Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2026.104790
Pengqi Zhang , Qiang Wu , Axi Huo , Yingying Cheng , Yan Wu , Xiao Peng , Xinyue Zhang , Guanghao Li
This study successfully developed a novel ternary composite material, CX-(TiO₂(x)Zn(y)), for the efficient and selective removal of phenanthrene (PHE) solubilized by the surfactant TX-100 from soil washing effluent (SWE). Through a one-pot sol-gel approach, a ZnTiO₃/TiO₂ Type-II heterojunction was constructed in situ within the carbon xerogel (CX) framework, while ZnCl₂ activation precisely tailored the dominant pore size to ∼3–4 nm. This architecture combines high specific surface area with size-sieving capability, enabling selective enrichment of PHE molecules. Performance evaluation revealed that the optimal material, CX-(TiO₂(0.1)Zn(3)), achieved a total PHE removal of 97.5 % under UV irradiation, significantly outperforming commercial P25 (47.8 %). The high efficiency stems from the synergy between rapid adsorption (reaching 90.42 % in 30 min dark adsorption for CX-(TiO₂(0.05)Zn(3))) and heterojunction-enhanced photocatalytic degradation. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir monolayer model. Importantly, the material retained > 90 % removal efficiency after four consecutive cycles, demonstrating excellent structural stability and reusability. This work provides a new material strategy for the selective removal and potential resource recovery of persistent organic pollutants in soil washing wastewater, contributing to the development of closed-loop, sustainable soil remediation technologies.
{"title":"High-efficiency selective removal of PHE from soil washing effluent using CX-(TiO₂(x)Zn(y)) composites","authors":"Pengqi Zhang , Qiang Wu , Axi Huo , Yingying Cheng , Yan Wu , Xiao Peng , Xinyue Zhang , Guanghao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study successfully developed a novel ternary composite material, CX-(TiO₂(x)Zn(y)), for the efficient and selective removal of phenanthrene (PHE) solubilized by the surfactant TX-100 from soil washing effluent (SWE). Through a one-pot sol-gel approach, a ZnTiO₃/TiO₂ Type-II heterojunction was constructed in situ within the carbon xerogel (CX) framework, while ZnCl₂ activation precisely tailored the dominant pore size to ∼3–4 nm. This architecture combines high specific surface area with size-sieving capability, enabling selective enrichment of PHE molecules. Performance evaluation revealed that the optimal material, CX-(TiO₂(0.1)Zn(3)), achieved a total PHE removal of 97.5 % under UV irradiation, significantly outperforming commercial P25 (47.8 %). The high efficiency stems from the synergy between rapid adsorption (reaching 90.42 % in 30 min dark adsorption for CX-(TiO₂(0.05)Zn(3))) and heterojunction-enhanced photocatalytic degradation. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir monolayer model. Importantly, the material retained > 90 % removal efficiency after four consecutive cycles, demonstrating excellent structural stability and reusability. This work provides a new material strategy for the selective removal and potential resource recovery of persistent organic pollutants in soil washing wastewater, contributing to the development of closed-loop, sustainable soil remediation technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104790"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2025.104685
Gurpal S. Toor, Emileigh Lucas, Fajun Sun, Quin Zabel, Taylor Roswall, Zachary Kiedrowski, Danielle Pressley
Legacy phosphorus (P) from agricultural soils continues to leak into surface waters. We investigated how biosolids treated with metals (Fe, Al, and Ca) immobilize soluble P (water-extractable P, WEP) in soils while maintaining plant-available P (Mehlich 3-P, M3-P). Two complementary incubations (3–8 weeks; 25 °C) in non-legacy and legacy-P soils (M3-P: 58–139 mg kg⁻¹; 230–953 mg kg⁻¹) tracked WEP, M3-P, and M3-P saturation ratio (M3-PSR). Poultry litter and compost produced the largest WEP and the highest M3-P time-weighted means (TWM: 0.31 and 0.21 mg kg⁻¹ per kg of P), reflecting rapid P release. Fe/Al-treated biosolids (e.g., Bloom ±WTR)) showed small or negative WEP and lower M3-P TWM that declined with increasing application rate (0.12–0.04 mg kg⁻¹ from 1x to 4x). Thermo-hydrolyzed biosolid (low Fe) had a mid-range M3-P TWM (∼0.19 mg kg⁻¹) but the largest delta (Δ) over 8 weeks, consistent with sustained mineralization. WEPi TWM was –0.002–0.027 across products; increasing Bloom rates reduced WEPi TWM ( 0.007 to –0.0002 mg kg⁻¹) and Δ (–0.007 to –0.0005 mg kg⁻¹), confirming Fe/Al control of P solubility. M3-PSR changes mirrored product chemistry, with ΔPSR near zero for Bloom and minimal or negative for Fe/Al-treatments. Overall, Fe/Al-treated biosolids effectively reduced soluble P, while some products (e.g., thermo-hydrolyzed, lime-stabilized+WTR) gradually increased plant-available P. We suggest prioritizing Fe/Al-treated biosolids (±WTR) on legacy-P or sandy soils to immobilize soluble P, and applying labile materials (poultry litter, compost, thermo-hydrolyzed biosolids) in split doses on P-deficient soils, guided by M3-P, texture, WEPᵢ, and pH.
