Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.1177/27538796231207030
Leonardo Medina, Marisa O. Ensor, Frans Schapendonk, Stefan Sieber, Grazia Pacillo, Peter Laderach, Jon Hellin, Michelle Bonatti
Approaches to operationalising the linkages between climate, peace and security are increasingly demanded by international organisations. Yet, there is a limited understanding of what effective programming practices that address climate-related security risks entail. Critical voices argue that programme designs often rely on analyses that ignore structural and cultural realities on the ground, leading to technocratic understandings of risks, and prescriptions for action that do not relate to people’s experiences, perceptions and values. Advised by social learning theory, this study developed and evaluated a participatory appraisal method to guide the design of environmental peacebuilding programming strategies meant to address climate-related security risks. The method was evaluated across nine rural locations in Kenya, Senegal and Guatemala, involving 221 participants. Based on a critical evaluation of the method, opportunities and challenges for the use of social learning approaches to advise environmental peacebuilding programming are discussed. Results indicate that appraisal processes of collective reflection can support jointly articulated and context-relevant understandings of climate-related security risks. This shared knowledge can then support local communities in the design of climate adaptation strategies that potentially contribute to sustainable peacebuilding. Settings characterised by low political legitimacy and the unwillingness of conflictive actors to engage in dialogue are identified as barriers for the development of feasible programming strategies.
{"title":"Community voices on climate, peace and security: A social learning approach to programming environmental peacebuilding","authors":"Leonardo Medina, Marisa O. Ensor, Frans Schapendonk, Stefan Sieber, Grazia Pacillo, Peter Laderach, Jon Hellin, Michelle Bonatti","doi":"10.1177/27538796231207030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796231207030","url":null,"abstract":"Approaches to operationalising the linkages between climate, peace and security are increasingly demanded by international organisations. Yet, there is a limited understanding of what effective programming practices that address climate-related security risks entail. Critical voices argue that programme designs often rely on analyses that ignore structural and cultural realities on the ground, leading to technocratic understandings of risks, and prescriptions for action that do not relate to people’s experiences, perceptions and values. Advised by social learning theory, this study developed and evaluated a participatory appraisal method to guide the design of environmental peacebuilding programming strategies meant to address climate-related security risks. The method was evaluated across nine rural locations in Kenya, Senegal and Guatemala, involving 221 participants. Based on a critical evaluation of the method, opportunities and challenges for the use of social learning approaches to advise environmental peacebuilding programming are discussed. Results indicate that appraisal processes of collective reflection can support jointly articulated and context-relevant understandings of climate-related security risks. This shared knowledge can then support local communities in the design of climate adaptation strategies that potentially contribute to sustainable peacebuilding. Settings characterised by low political legitimacy and the unwillingness of conflictive actors to engage in dialogue are identified as barriers for the development of feasible programming strategies.","PeriodicalId":11727,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Biodiversity and Soil Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135137600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.1177/27538796231207919
Linlang He, Elizabeth Kreske, Stephanie J Nawyn, Amber L Pearson, Mark Axelrod, Yadu Pokhrel, Stephen Gasteyer, Sean Lawrie, Anthony D Kendall
Existing scholarship hypothesizes a causal chain from climate change to resource availability constraints, to forced migration and conflict risks. Limited research, however, synthesizes findings about the efficacy of interventions to alleviate resources conflict in communities hosting climate migrants. This systematic literature review identified and analyzed 33 studies that explore interventions contributing to climate conflict resolution and environmental peacebuilding in receiving and migrant communities. Despite limitations of current research, the review shows that multi-scale and cross-sectoral interventions are necessary though challenging to establish. Community-level initiatives and local support networks that create social capital are key interventions leading from conflict to cooperation between climate-driven migrants and host communities. However, such interventions often require external resources that come with strings attached. Our analysis also identifies gaps in the extant literature. First, few scholars explore how adaptive capacity—especially influenced by power relations among stakeholders in newly formed communities—evolves over time in response to multiple repeated threat factors. Second, there is limited research on whether and how external interventions can help climate refugees gain access rights to natural resources for long-term conflict avoidance. Finally, there is a lack of community-based performance evaluation metrics to assess long or short-term impacts of interventions.
