Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1127/entomologia/2024/2654
Bo Liu, Zhihong Li, Shaokun Guo
Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a vital quarantine pest worldwide. Currently, the application of chemical insecticides is still the primary measure to prevent and control B. dorsalis. However, the frequent and extensive use of insecticides contributes to the evolution of insecticide resistance. To investigate the mechanism of insecticide resistance of B. dorsalis, we initially detected the susceptibility of 19 typical insecticides using the residue film bioassay. The results indicated that spinosad and lambda-cyhalothrin (λ-cyhalothrin) exhibited high toxicity. Transcriptome analysis showed that 6 genes related to detoxification metabolism were differentially expressed between laboratory and λ-cyhalothrin resistant population. RNA interference (RNAi) was performed to verify the function of one differentially expressed gene, CYP304A1, and its association with metabolic resistance of B. dorsalis to spinosad and λ-cyhalothrin was confirmed. Moreover, we discovered a novel nonsynonymous mutation, I345V, in the exon of the nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit alpha 9 gene, which might be the potential target of spinosad and λ-cyhalothrin. There was a strong correlation between the allele frequency of the I345V mutation and the resistance level of spinosad (r2 = 0.912) or λ-cyhalothrin (r2 = 0.889). These findings indicated that up-regulated CYP304A1 and I345V mutation of nAChR were associated with spinosad and λ-cyhalothrin resistance of B. dorsalis. The results provide a new perspective for in-depth research on the resistance mechanism of B. dorsalis to spinosad and λ-cyhalothrin. This study also provides insights for developing a new molecular detection method for monitoring resistance to these two insecticides.
{"title":"A novel potential nAChR variation and the upregulation of CYP304A1 contribute to resistance against lambda-cyhalothrin and spinosad in Bactrocera dorsalis","authors":"Bo Liu, Zhihong Li, Shaokun Guo","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2654","url":null,"abstract":"Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a vital quarantine pest worldwide. Currently, the application of chemical insecticides is still the primary measure to prevent and control B. dorsalis. However, the frequent and extensive use of insecticides contributes to the evolution of insecticide resistance. To investigate the mechanism of insecticide resistance of B. dorsalis, we initially detected the susceptibility of 19 typical insecticides using the residue film bioassay. The results indicated that spinosad and lambda-cyhalothrin (λ-cyhalothrin) exhibited high toxicity. Transcriptome analysis showed that 6 genes related to detoxification metabolism were differentially expressed between laboratory and λ-cyhalothrin resistant population. RNA interference (RNAi) was performed to verify the function of one differentially expressed gene, CYP304A1, and its association with metabolic resistance of B. dorsalis to spinosad and λ-cyhalothrin was confirmed. Moreover, we discovered a novel nonsynonymous mutation, I345V, in the exon of the nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit alpha 9 gene, which might be the potential target of spinosad and λ-cyhalothrin. There was a strong correlation between the allele frequency of the I345V mutation and the resistance level of spinosad (r2 = 0.912) or λ-cyhalothrin (r2 = 0.889). These findings indicated that up-regulated CYP304A1 and I345V mutation of nAChR were associated with spinosad and λ-cyhalothrin resistance of B. dorsalis. The results provide a new perspective for in-depth research on the resistance mechanism of B. dorsalis to spinosad and λ-cyhalothrin. This study also provides insights for developing a new molecular detection method for monitoring resistance to these two insecticides.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142248340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1127/entomologia/2024/2620
Qingge Wang, Mengchao Xu, Eric An, Xin Zhang, Xiang Li, Jizhen Wei, Xiaoguang Liu
The fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith), is a highly invasive pest causing significant crop yield losses. Chlorfenapyr has been widely utilized in China to control FAW. This study investigated the sublethal and transgenerational effects of chlorfenapyr on FAW to enhance its appropriate utilization. LC10 and LC20 values of chlorfenapyr were estimated to 7.47 and 12.08 μg/g after a 72-hour exposure, respectively. Low chlorfenapyr concentrations extended the duration of larval stage and pre-oviposition period, reducing larvae body weight, pupation rate and eclosion rate in both the F0 and F1 generations. Additionally, such exposure decreased the F0 generation’s mating rate, fecundity, and egg hatching rate. The feeding indicators in third instar larvae from the F0 generation, including relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), and relative consumption rate (RCR), exhibited significant decrease compared to the control group, while approximate digestibility (AD) was higher. Larvae exposed to LC10 or LC20 exhibited elevated carboxylesterases (CarEs), cytochrome P-450s (P450s), and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) activities from 12 to 24 hours’ exposure, Notably, GSTs activity was higher at 6-hours compared to the control group, while CarEs and P450s activities significantly decreased. LC20 adversely affected long-term life table parameters of the F1 generation, including intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate of increase (λ), and the net reproductive rate (R0 ). These findings demonstrate that sublethal effects of chlorfenapyr can impair FAW growth and development, impacting the population dynamics of the F1 generation.