{"title":"Mitigating soluble phosphorus loss in legacy phosphorus soils: Biosolids characterization and phosphorus-transformation studies","authors":"Gurpal S. Toor, Emileigh Lucas, Fajun Sun, Quin Zabel, Taylor Roswall, Zachary Kiedrowski, Danielle Pressley","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Legacy phosphorus (P) from agricultural soils continues to leak into surface waters. We investigated how biosolids treated with metals (Fe, Al, and Ca) immobilize soluble P (water-extractable P, WEP) in soils while maintaining plant-available P (Mehlich 3-P, M3-P). Two complementary incubations (3–8 weeks; 25 °C) in non-legacy and legacy-P soils (M3-P: 58–139 mg kg⁻¹; 230–953 mg kg⁻¹) tracked WEP, M3-P, and M3-P saturation ratio (M3-PSR). Poultry litter and compost produced the largest WEP and the highest M3-P time-weighted means (TWM: 0.31 and 0.21 mg kg⁻¹ per kg of P), reflecting rapid P release. Fe/Al-treated biosolids (e.g., Bloom ±WTR)) showed small or negative WEP and lower M3-P TWM that declined with increasing application rate (0.12–0.04 mg kg⁻¹ from 1x to 4x). Thermo-hydrolyzed biosolid (low Fe) had a mid-range M3-P TWM (∼0.19 mg kg⁻¹) but the largest delta (Δ) over 8 weeks, consistent with sustained mineralization. WEP<sub>i</sub> TWM was –0.002–0.027 across products; increasing Bloom rates reduced WEP<sub>i</sub> TWM ( 0.007 to –0.0002 mg kg⁻¹) and Δ (–0.007 to –0.0005 mg kg⁻¹), confirming Fe/Al control of P solubility. M3-PSR changes mirrored product chemistry, with ΔPSR near zero for Bloom and minimal or negative for Fe/Al-treatments. Overall, Fe/Al-treated biosolids effectively reduced soluble P, while some products (e.g., thermo-hydrolyzed, lime-stabilized+WTR) gradually increased plant-available P. We suggest prioritizing Fe/Al-treated biosolids (±WTR) on legacy-P or sandy soils to immobilize soluble P, and applying labile materials (poultry litter, compost, thermo-hydrolyzed biosolids) in split doses on P-deficient soils, guided by M3-P, texture, WEPᵢ, and pH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104685"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2026.104758
Canberk Üngörmüş , Aytun Onay
Microalgae can produce products with high economic value within the scope of the biorefinery concept. In this study, machine learning (ML) approaches were used to enhance the production of carotenoids and biodiesel from Chlorella minutissima cultured in pesticide-contaminated wastewater, including malathion (Mal), chlorpyrifos (Chl), cypermethrin (Cyp), and atrazine (Atr). The highest carotenoid content reached 8.73 mg/g biomass under specific pesticide stress and cultivation conditions, while biodiesel production attained a maximum value of 139 % under a distinct parameter combination. The hybrid model exhibited strong predictive performance (R²:0.89–0.95), effectively reproducing the experimental responses for both carotenoid (Y₁, mg/g) and biodiesel (Y₂, %) outputs. Model interpretation using SHAP analysis indicated that Mal was the dominant factor influencing carotenoid accumulation, whereas biodiesel production was governed by a more intricate interaction involving Mal, Chl, and LI. Compared to conventional single-output modeling approaches, the proposed hybrid framework enables the simultaneous identification of high-yield operating regions for multiple products under multi-pesticide stress. These data driven observations are consistent with established stress-response mechanisms in microalgae and demonstrate the capacity of ML-based modeling to support informed decision-making in multi-product biorefinery systems operating under complex wastewater conditions. The proposed modeling approach therefore offers practical insight into balancing wastewater remediation with the sustainable production of high-value microalgal bioproducts.