{"title":"Interventions addressing conflict in communities hosting climate-influenced migrants: Literature review","authors":"Linlang He, Elizabeth Kreske, Stephanie J Nawyn, Amber L Pearson, Mark Axelrod, Yadu Pokhrel, Stephen Gasteyer, Sean Lawrie, Anthony D Kendall","doi":"10.1177/27538796231207919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796231207919","url":null,"abstract":"Existing scholarship hypothesizes a causal chain from climate change to resource availability constraints, to forced migration and conflict risks. Limited research, however, synthesizes findings about the efficacy of interventions to alleviate resources conflict in communities hosting climate migrants. This systematic literature review identified and analyzed 33 studies that explore interventions contributing to climate conflict resolution and environmental peacebuilding in receiving and migrant communities. Despite limitations of current research, the review shows that multi-scale and cross-sectoral interventions are necessary though challenging to establish. Community-level initiatives and local support networks that create social capital are key interventions leading from conflict to cooperation between climate-driven migrants and host communities. However, such interventions often require external resources that come with strings attached. Our analysis also identifies gaps in the extant literature. First, few scholars explore how adaptive capacity—especially influenced by power relations among stakeholders in newly formed communities—evolves over time in response to multiple repeated threat factors. Second, there is limited research on whether and how external interventions can help climate refugees gain access rights to natural resources for long-term conflict avoidance. Finally, there is a lack of community-based performance evaluation metrics to assess long or short-term impacts of interventions.","PeriodicalId":11727,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Biodiversity and Soil Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135186696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1177/27538796231195601
Michael Bothe
The debate about environmental protection in relation to armed conflict began around 1970 due to the meeting of two political movements: on the one hand, becoming aware of the environmental problem including concern for future generations and, on the other, a need to develop the law of armed conflict, filling some loopholes left by the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and reflecting experiences of conflicts which had happened since that time. There was (and is) a tension between the military interest of winning a war and the environmental interest of preserving the planet for future generations. Protocol I additional to the Geneva Convention adopted in 1977 constituted a victory for the military interest by defining the threshold of impermissible environmental damage in a way which is a far cry from satisfying the need of environmental preservation. But a lively discourse had started which has brought progress, but is far from yielding satisfactory final results. Major elements are the application of the rules concerning the protection of the civilian population and civilian objects to environmental protection, the principle of due regard for the environment, the recognized need to establish zones protected for the sake of environmental preservation, intensive activities of environmental fact-finding, the challenge of maintaining necessary environmental governance under the condition of armed conflict and environmental restoration as part of peacebuilding after the conflict.
{"title":"Protection of the environment in relation to armed conflict—50 years of effort, and no end in sight","authors":"Michael Bothe","doi":"10.1177/27538796231195601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796231195601","url":null,"abstract":"The debate about environmental protection in relation to armed conflict began around 1970 due to the meeting of two political movements: on the one hand, becoming aware of the environmental problem including concern for future generations and, on the other, a need to develop the law of armed conflict, filling some loopholes left by the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and reflecting experiences of conflicts which had happened since that time. There was (and is) a tension between the military interest of winning a war and the environmental interest of preserving the planet for future generations. Protocol I additional to the Geneva Convention adopted in 1977 constituted a victory for the military interest by defining the threshold of impermissible environmental damage in a way which is a far cry from satisfying the need of environmental preservation. But a lively discourse had started which has brought progress, but is far from yielding satisfactory final results. Major elements are the application of the rules concerning the protection of the civilian population and civilian objects to environmental protection, the principle of due regard for the environment, the recognized need to establish zones protected for the sake of environmental preservation, intensive activities of environmental fact-finding, the challenge of maintaining necessary environmental governance under the condition of armed conflict and environmental restoration as part of peacebuilding after the conflict.","PeriodicalId":11727,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Biodiversity and Soil Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80833820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-23DOI: 10.1177/27538796231191719
Jeremiah O. Asaka
Climate change is a significant security concern in the 21st century. This study is specifically focused on the interplay between climate change and domestic security within the U.S. context but is of relevance to other countries that are vulnerable to climate change impacts. The study comparatively explores mainstream environmental security literature and U.S. homeland security academic literature on climate-security nexus and establishes three things as follows. First, there is a relatively small but growing body of literature that explores the nexus between climate change and U.S. homeland security. Second, contemporary homeland security academic literature primarily frames climate change as a threat multiplier but does not account for maladaptation, which this article argues is a key aspect of the climate-security nexus including within the U.S. context. Third, maladaptation is already increasingly being accounted for within mainstream environmental security literature in addition to the threat multiplier aspect of the nexus. The article advances knowledge on climate-security nexus within homeland security field by proposing a comprehensive conceptual framework that would enable U.S. homeland security academics to account for both threat multiplier and maladaptation aspects of the climate change problem in their analysis. The article concludes with recommendations for future research.