秋虫（FAW，Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith）是一种高度入侵性害虫，会给农作物产量造成重大损失。氯虫苯甲酰胺在中国已被广泛用于防治秋绵虫。本研究调查了虫螨腈对农田害虫的亚致死效应和转基因效应，以提高虫螨腈的合理利用率。经72小时接触，氯虫苯甲酰胺的LC10和LC20值分别为7.47和12.08 μg/g。低浓度的虫螨腈可延长幼虫期和卵化前期，降低 F0 代和 F1 代幼虫的体重、化蛹率和羽化率。此外，这种接触还降低了 F0 代的交配率、受精率和卵孵化率。与对照组相比，F0代3龄幼虫的摄食指标，包括相对生长率（RGR）、摄食食物转化效率（ECI）、消化食物转化效率（ECD）和相对消耗率（RCR）均显著下降，而近似消化率（AD）则有所提高。暴露于 LC10 或 LC20 的幼虫在 12 至 24 小时内表现出羧基酯酶（CarEs）、细胞色素 P-450s （P450s）和谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶（GSTs）活性升高。LC20 对 F1 代的长期生命表参数有不利影响，包括固有增长率（r）、有限增长率（λ）和净生殖率（R0）。这些研究结果表明，氯虫苯甲酰胺的亚致死效应会损害一窝蜂的生长和发育，影响 F1 代的种群动态。
{"title":"Sublethal and transgenerational effects of chlorfenapyr on physiological and developmental traits of Spodoptera frugiperda","authors":"Qingge Wang, Mengchao Xu, Eric An, Xin Zhang, Xiang Li, Jizhen Wei, Xiaoguang Liu","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2620","url":null,"abstract":"The fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith), is a highly invasive pest causing significant crop yield losses. Chlorfenapyr has been widely utilized in China to control FAW. This study investigated the sublethal and transgenerational effects of chlorfenapyr on FAW to enhance its appropriate utilization. LC10 and LC20 values of chlorfenapyr were estimated to 7.47 and 12.08 μg/g after a 72-hour exposure, respectively. Low chlorfenapyr concentrations extended the duration of larval stage and pre-oviposition period, reducing larvae body weight, pupation rate and eclosion rate in both the F0 and F1 generations. Additionally, such exposure decreased the F0 generation’s mating rate, fecundity, and egg hatching rate. The feeding indicators in third instar larvae from the F0 generation, including relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), and relative consumption rate (RCR), exhibited significant decrease compared to the control group, while approximate digestibility (AD) was higher. Larvae exposed to LC10 or LC20 exhibited elevated carboxylesterases (CarEs), cytochrome P-450s (P450s), and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) activities from 12 to 24 hours’ exposure, Notably, GSTs activity was higher at 6-hours compared to the control group, while CarEs and P450s activities significantly decreased. LC20 adversely affected long-term life table parameters of the F1 generation, including intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate of increase (λ), and the net reproductive rate (R0 ). These findings demonstrate that sublethal effects of chlorfenapyr can impair FAW growth and development, impacting the population dynamics of the F1 generation.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142248338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1127/entomologia/2024/2523
Hina Gul, Ihsan ul Haq, Ali Güncan, Arzlan Abbas, Shanza Khan, Aqsa Yaseen, Farman Ullah, Nicolas Desneux, Xiaoxia Liu
Flonicamid is a systemic insecticide effective against sap-sucking insect pests, including wheat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi. However, no research has been conducted on the effects of sublethal concentrations of flonicamid on key demographic parameters and feeding behavior of R. padi. In this study, we examined the sublethal effects of flonicamid on the biological characteristics along with the feeding behavior of R. padi using age-stage, two-sex life table approach, and electrical penetration graphs (EPGs). The toxicity bioassays showed that flonicamid exhibited high toxicity against R. padi adults after 48 h treatment. The adult longevity, fecundity, and reproductive days of the F0 generation were significantly reduced following R. padi exposure to the LC5 and LC10 of flonicamid. Intergenerational sublethal effects of flonicamid were observed on the developmental stages of the progeny generation (F1) such as increased pre-adult stages and decreased longevities. The reproduction and life table parameters, including fecundity, R 0, r, λ, and reproductive days (RP d ) were significantly decreased in F1 generation at both sublethal concentrations of flonicamid as compared to control. Moreover, the EPG data showed that the total duration of phloem sap ingestion and concurrent salivation (E2) were significantly decreased in F0 at both LC5 and LC10, while in F1 generation, the E2 was substantially reduced only at LC10 of flonicamid compared to control. Together, our findings demonstrated that sublethal concentrations of flonicamid negatively affect the demographic parameters and feeding behavior, which consequently inhibit the population growth of R. padi. These sublethal effects are an added benefit to the present mortality effects, which might be crucial in controlling this key pest.