{"title":"A novel hybrid machine learning approach for biorefinery products in pesticide-rich wastewater","authors":"Canberk Üngörmüş , Aytun Onay","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microalgae can produce products with high economic value within the scope of the biorefinery concept. In this study, machine learning (ML) approaches were used to enhance the production of carotenoids and biodiesel from <em>Chlorella minutissima</em> cultured in pesticide-contaminated wastewater, including malathion (Mal), chlorpyrifos (Chl), cypermethrin (Cyp), and atrazine (Atr). The highest carotenoid content reached 8.73 mg/g biomass under specific pesticide stress and cultivation conditions, while biodiesel production attained a maximum value of 139 % under a distinct parameter combination. The hybrid model exhibited strong predictive performance (R²:0.89–0.95), effectively reproducing the experimental responses for both carotenoid (Y₁, mg/g) and biodiesel (Y₂, %) outputs. Model interpretation using SHAP analysis indicated that Mal was the dominant factor influencing carotenoid accumulation, whereas biodiesel production was governed by a more intricate interaction involving Mal, Chl, and LI. Compared to conventional single-output modeling approaches, the proposed hybrid framework enables the simultaneous identification of high-yield operating regions for multiple products under multi-pesticide stress. These data driven observations are consistent with established stress-response mechanisms in microalgae and demonstrate the capacity of ML-based modeling to support informed decision-making in multi-product biorefinery systems operating under complex wastewater conditions. The proposed modeling approach therefore offers practical insight into balancing wastewater remediation with the sustainable production of high-value microalgal bioproducts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104758"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2025.104725
Y. Yang , J.Q. Liu , Y.X. Sun , Z. Xu , S.N. Dai , H. Sun , J. Zhang , L.R. Celi , X.H. Wu , Y.M. Li , R.X. Chang
The increase of vegetable cultivation areas and frequent plant diseases caused by continuous cropping have made the disposal of phytopathogen-contaminated vegetable waste a pressing problem that needs to be solved. The study carried out a composting experiment of Fusarium oxysporum - contaminated cucumber residues amended with sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, or Chinese herbal residues, in which pathogen concentration was 104CFU/g. Pathogen presence did not disrupt the core biodegradation dynamics of the composting process. After 18 days of composting, the pathogens were effectively removed across all treatments. Sugarcane bagasse emerged as the optimal amendment, as it delivered an 85.47 % Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum (FOC) removal rate and superior maturity (germination index, GI >80 %). Integrated multi-modal analytics revealed that carbon amendments regulate FOC suppression (83.33–85.47 %) via bacillus-mediated pathways and ammonia emissions, while pH governs GI through organic acid conversion. All treatments developed disease-suppressive microbiomes enriched with Bacillus, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, and also showed reduced occurrence of soil borne diseases. Network analyses confirmed functional redundancy despite pathogen-induced taxonomic shifts. This work establishes a circular economy paradigm where composting transforms phytopathogen-contaminated vegetable waste into a sanitized and disease-suppressive fertilizer.
蔬菜种植面积的增加和连作引起的植物病害的频繁发生，使得植物病原菌污染的蔬菜废弃物的处理成为迫切需要解决的问题。以木屑、甘蔗渣、中草药残渣为基料，以104CFU/g的致病菌浓度对黄瓜尖孢镰刀菌污染的黄瓜残体进行堆肥试验。病原体的存在并没有破坏堆肥过程的核心生物降解动力学。堆肥18天后，所有处理都有效地去除了病原体。甘蔗渣对黄瓜尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum， FOC）的去除率为85.47 %，成熟度（萌发指数，GI >80 %）较优。综合多模态分析表明，碳修正通过杆菌介导的途径和氨排放调节FOC抑制（83.33-85.47 %），而pH通过有机酸转化调节GI。所有处理都产生了富含芽孢杆菌、曲霉和青霉的疾病抑制微生物群，并且还显示出土壤传播疾病的发生率降低。网络分析证实了功能冗余，尽管病原体引起的分类转移。这项工作建立了一个循环经济范式，其中堆肥将植物病原体污染的蔬菜废物转化为消毒和抑制疾病的肥料。
{"title":"From risk to weapon: Composting transforms phytopathogen-contaminated vegetable waste into a sanitized and disease-suppressive fertilizer","authors":"Y. Yang , J.Q. Liu , Y.X. Sun , Z. Xu , S.N. Dai , H. Sun , J. Zhang , L.R. Celi , X.H. Wu , Y.M. Li , R.X. Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increase of vegetable cultivation areas and frequent plant diseases caused by continuous cropping have made the disposal of phytopathogen-contaminated vegetable waste a pressing problem that needs to be solved. The study carried out a composting experiment of <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> - contaminated cucumber residues amended with sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, or Chinese herbal residues, in which pathogen concentration was 10<sup>4</sup>CFU/g. Pathogen presence did not disrupt the core biodegradation dynamics of the composting process. After 18 days of composting, the pathogens were effectively removed across all treatments. Sugarcane bagasse emerged as the optimal amendment, as it delivered an 85.47 % <em>Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum</em> (FOC) removal rate and superior maturity (germination index, GI >80 %). Integrated multi-modal analytics revealed that carbon amendments regulate FOC suppression (83.33–85.47 %) via bacillus-mediated pathways and ammonia emissions, while pH governs GI through organic acid conversion. All treatments developed disease-suppressive microbiomes enriched with <em>Bacillus</em>, <em>Aspergillus</em>, and <em>Penicillium,</em> and also showed reduced occurrence of soil borne diseases. Network analyses confirmed functional redundancy despite pathogen-induced taxonomic shifts. This work establishes a circular economy paradigm where composting transforms phytopathogen-contaminated vegetable waste into a sanitized and disease-suppressive fertilizer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104725"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Industries utilizing cassava-derived products generate significant waste during production, including cassava residue (CR), yeast-fermented cassava residue (YCR), cassava peels (CPs), and yeast-fermented cassava peels (YCPs). Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized from these wastes to utilize this biomass while creating value-added materials, using a modified Hummers' method followed by reduction under nitrogen gas at 700 °C. rGO-like carbon was mixed with titanium dioxide (TiO2) to enhance its properties and subsequently coated onto FTO glass substrates using a doctor blade. This composite material was specifically developed to serve as a counter electrode (CE) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), providing a sustainable approach by valorizing cassava biomass for renewable energy devices. The DSSCs of champion cell based on rGO-like carbon/TiO2 composite derived from cassava peels achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.86 %, with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.76 V, a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 15.80 mA/cm², and a fill factor (FF) of 0.57. The solar cell efficiency of rGO-like carbon/TiO2 CE is comparable to that of a platinum (Pt) based device (6.68 %).
{"title":"Utilizing industrial waste for preparation of rGO-like carbon /TiO2 composites derived from cassava residue for counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells","authors":"Woranuch Sudthongkong , Sudarat Premsiripat , Nattakan Kanjana , Akkawat Ruammaitree , Orapan Saensuk , Poramed Wongjom , Yingyot Infahsaeng , Wasan Maiaugree","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industries utilizing cassava-derived products generate significant waste during production, including cassava residue (CR), yeast-fermented cassava residue (YCR), cassava peels (CPs), and yeast-fermented cassava peels (YCPs). Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized from these wastes to utilize this biomass while creating value-added materials, using a modified Hummers' method followed by reduction under nitrogen gas at 700 °C. rGO-like carbon was mixed with titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) to enhance its properties and subsequently coated onto FTO glass substrates using a doctor blade. This composite material was specifically developed to serve as a counter electrode (CE) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), providing a sustainable approach by valorizing cassava biomass for renewable energy devices. The DSSCs of champion cell based on rGO-like carbon/TiO<sub>2</sub> composite derived from cassava peels achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.86 %, with an open-circuit voltage (<em>V</em><sub><em>oc</em></sub>) of 0.76 V, a short-circuit current density (<em>J</em><sub><em>sc</em></sub>) of 15.80 mA/cm², and a fill factor (FF) of 0.57. The solar cell efficiency of rGO-like carbon/TiO<sub>2</sub> CE is comparable to that of a platinum (Pt) based device (6.68 %).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104703"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2025.104675
Himanshu Gupta , Soniya Dhiman , Pascal G. Stam , Savi Chaudhary , Ramaswamy Murugavel , N. Raveendran Shiju
The global consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has increased significantly due to the widespread application of electronic devices and electric vehicles. These batteries contain valuable metals, among which cobalt is a critical component. As a strategic material, it is desirable to recover cobalt from spent LIBs, thereby reducing reliance on primary resources. This study presents a sustainable recycling method that utilizes levulinic acid, a biomass-derived organic acid, in combination with hydrogen peroxide for the recovery of cobalt, with analysis conducted via UV-Visible spectrophotometry. The process specifically targets cobalt recovery from the cathode material of waste LIBs sourced from mobile phones. Key experimental parameters including acid concentration, solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio, reaction time and temperature were systematically optimized. Under optimal conditions of S/L ratio of 1:50 and 80 °C, over 92 % of the cobalt was successfully leached. Complete cobalt leaching was observed at an S/L ratio of 1:500, demonstrating the high leaching capability of the system. The results demonstrate that levulinic acid is both an efficient and environmentally benign leaching agent for critical metal recovery. This approach aligns with circular economy principles by utilizing a renewable, waste-derived leachant and offers a promising green pathway for LIB recycling.