{"title":"Climate change and homeland security nexus: Proposal for a comprehensive conceptual framework","authors":"Jeremiah O. Asaka","doi":"10.1177/27538796231191719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796231191719","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is a significant security concern in the 21st century. This study is specifically focused on the interplay between climate change and domestic security within the U.S. context but is of relevance to other countries that are vulnerable to climate change impacts. The study comparatively explores mainstream environmental security literature and U.S. homeland security academic literature on climate-security nexus and establishes three things as follows. First, there is a relatively small but growing body of literature that explores the nexus between climate change and U.S. homeland security. Second, contemporary homeland security academic literature primarily frames climate change as a threat multiplier but does not account for maladaptation, which this article argues is a key aspect of the climate-security nexus including within the U.S. context. Third, maladaptation is already increasingly being accounted for within mainstream environmental security literature in addition to the threat multiplier aspect of the nexus. The article advances knowledge on climate-security nexus within homeland security field by proposing a comprehensive conceptual framework that would enable U.S. homeland security academics to account for both threat multiplier and maladaptation aspects of the climate change problem in their analysis. The article concludes with recommendations for future research.","PeriodicalId":11727,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Biodiversity and Soil Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84368477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-29DOI: 10.1177/27538796231185677
Dahlia Simangan, S. Bose, J. Candelaria, Florian Krampe, Shinji Kaneko
Climate and other forms of global environmental change are transforming the security landscape where peace and conflict manifest. Given that most studies on the relationship between peace and the environment focus on (the absence of) violent conflicts or negative peace, this study seeks to identify environmental security issues at the local or community levels using the concept of positive peace. A thematic analysis of focus group discussions from Afghanistan and Nepal, two countries with histories of violent conflict and vulnerable to climate change, reveals non-violent security issues that could undermine resilience to conflict and environmental change. In Afghanistan, local communities view poor water quality and inequitable water distribution as outstanding issues related to government inaction. In Nepal, local communities perceive threats of wild animals and agricultural problems as prominent issues linked to inadequate government support. These findings confirm the value of positive peace in illuminating and contextualizing the relationship between peace and environmental sustainability. This integrated framework can contribute to a more holistic approach toward climate security and environmental peacebuilding.
{"title":"Positive peace and environmental sustainability: Local evidence from Afghanistan and Nepal","authors":"Dahlia Simangan, S. Bose, J. Candelaria, Florian Krampe, Shinji Kaneko","doi":"10.1177/27538796231185677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796231185677","url":null,"abstract":"Climate and other forms of global environmental change are transforming the security landscape where peace and conflict manifest. Given that most studies on the relationship between peace and the environment focus on (the absence of) violent conflicts or negative peace, this study seeks to identify environmental security issues at the local or community levels using the concept of positive peace. A thematic analysis of focus group discussions from Afghanistan and Nepal, two countries with histories of violent conflict and vulnerable to climate change, reveals non-violent security issues that could undermine resilience to conflict and environmental change. In Afghanistan, local communities view poor water quality and inequitable water distribution as outstanding issues related to government inaction. In Nepal, local communities perceive threats of wild animals and agricultural problems as prominent issues linked to inadequate government support. These findings confirm the value of positive peace in illuminating and contextualizing the relationship between peace and environmental sustainability. This integrated framework can contribute to a more holistic approach toward climate security and environmental peacebuilding.","PeriodicalId":11727,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Biodiversity and Soil Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79308440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-26DOI: 10.1177/27538796231186697
A. Ben-Shmuel, S. Halle
Building on recent studies that call for further attention to marginalized communities at the intersection of environment, climate action, and peacebuilding initiatives, this article recommends an environmental justice lens for work in conflict-affected settings. We highlight examples of resistance to environmental action where a justice lens has been missed, amplifying minority voices and perspectives, and including a case where environmental peacebuilding is perceived as greenwashing. Lacking this lens, environmental action and research risk—albeit inadvertently—further entrenching sociopolitical injustices. Employing a conflict-sensitive, peace-positive, and environmental justice-responsive approach can produce more sustainable outcomes.