{"title":"Unraveling the feeding response and intergenerational sublethal effects of flonicamid on Rhopalosiphum padi","authors":"Hina Gul, Ihsan ul Haq, Ali Güncan, Arzlan Abbas, Shanza Khan, Aqsa Yaseen, Farman Ullah, Nicolas Desneux, Xiaoxia Liu","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2523","url":null,"abstract":"Flonicamid is a systemic insecticide effective against sap-sucking insect pests, including wheat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi. However, no research has been conducted on the effects of sublethal concentrations of flonicamid on key demographic parameters and feeding behavior of R. padi. In this study, we examined the sublethal effects of flonicamid on the biological characteristics along with the feeding behavior of R. padi using age-stage, two-sex life table approach, and electrical penetration graphs (EPGs). The toxicity bioassays showed that flonicamid exhibited high toxicity against R. padi adults after 48 h treatment. The adult longevity, fecundity, and reproductive days of the F0 generation were significantly reduced following R. padi exposure to the LC5 and LC10 of flonicamid. Intergenerational sublethal effects of flonicamid were observed on the developmental stages of the progeny generation (F1) such as increased pre-adult stages and decreased longevities. The reproduction and life table parameters, including fecundity, R 0, r, λ, and reproductive days (RP d ) were significantly decreased in F1 generation at both sublethal concentrations of flonicamid as compared to control. Moreover, the EPG data showed that the total duration of phloem sap ingestion and concurrent salivation (E2) were significantly decreased in F0 at both LC5 and LC10, while in F1 generation, the E2 was substantially reduced only at LC10 of flonicamid compared to control. Together, our findings demonstrated that sublethal concentrations of flonicamid negatively affect the demographic parameters and feeding behavior, which consequently inhibit the population growth of R. padi. These sublethal effects are an added benefit to the present mortality effects, which might be crucial in controlling this key pest.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142248339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis attacks healthy trees and semiochemicals are used for monitoring, although no optimal efficacy has been achieved. To develop monitoring strategies, we compared the attraction rates of 14 monochromatic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for A. glabripennis adults, and determined the relative attraction capacity of most attractive wavelengths: the attraction rates were higher at 365-nm and 420-nm than other wavelengths. Subsequently, we evaluated whether 365-nm and 420-nm lights could enhance the attraction rates of sex pheromones or host kairomone, alone or in combination. We assessed the attraction rates of combinations of LEDs and sex pheromones or host kairomones, and showed that attraction rates of combinations of light cues and [4-(n-heptyloxy) butanol and 4-(n-heptyloxy) butanal], (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenol acetate or (-)-linalool were higher than those of single chemicals. Finally, we studied the influence of LED light, sex pheromones and host kairomone mixtures on attraction for A. glabripennis and found that combinations of cues attracted were more attractive than LED cues or semiochemicals alone. When 420-nm light was combined with mixtures of [4-(n-heptyloxy) butanol:4-(n-heptyloxy) butanal:(-)-linalool = 1:1:1], the attraction rates for adult females increased by 212% (vs. LED cues alone) and by 5321% (vs. semiochemicals alone). We demonstrated that ultraviolet and violet lights could enhance the attraction efficacy of semiochemicals for A. glabripennis and combination cues provided a promising strategy.