{"title":"Sustainable approach to cobalt recycling: Levulinic acid leaching of waste lithium-ion battery cathode materials","authors":"Himanshu Gupta , Soniya Dhiman , Pascal G. Stam , Savi Chaudhary , Ramaswamy Murugavel , N. Raveendran Shiju","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has increased significantly due to the widespread application of electronic devices and electric vehicles. These batteries contain valuable metals, among which cobalt is a critical component. As a strategic material, it is desirable to recover cobalt from spent LIBs, thereby reducing reliance on primary resources. This study presents a sustainable recycling method that utilizes levulinic acid, a biomass-derived organic acid, in combination with hydrogen peroxide for the recovery of cobalt, with analysis conducted via UV-Visible spectrophotometry. The process specifically targets cobalt recovery from the cathode material of waste LIBs sourced from mobile phones. Key experimental parameters including acid concentration, solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio, reaction time and temperature were systematically optimized. Under optimal conditions of S/L ratio of 1:50 and 80 °C, over 92 % of the cobalt was successfully leached. Complete cobalt leaching was observed at an S/L ratio of 1:500, demonstrating the high leaching capability of the system. The results demonstrate that levulinic acid is both an efficient and environmentally benign leaching agent for critical metal recovery. This approach aligns with circular economy principles by utilizing a renewable, waste-derived leachant and offers a promising green pathway for LIB recycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104675"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2025.104687
Rosamond Chan , Nia Rossiana , Dedat Prismantoro , Abdullah Bilal Ozturk , Kah-Ooi Chua , Nurul Shamsinah Mohd Suhaimi , Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar , Febri Doni
Biobutanol is a promising biofuel alternative that addresses the energy crisis and reduces the environmental impact of fossil fuels. This study investigates the metabolic potential of Bacillus anthracis 3B1, isolated from rice cultivated under the system of rice intensification (SRI). As a facultative anaerobe, Bacillus anthracis 3B1 may offer greater metabolic flexibility and higher tolerance to butanol compared to strictly anaerobic Clostridium. Further gene annotation revealed that the genome of B. anthracis 3B1 lacks virulence genes such as pag, cya, and lef, indicating that the strain is non-virulent. The study integrates descriptive, exploratory, and experimental approaches by combining whole genome sequencing with the screening of various fermentation factors to optimize biobutanol yields and fermentation efficiency, supporting its application in sustainable bioenergy solutions. Functional genome analysis revealed key genes and enzymes involved in butanol biosynthesis. Annotation using the Rapid Annotations using Subsystems Technology (RAST) platform identified a butanol biosynthesis subsystem. Further functional annotation through Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), Gene Ontology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) via eggNOG-mapper indicated the presence of genes encoding butanol-related enzymes, although KEGG analysis suggested an incomplete pathway. Despite these genomic indicators, no butanol was detected under the tested fermentation conditions. However, the strain produced metabolites such as propanol, ethanol, acetoin, carbon dioxide, and acetic acid. Fermentation experiments showed up to 72.57 % glucose consumption and a 0.5 pH drop, indicating active metabolism. These findings suggest that optimizing fermentation or metabolic engineering may be needed to realize B. anthracis 3B1 butanol potential.
