due to migration disruption. Breeding pigeons were exposed to ~1.0 mg/kg/day methylmercury via the drinking water, and first round offspring were trained to home after fledging, while also continually exposed to methylmercury. The young pigeons were released individually for three flights, and flight times were assessed and compared to control young pigeon flight times from 3.5, 9, 21, 53, 65, and 98 air miles as well as two individual flights at ~50 air miles from multiple directions. Results indicate that methylmercury exposed birds exhibit slower flight times than controls during the initial flight, and generally improve on successive flights at each distance and direction. This may suggest orientation impairment and allude to migration disruption in migratory species.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84282836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Winfrida Mayilla, F. Magayane, B. Keraita, H. Ngowi
This study assessed the perceptions of vegetable farmers, traders, consumers and key informants on the health hazards of using low-quality water in irrigation vegetable production in Morogoro, Tanzania. Methods used to collect data were a survey involving all farmers in Changarawe village and Fungafunga area using low-quality water for irrigation vegetable production (n=60), consumers of low-quality water irrigated vegetables (n=70) and vegetable traders selling low-quality water irrigated vegetables (n=60), focus group discussions (n=7) and key informant interviews (n=25). The study employed cross sectional research design. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate mean, frequencies and percentages while Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis H-test assessed the association between social-demographic variables and respondents score on the health hazard perception scale of using low-quality water in vegetable production. Results showed skin itching, fungal diseases, bilharzias and worm infestation as among the perceived health hazards in using low-quality irrigation water. Health hazard perception differed among groups of farmers, consumers and vegetable traders (p<0.001). The mean ranks of the groups indicated that farmers perceive less health hazards in using low-quality water (mean rank = 147.98) compared to consumers (mean rank = 72.68) and vegetable traders (mean rank 69.64). More health hazards were perceived by Fungafunga farmers compared to farmers from the Changarawe village (p<0.001) while female farmers perceived less hazards in using low-quality water than male farmers (p < 0.05). Consumers with formal education perceived more health hazards than consumers with no formal education (p < 0.001) while vegetable traders from Fungafunga area perceived more health hazards in selling low-quality water irrigated vegetable than vegetable traders from the Changarawe village (p<0.001). These findings demonstrate the need to design health hazards minimization interventions for specific target group.
{"title":"Perceived Health Hazards of Low-Quality Irrigation Water in Vegetable Production in Morogoro, Tanzania","authors":"Winfrida Mayilla, F. Magayane, B. Keraita, H. Ngowi","doi":"10.5539/EP.V5N1P1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V5N1P1","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the perceptions of vegetable farmers, traders, consumers and key informants on the health hazards of using low-quality water in irrigation vegetable production in Morogoro, Tanzania. Methods used to collect data were a survey involving all farmers in Changarawe village and Fungafunga area using low-quality water for irrigation vegetable production (n=60), consumers of low-quality water irrigated vegetables (n=70) and vegetable traders selling low-quality water irrigated vegetables (n=60), focus group discussions (n=7) and key informant interviews (n=25). The study employed cross sectional research design. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate mean, frequencies and percentages while Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis H-test assessed the association between social-demographic variables and respondents score on the health hazard perception scale of using low-quality water in vegetable production. Results showed skin itching, fungal diseases, bilharzias and worm infestation as among the perceived health hazards in using low-quality irrigation water. Health hazard perception differed among groups of farmers, consumers and vegetable traders (p<0.001). The mean ranks of the groups indicated that farmers perceive less health hazards in using low-quality water (mean rank = 147.98) compared to consumers (mean rank = 72.68) and vegetable traders (mean rank 69.64). More health hazards were perceived by Fungafunga farmers compared to farmers from the Changarawe village (p<0.001) while female farmers perceived less hazards in using low-quality water than male farmers (p < 0.05). Consumers with formal education perceived more health hazards than consumers with no formal education (p < 0.001) while vegetable traders from Fungafunga area perceived more health hazards in selling low-quality water irrigated vegetable than vegetable traders from the Changarawe village (p<0.001). These findings demonstrate the need to design health hazards minimization interventions for specific target group.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81543555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ultimate objective of post-mine land-use and reclamation planning is to identify appropriate alternate land uses to which mined land could be put. This will ensure that land-use and morphology of the location will be capable of supporting either the prior land-use or pre-mining environment. The main challenge is usually, the choice of variables that must be considered in deciding a particular post-mining land-use. Literature reviews were conducted to identify the major factors needed to be considered in the selection of a post-mining land-use. This paper also looks at the most commonly practiced and accepted post-mining land-use techniques. Factors identified as important in the selection process include land resources (e.g. physical, biological and cultural characteristics), ownership, type of mining activity, legal requirements, location, needs of the community, economic, environmental, technical and social factors. In a broad categorization, all post-mining land-uses could be placed under one of the following land-use: agriculture, forestry, lake or pool, intensive recreational land-use, non-intensive recreational land-use, conservation and pit backfilling. However, the objective of any particular post-mining land use should be achieving economic and sustainable outcomes which meet human wants and needs, and protect life and the environment.