{"title":"Beyond greenwashing: Prioritizing environmental justice in conflict-affected settings","authors":"A. Ben-Shmuel, S. Halle","doi":"10.1177/27538796231186697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796231186697","url":null,"abstract":"Building on recent studies that call for further attention to marginalized communities at the intersection of environment, climate action, and peacebuilding initiatives, this article recommends an environmental justice lens for work in conflict-affected settings. We highlight examples of resistance to environmental action where a justice lens has been missed, amplifying minority voices and perspectives, and including a case where environmental peacebuilding is perceived as greenwashing. Lacking this lens, environmental action and research risk—albeit inadvertently—further entrenching sociopolitical injustices. Employing a conflict-sensitive, peace-positive, and environmental justice-responsive approach can produce more sustainable outcomes.","PeriodicalId":11727,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Biodiversity and Soil Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84897914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-16DOI: 10.1177/27538796231184933
Catherine Wong
The intersection of knowledge and practice in climate finance, peace, and women’s empowerment remains understudied even though the aspirations of climate and peacebuilding finance on gender mainstreaming and women’s empowerment are actually well aligned. They have in common, an emphasis on the undervalued role of women, the importance of women assuming leadership roles, the elevated agency that finance would afford in, respectively, climate action and sustaining peace, and the full participation of women. At a fundamental level, there is a strong inherent understanding of women’s role in natural resource governance and stewardship that cuts across both the normative framings of climate and peacebuilding finance. Climate financing mechanisms such as the “vertical funds” have over the years introduced sophisticated performance metrics for gender and women’s empowerment, but none to address conflict or fragility. The key gap as highlighted by UNDP is the understanding of the peace co-benefits of climate finance, which means that women in conflict settings may be left behind. This article examines progress on gender and climate finance; the gaps in access by conflict and fragility-affected regions; the benchmarking of climate finance and peace mainstreaming; and a comparative approach for greater cross-fertilization.
{"title":"Climate finance, conflict and gender—Benchmarking women’s empowerment and sustaining peace","authors":"Catherine Wong","doi":"10.1177/27538796231184933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796231184933","url":null,"abstract":"The intersection of knowledge and practice in climate finance, peace, and women’s empowerment remains understudied even though the aspirations of climate and peacebuilding finance on gender mainstreaming and women’s empowerment are actually well aligned. They have in common, an emphasis on the undervalued role of women, the importance of women assuming leadership roles, the elevated agency that finance would afford in, respectively, climate action and sustaining peace, and the full participation of women. At a fundamental level, there is a strong inherent understanding of women’s role in natural resource governance and stewardship that cuts across both the normative framings of climate and peacebuilding finance. Climate financing mechanisms such as the “vertical funds” have over the years introduced sophisticated performance metrics for gender and women’s empowerment, but none to address conflict or fragility. The key gap as highlighted by UNDP is the understanding of the peace co-benefits of climate finance, which means that women in conflict settings may be left behind. This article examines progress on gender and climate finance; the gaps in access by conflict and fragility-affected regions; the benchmarking of climate finance and peace mainstreaming; and a comparative approach for greater cross-fertilization.","PeriodicalId":11727,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Biodiversity and Soil Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86607486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-08DOI: 10.1177/27538796231185188
Benjamin E. Bagozzi, Thomas S. Benson, Ore Koren
Do natural shocks increase insurgent rates of civilian victimization? We consider one case of a natural shock that directly affected an ongoing rebellion, Mozambique’s Cabo Delgado insurgency, where in recent years an insurgency with few societal ties and an extremist, pro-Islamic State ideology has engaged in multiple attacks on civilians. Our assessment employs both time series analysis and qualitative evaluations. Our focus is on the effects of cyclones—a climatic event whose rates are predicted to intensify over the coming decades—on this insurgency’s use of violence against civilians. In contrast to several past studies of natural shocks in conflict zones and strategic violence against civilians, our findings suggest that in contexts of insurgencies that do not have a strong local support base and where the group purports an extremist transnational ideology, natural shocks may lead to more violence against civilians.