生物丁醇是一种很有前途的生物燃料替代品，可以解决能源危机，减少化石燃料对环境的影响。研究了水稻强化栽培体系下分离的炭疽芽孢杆菌3B1的代谢潜能。作为兼性厌氧菌，与严格厌氧的梭菌相比，炭疽芽孢杆菌3B1可能具有更大的代谢灵活性和对丁醇的耐受性。进一步的基因注释显示，炭疽芽胞杆菌3B1基因组缺乏pag、cya和left等毒力基因，表明该菌株无毒力。该研究将描述、探索和实验相结合，通过全基因组测序和各种发酵因子的筛选来优化生物丁醇产量和发酵效率，支持其在可持续生物能源解决方案中的应用。功能基因组分析揭示了参与丁醇生物合成的关键基因和酶。利用快速标注子系统技术（Rapid Annotations using subsystem Technology， RAST）平台进行标注，确定了丁醇生物合成子系统。通过eggNOG-mapper，通过同源群集群（COG）、基因本体（GO）和京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）进行进一步的功能注释，发现存在编码丁醇相关酶的基因，尽管KEGG分析表明途径不完整。尽管有这些基因组指标，但在测试的发酵条件下没有检测到丁醇。然而，该菌株产生代谢物，如丙醇、乙醇、乙酰、二氧化碳和乙酸。发酵实验显示葡萄糖消耗量高达72.57 %，pH值下降0.5 ，表明代谢活跃。这些发现表明，可能需要优化发酵或代谢工程来实现炭疽芽孢杆菌3B1的丁醇潜力。
{"title":"Identification of biobutanol-associated genes and pathway limitations in non-virulent Bacillus anthracis 3B1 through functional genome analysis and fermentation optimization","authors":"Rosamond Chan , Nia Rossiana , Dedat Prismantoro , Abdullah Bilal Ozturk , Kah-Ooi Chua , Nurul Shamsinah Mohd Suhaimi , Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar , Febri Doni","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biobutanol is a promising biofuel alternative that addresses the energy crisis and reduces the environmental impact of fossil fuels. This study investigates the metabolic potential of <em>Bacillus anthracis</em> 3B1, isolated from rice cultivated under the system of rice intensification (SRI). As a facultative anaerobe, <em>Bacillus anthracis</em> 3B1 may offer greater metabolic flexibility and higher tolerance to butanol compared to strictly anaerobic <em>Clostridium</em>. Further gene annotation revealed that the genome of <em>B. anthracis</em> 3B1 lacks virulence genes such as <em>pag</em>, <em>cya</em>, and <em>lef</em>, indicating that the strain is non-virulent. The study integrates descriptive, exploratory, and experimental approaches by combining whole genome sequencing with the screening of various fermentation factors to optimize biobutanol yields and fermentation efficiency, supporting its application in sustainable bioenergy solutions. Functional genome analysis revealed key genes and enzymes involved in butanol biosynthesis. Annotation using the Rapid Annotations using Subsystems Technology (RAST) platform identified a butanol biosynthesis subsystem. Further functional annotation through Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), Gene Ontology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) via eggNOG-mapper indicated the presence of genes encoding butanol-related enzymes, although KEGG analysis suggested an incomplete pathway. Despite these genomic indicators, no butanol was detected under the tested fermentation conditions. However, the strain produced metabolites such as propanol, ethanol, acetoin, carbon dioxide, and acetic acid. Fermentation experiments showed up to 72.57 % glucose consumption and a 0.5 pH drop, indicating active metabolism. These findings suggest that optimizing fermentation or metabolic engineering may be needed to realize <em>B. anthracis</em> 3B1 butanol potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104687"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2025.104704
Yajun Duan , Guohui Ning , Weizhe Li , Xue Wang , Jiahui Li , Mingyue Qi , Xiaomin Wang , Yali Huang , Jianfeng Xu , Cunpeng Zhao , Zhixin Yang , Yubo Wang
While phased inoculation has been demonstrated to accelerate compost maturation, its potential effects on detoxifying pesticide-laden vegetable waste remains to be demonstrated. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of two-stage inoculation on composting imidacloprid (IMI)-spiked vegetable waste, employing four lignocellulose-degrading Bacillus strains from our strain collection. In IMI-containing mineral salt medium, B. stratosphericus strain M1, B. licheniformis strain Q1, B. subtilis strain QK, and B. altitudinis strain F11 were all individually capable to degrade the pesticide, in decreasing order, with removal efficiencies between 51 % and 10 %. A combined mixture M, used as a first inoculum for composting, excluded strain F11, due to antagonistic growth effects. After 7 days of composting, a secondary inoculation with strain F11 was applied. This two-stage inoculation (MF) enhanced IMI degradation compared to the non-inoculated control and single-stage inoculation with M, reducing IMI half-life by 8.7 days and 1.5 days, respectively. When composting was complete, MF had achieved 81 % IMI degradation, with exogenous bacteria contributing 77 % of the removal efficiency, 63 % higher than the M treatment. Additionally, MF increased the final humic acid content and polymerization degree by 17 % and 25 %, respectively, compared to M treatment, while reducing the fulvic acid content. Multiple linear regression confirmed that fulvic acid content and IMI residue concentrations were significant factors affecting humic acid content in inoculated treatments. This study shows that two-stage inoculation can provide dual benefits of accelerating vegetable waste composting and detoxifying pesticide residues, offering an efficient strategy for sustainable agricultural waste management.