{"title":"Evaluating Alternate Post-Mining Land-Uses: A Review","authors":"C. Mborah, K. J. Bansah, M. K. Boateng","doi":"10.5539/EP.V5N1P14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V5N1P14","url":null,"abstract":"The ultimate objective of post-mine land-use and reclamation planning is to identify appropriate alternate land uses to which mined land could be put. This will ensure that land-use and morphology of the location will be capable of supporting either the prior land-use or pre-mining environment. The main challenge is usually, the choice of variables that must be considered in deciding a particular post-mining land-use. Literature reviews were conducted to identify the major factors needed to be considered in the selection of a post-mining land-use. This paper also looks at the most commonly practiced and accepted post-mining land-use techniques. Factors identified as important in the selection process include land resources (e.g. physical, biological and cultural characteristics), ownership, type of mining activity, legal requirements, location, needs of the community, economic, environmental, technical and social factors. In a broad categorization, all post-mining land-uses could be placed under one of the following land-use: agriculture, forestry, lake or pool, intensive recreational land-use, non-intensive recreational land-use, conservation and pit backfilling. However, the objective of any particular post-mining land use should be achieving economic and sustainable outcomes which meet human wants and needs, and protect life and the environment.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82545361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Present study embodies the effect of two different filter media viz. polyester filter fabric treated with PTFE finish and polyester fabric filter without finish, and two different dust concentration (50 and 150 g/m 3 ) on industrial pulse-jet filtration process performance. The fabrics were tested based on ISO - 11057 Standard, while conducting 200 pulsing cycles at measuring phase. Emission in terms of mass concentration (PM 2.5 , PM 10 ) and number particle concentration are substantially lower while using PTFE finished filter media in comparison to media without finish. Outgoing particle number largely reduced while using PTFE treated fabrics particularly at higher dust concentration. The particle size distribution in the downstream side reflects that use of PTFE finish filter is particularly more beneficial for capturing very fine particle. PTFE finish fabric also exhibit lower residual pressure drop as compared to unfinished fabric during measuring phase of filtration operation. Further it was also evident that the trend of residual pressure drop with time is quite stable for PTFE finished fabrics. The said fabric get stable (age) earlier than without finish, hence expected to provide more consistent filtration behaviour for longer time.