{"title":"Cyclones and violence against civilians: Evidence from the Cabo Delgado insurgency","authors":"Benjamin E. Bagozzi, Thomas S. Benson, Ore Koren","doi":"10.1177/27538796231185188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796231185188","url":null,"abstract":"Do natural shocks increase insurgent rates of civilian victimization? We consider one case of a natural shock that directly affected an ongoing rebellion, Mozambique’s Cabo Delgado insurgency, where in recent years an insurgency with few societal ties and an extremist, pro-Islamic State ideology has engaged in multiple attacks on civilians. Our assessment employs both time series analysis and qualitative evaluations. Our focus is on the effects of cyclones—a climatic event whose rates are predicted to intensify over the coming decades—on this insurgency’s use of violence against civilians. In contrast to several past studies of natural shocks in conflict zones and strategic violence against civilians, our findings suggest that in contexts of insurgencies that do not have a strong local support base and where the group purports an extremist transnational ideology, natural shocks may lead to more violence against civilians.","PeriodicalId":11727,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Biodiversity and Soil Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78108237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.1177/27538796231181962
Joshua W. Busby
This is an interview with Christophe Hodder, the United Nations Climate Security and Environmental Advisor to Somalia, United Nations Environment Programme. In the interview, Hodder explains why it is so important for conventional security practitioners to build environmental considerations into peacebuilding. He explains how natural resource conflicts between groups are key sites of contestation in Somalia, more salient as the country experiences climate change. He talks about how militant groups use resource and resource conflicts to their advantage. Resolving natural resource conflicts is also important entry points for action, for addressing sources of conflict and building a foundation for peace. In the current moment, even as Somalia is beset by a difficult drought, it is important to work on long-run peacebuilding efforts through environmental restoration. Hodder provides examples of river bank protection programs and water catchment as areas ripe for cooperation.
{"title":"Interview with Christophe Hodder, the United Nations Climate Security and Environmental Advisor to Somalia, United Nations Environment Programme","authors":"Joshua W. Busby","doi":"10.1177/27538796231181962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796231181962","url":null,"abstract":"This is an interview with Christophe Hodder, the United Nations Climate Security and Environmental Advisor to Somalia, United Nations Environment Programme. In the interview, Hodder explains why it is so important for conventional security practitioners to build environmental considerations into peacebuilding. He explains how natural resource conflicts between groups are key sites of contestation in Somalia, more salient as the country experiences climate change. He talks about how militant groups use resource and resource conflicts to their advantage. Resolving natural resource conflicts is also important entry points for action, for addressing sources of conflict and building a foundation for peace. In the current moment, even as Somalia is beset by a difficult drought, it is important to work on long-run peacebuilding efforts through environmental restoration. Hodder provides examples of river bank protection programs and water catchment as areas ripe for cooperation.","PeriodicalId":11727,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Biodiversity and Soil Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79229565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-26DOI: 10.1177/27538796231177152
K. Beardsley, Jessica Beardsley
Armed conflict increases food insecurity leading to malnutrition especially in women, but can peace operations mitigate the increased prevalence of malnutrition in conflict zones? This study uses women’s nutrition outcomes—key indicators of societal health and peace potential in a community—as a lens through which one can understand downstream, long-term, consequences of exposures to violence both with and without the presence of United Nations peacekeepers. Comparing data of adult women in Côte d’Ivoire from the Demographic and Health Surveys, across two waves that cover pre-conflict and post-conflict periods, shows that peace-operation deployments mitigated the relationship between conflict and malnutrition. Exposure to armed conflict in the absence of peace operations is associated with an increased propensity for underweight, while exposure to armed conflict in the presence of peacekeeping troops is not associated with an increased propensity for underweight. A cross-national analysis using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization also confirms that food security, as well as cereal and meat production, in the wake of conflict improves with peace-operation deployments.
{"title":"Can peace operations mitigate the effect of armed conflict on malnutrition? Evidence from Côte d’Ivoire","authors":"K. Beardsley, Jessica Beardsley","doi":"10.1177/27538796231177152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796231177152","url":null,"abstract":"Armed conflict increases food insecurity leading to malnutrition especially in women, but can peace operations mitigate the increased prevalence of malnutrition in conflict zones? This study uses women’s nutrition outcomes—key indicators of societal health and peace potential in a community—as a lens through which one can understand downstream, long-term, consequences of exposures to violence both with and without the presence of United Nations peacekeepers. Comparing data of adult women in Côte d’Ivoire from the Demographic and Health Surveys, across two waves that cover pre-conflict and post-conflict periods, shows that peace-operation deployments mitigated the relationship between conflict and malnutrition. Exposure to armed conflict in the absence of peace operations is associated with an increased propensity for underweight, while exposure to armed conflict in the presence of peacekeeping troops is not associated with an increased propensity for underweight. A cross-national analysis using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization also confirms that food security, as well as cereal and meat production, in the wake of conflict improves with peace-operation deployments.","PeriodicalId":11727,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Biodiversity and Soil Security","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91321902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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