{"title":"Two-stage inoculation of partially antagonistic Bacillus sp. strains improves imidacloprid pesticide degradation and humic acid formation during vegetable waste composting","authors":"Yajun Duan , Guohui Ning , Weizhe Li , Xue Wang , Jiahui Li , Mingyue Qi , Xiaomin Wang , Yali Huang , Jianfeng Xu , Cunpeng Zhao , Zhixin Yang , Yubo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While phased inoculation has been demonstrated to accelerate compost maturation, its potential effects on detoxifying pesticide-laden vegetable waste remains to be demonstrated. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of two-stage inoculation on composting imidacloprid (IMI)-spiked vegetable waste, employing four lignocellulose-degrading <em>Bacillus</em> strains from our strain collection. In IMI-containing mineral salt medium, <em>B. stratosphericus</em> strain M1, <em>B. licheniformis</em> strain Q1, <em>B. subtilis</em> strain QK, and <em>B. altitudinis</em> strain F11 were all individually capable to degrade the pesticide, in decreasing order, with removal efficiencies between 51 % and 10 %. A combined mixture M, used as a first inoculum for composting, excluded strain F11, due to antagonistic growth effects. After 7 days of composting, a secondary inoculation with strain F11 was applied. This two-stage inoculation (MF) enhanced IMI degradation compared to the non-inoculated control and single-stage inoculation with M, reducing IMI half-life by 8.7 days and 1.5 days, respectively. When composting was complete, MF had achieved 81 % IMI degradation, with exogenous bacteria contributing 77 % of the removal efficiency, 63 % higher than the M treatment. Additionally, MF increased the final humic acid content and polymerization degree by 17 % and 25 %, respectively, compared to M treatment, while reducing the fulvic acid content. Multiple linear regression confirmed that fulvic acid content and IMI residue concentrations were significant factors affecting humic acid content in inoculated treatments. This study shows that two-stage inoculation can provide dual benefits of accelerating vegetable waste composting and detoxifying pesticide residues, offering an efficient strategy for sustainable agricultural waste management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104704"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2026.104766
Xiaoya Lin , Jiajun Xu , Ting Wang , Randy A. Dahlgren , Lanyue Feng , Wenli Qin , Qinglong Liang , Zhixia Qin , Zengling Ma , Liyin Qu
Over 30 % of global wetlands are threatened due to eutrophication driven by anthropogenic activities that alter dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations and composition, and profoundly influence wetland carbon budgets. However, the fate of eutrophication-derived DOM and its ultimate contribution to wetland carbon cycling remain unclear. To address this gap, we conducted a two-year monthly investigation of water quality and DOM optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence) in a eutrophic, urban-agricultural wetland. Dissolved organic carbon increased from spring to summer in both years and was significantly correlated with TLI, TN, COD and Chl a, indicating that eutrophication contributed to the organic carbon pool through both sewage inputs and algal production. Moreover, the loss of protein-like C3, together with a significant negative correlation between microbial humic-like C2 and DO, suggested that microbial deoxygenation transformed eutrophication-derived bio-labile DOM into recalcitrant DOM (RDOM) during summer. In winter, lower temperatures limited microbial carbon transformations, and together with continuous sewage inputs, contributed to an increase in protein-like C3. Concomitantly, RDOM removal through particle adsorption-sedimentation and/or photodegradation exceeded its accumulation during winter. Machine learning analyses suggested that microbial transformation explained 39.1–41.2 % of the variations in humic-like components, surpassing terrestrial inputs, sewage sources and algal production (2.1–31.6 %). Therefore, microbial transformations are considered the dominant driver of wetland RDOM formation. Although eutrophication has negative effects on wetland ecosystems, our findings highlight its potential to enhance carbon sequestration if sewage and algae are effectively managed.