{"title":"Emission of Fine Particles and Ageing Behavior of PTFE Finished Filter Media during Industrial Pollution Control","authors":"A. Mukhopadhyay, Harshad S. Bawane","doi":"10.5539/EP.V4N4P58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/EP.V4N4P58","url":null,"abstract":"Present study embodies the effect of two different filter media viz. polyester filter fabric treated with PTFE finish and polyester fabric filter without finish, and two different dust concentration (50 and 150 g/m 3 ) on industrial pulse-jet filtration process performance. The fabrics were tested based on ISO - 11057 Standard, while conducting 200 pulsing cycles at measuring phase. Emission in terms of mass concentration (PM 2.5 , PM 10 ) and number particle concentration are substantially lower while using PTFE finished filter media in comparison to media without finish. Outgoing particle number largely reduced while using PTFE treated fabrics particularly at higher dust concentration. The particle size distribution in the downstream side reflects that use of PTFE finish filter is particularly more beneficial for capturing very fine particle. PTFE finish fabric also exhibit lower residual pressure drop as compared to unfinished fabric during measuring phase of filtration operation. Further it was also evident that the trend of residual pressure drop with time is quite stable for PTFE finished fabrics. The said fabric get stable (age) earlier than without finish, hence expected to provide more consistent filtration behaviour for longer time.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75834079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. B. Tomori, I. Amoo, A. Aiyesanmi, E. Yanful, Petrik Leslie
The total elemental content of soil though may give abundance of element concentration but have been found not to be suitable for prediction of environmental bioavailability and toxicity by scientific community. Surface (0-30cm) and subsurface (60-90cm) soil profile in the Southern Ondo State Nigeria were investigated for spatial distribution, bioavailability and mobility of some essential trace elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn). Their spatial distribution were very similar in both surface and subsurface soil environment indicating that similar geochemical factors may be responsible for their distribution. The North was composed of basement complex while the South was largely undifferentiated sedimentary rock. Higher concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were recorded in the North through the centre of study area to lower concentrations in the South. The spatial concentration of the trace elements may have been influenced by the nature of underlying bedrock type. Cu was potentially bioavailable in both surface and subsurface soil environment considering the fact that >50% of its total concentration were in the nonresidual fraction. Other trace elements were not bioavailable because >60% of their total concentrations were found in residual fractions. The relative risk assessment code of Cu (surface; subsurface) indicated progressive risk (MoF1, MoF2, MoF3) from low (2-10; 1-6) through medium (12-30; 10-21) to high risk (25-40; 21-35) in both surface and subsurface soil environment while Zn (surface) shows similar trend (1-5; 11-21; 22-35) only in the surface soil environment. Other elements show some level of risk to no risk. There is likelihood that Cu and/or Mn may be associated with anthropogenic sources.
{"title":"Spatial Distribution and Bioavailability of Some Essential Trace Elements in Southern Ondo State Nigeria","authors":"W. B. Tomori, I. Amoo, A. Aiyesanmi, E. Yanful, Petrik Leslie","doi":"10.5539/ep.v4n4p24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ep.v4n4p24","url":null,"abstract":"The total elemental content of soil though may give abundance of element concentration but have been found not to be suitable for prediction of environmental bioavailability and toxicity by scientific community. Surface (0-30cm) and subsurface (60-90cm) soil profile in the Southern Ondo State Nigeria were investigated for spatial distribution, bioavailability and mobility of some essential trace elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn). Their spatial distribution were very similar in both surface and subsurface soil environment indicating that similar geochemical factors may be responsible for their distribution. The North was composed of basement complex while the South was largely undifferentiated sedimentary rock. Higher concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were recorded in the North through the centre of study area to lower concentrations in the South. The spatial concentration of the trace elements may have been influenced by the nature of underlying bedrock type. Cu was potentially bioavailable in both surface and subsurface soil environment considering the fact that >50% of its total concentration were in the nonresidual fraction. Other trace elements were not bioavailable because >60% of their total concentrations were found in residual fractions. The relative risk assessment code of Cu (surface; subsurface) indicated progressive risk (MoF1, MoF2, MoF3) from low (2-10; 1-6) through medium (12-30; 10-21) to high risk (25-40; 21-35) in both surface and subsurface soil environment while Zn (surface) shows similar trend (1-5; 11-21; 22-35) only in the surface soil environment. Other elements show some level of risk to no risk. There is likelihood that Cu and/or Mn may be associated with anthropogenic sources.","PeriodicalId":11724,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75361815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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