{"title":"Eutrophication leads to production and accumulation of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter in an urban-agricultural wetland","authors":"Xiaoya Lin , Jiajun Xu , Ting Wang , Randy A. Dahlgren , Lanyue Feng , Wenli Qin , Qinglong Liang , Zhixia Qin , Zengling Ma , Liyin Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over 30 % of global wetlands are threatened due to eutrophication driven by anthropogenic activities that alter dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations and composition, and profoundly influence wetland carbon budgets. However, the fate of eutrophication-derived DOM and its ultimate contribution to wetland carbon cycling remain unclear. To address this gap, we conducted a two-year monthly investigation of water quality and DOM optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence) in a eutrophic, urban-agricultural wetland. Dissolved organic carbon increased from spring to summer in both years and was significantly correlated with TLI, TN, COD and Chl <em>a</em>, indicating that eutrophication contributed to the organic carbon pool through both sewage inputs and algal production. Moreover, the loss of protein-like C3, together with a significant negative correlation between microbial humic-like C2 and DO, suggested that microbial deoxygenation transformed eutrophication-derived bio-labile DOM into recalcitrant DOM (RDOM) during summer. In winter, lower temperatures limited microbial carbon transformations, and together with continuous sewage inputs, contributed to an increase in protein-like C3. Concomitantly, RDOM removal through particle adsorption-sedimentation and/or photodegradation exceeded its accumulation during winter. Machine learning analyses suggested that microbial transformation explained 39.1–41.2 % of the variations in humic-like components, surpassing terrestrial inputs, sewage sources and algal production (2.1–31.6 %). Therefore, microbial transformations are considered the dominant driver of wetland RDOM formation. Although eutrophication has negative effects on wetland ecosystems, our findings highlight its potential to enhance carbon sequestration if sewage and algae are effectively managed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104766"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2026.104792
Qian Li , Rui Liu , Yu Wang , Kun Wang , Wei Ma , Hua Zhang , Dasong Lin , Hairui Li
Riparian plantations of Taxodium hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan’ (hereafter Zhongshanshan) have been widely established along the shoreline of Dianchi Lake (Southwest China) as eco-engineering buffers to intercept non-point source nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). However, nutrient retention under contrasting hydrological regimes and its governing controls remain poorly constrained. We compared two representative Zhongshanshan stands: a seasonally flooded site with wet–dry alternation (LWM) and a permanently flooded site under continuous inundation (LYH). Surface (0–15 cm) and subsoil (30–50 cm) soils were sampled along the runoff pathway from the inflow side toward the lake. Both stands showed clear declines in total nitrogen (TN) along the transect, with mean reductions of ∼28.9 % (LWM) and ∼39.4 % (LYH), and LYH also exhibited substantial total phosphorus (TP) removal (up to ∼36.5 %). In contrast, ammonium-N (NH₄⁺-N), nitrate-N (NO₃⁻-N), and available phosphorus (AP) occasionally increased toward the lakeward edge, indicating potential secondary release hotspots. Spearman correlations and redundancy analysis suggested that ferric iron (Fe³⁺) was the strongest correlate of N and P attenuation under seasonal flooding, whereas soil organic matter was the key predictor under permanent inundation. Concurrent shifts in bacterial community structure, including elevated relative abundance of Bacillus asahii, were associated with nutrient accumulation or depletion patterns. Our results highlight the importance of hydrology-adapted buffer design and management; moderate planting density (avoiding overly dense stands), a mixed tree–shrub–herb understorey, and ∼3 m × 3 m spacing are recommended to enhance nutrient interception and support eutrophication mitigation in plateau lakes such as Dianchi Lake.
{"title":"Enhancing ecological functions of Taxodium hybrid plantations in the Dianchi Lake riparian zone: A case study on nitrogen and phosphorus removal","authors":"Qian Li , Rui Liu , Yu Wang , Kun Wang , Wei Ma , Hua Zhang , Dasong Lin , Hairui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Riparian plantations of <em>Taxodium</em> hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan’ (hereafter Zhongshanshan) have been widely established along the shoreline of Dianchi Lake (Southwest China) as eco-engineering buffers to intercept non-point source nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). However, nutrient retention under contrasting hydrological regimes and its governing controls remain poorly constrained. We compared two representative Zhongshanshan stands: a seasonally flooded site with wet–dry alternation (LWM) and a permanently flooded site under continuous inundation (LYH). Surface (0–15 cm) and subsoil (30–50 cm) soils were sampled along the runoff pathway from the inflow side toward the lake. Both stands showed clear declines in total nitrogen (TN) along the transect, with mean reductions of ∼28.9 % (LWM) and ∼39.4 % (LYH), and LYH also exhibited substantial total phosphorus (TP) removal (up to ∼36.5 %). In contrast, ammonium-N (NH₄⁺-N), nitrate-N (NO₃⁻-N), and available phosphorus (AP) occasionally increased toward the lakeward edge, indicating potential secondary release hotspots. Spearman correlations and redundancy analysis suggested that ferric iron (Fe³⁺) was the strongest correlate of N and P attenuation under seasonal flooding, whereas soil organic matter was the key predictor under permanent inundation. Concurrent shifts in bacterial community structure, including elevated relative abundance of <em>Bacillus asahii</em>, were associated with nutrient accumulation or depletion patterns. Our results highlight the importance of hydrology-adapted buffer design and management; moderate planting density (avoiding overly dense stands), a mixed tree–shrub–herb understorey, and ∼3 m × 3 m spacing are recommended to enhance nutrient interception and support eutrophication mitigation in plateau lakes such as Dianchi Lake.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104792"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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