亚洲长角金龟子会攻击健康的树木，我们使用半化学物质进行监测，但尚未取得最佳效果。为了制定监测策略，我们比较了 14 种单色发光二极管（LED）对亚洲长角金龟子成虫的吸引率，并确定了最具吸引力波长的相对吸引能力：365 纳米和 420 纳米的吸引率高于其他波长。随后，我们评估了 365 波长和 420 波长的光是否能单独或联合提高性信息素或宿主凯氏酮的吸引率。我们评估了 LED 与性信息素或宿主凯尔酮组合的吸引率，结果表明光线索与[4-（正庚氧基）丁醇和 4-（正庚氧基）丁醛]、(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇、(Z)-3-己烯醇醋酸酯或(-)-芳樟醇组合的吸引率高于单一化学物质的吸引率。最后，我们研究了 LED 光、性信息素和宿主凯洛蒙混合物对草履虫吸引力的影响，发现引诱线索的组合比单独的 LED 线索或半化学物质更有吸引力。当 420nm 光与[4-（正庚氧基）丁醇:4-（正庚氧基）丁醛:(-)-芳樟醇 = 1:1:1]混合物结合使用时，成年雌虫的吸引率提高了 212%（与单独使用 LED 提示物相比）和 5321%（与单独使用半化学物质相比）。我们证明，紫外线和紫光可以提高半化学物质对草履虫的吸引效果，而组合线索则是一种很有前景的策略。
{"title":"Ultraviolet and violet light enhance the attraction efficacy of semiochemicals for the Asian longhorned beetle","authors":"Juyun Yao, Xianglan Jiang, Xi Wang, Xiaoxia Hai, Zhigang Wang, Fei Lyu","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2737","url":null,"abstract":"The Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis attacks healthy trees and semiochemicals are used for monitoring, although no optimal efficacy has been achieved. To develop monitoring strategies, we compared the attraction rates of 14 monochromatic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for A. glabripennis adults, and determined the relative attraction capacity of most attractive wavelengths: the attraction rates were higher at 365-nm and 420-nm than other wavelengths. Subsequently, we evaluated whether 365-nm and 420-nm lights could enhance the attraction rates of sex pheromones or host kairomone, alone or in combination. We assessed the attraction rates of combinations of LEDs and sex pheromones or host kairomones, and showed that attraction rates of combinations of light cues and [4-(n-heptyloxy) butanol and 4-(n-heptyloxy) butanal], (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenol acetate or (-)-linalool were higher than those of single chemicals. Finally, we studied the influence of LED light, sex pheromones and host kairomone mixtures on attraction for A. glabripennis and found that combinations of cues attracted were more attractive than LED cues or semiochemicals alone. When 420-nm light was combined with mixtures of [4-(n-heptyloxy) butanol:4-(n-heptyloxy) butanal:(-)-linalool = 1:1:1], the attraction rates for adult females increased by 212% (vs. LED cues alone) and by 5321% (vs. semiochemicals alone). We demonstrated that ultraviolet and violet lights could enhance the attraction efficacy of semiochemicals for A. glabripennis and combination cues provided a promising strategy.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1127/entomologia/2024/2707
Léa Lorrain-Soligon, Karen Muller, Maria Teixeira, Denis Thiéry, Jérôme Moreau
Reproduction is known to be energetically and physiologically costly. Consequently, individuals in good condition are assumed to invest substantial resources in reproduction, while those in poor condition are unable to do so. This is particularly relevant in insects, where reproduction is a nutrient-limited process for males and females and is largely related to their energy reserves. Lepidopteran phytophagous insects are an ideal model to evaluate how larval nutrition affects adult reproductive strategies, because larval host plant is considered a key determinant of the adult phenotype and the performance of both males and females. We studied a capital breeder moth species, the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana), to investigate how male energy reserves, body condition and reproductive traits might influence female reproductive output, using different host plants as a means of obtaining different male quality. We found that the host cultivar for the larvae strongly influenced the energy reserves of male adult moths, affecting their body condition and ultimately their reproductive potential through the content of spermatophores they transfer to females at mating. Moreover, males having different levels of energy reserves may alter the allocation of energy between their body condition and spermatophore size and composition, supporting the idea that organisms can buffer the effect of nutritional constraints by changing allocation to different fitness-related traits. Females also seem to be able to adjust latency to oviposition accordingly. These results have important implications for understanding the population dynamics of this moth species.
{"title":"Compensating from a bad start in life: linking male energy reserves to reproductive output in a polyphagous moth","authors":"Léa Lorrain-Soligon, Karen Muller, Maria Teixeira, Denis Thiéry, Jérôme Moreau","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2707","url":null,"abstract":"Reproduction is known to be energetically and physiologically costly. Consequently, individuals in good condition are assumed to invest substantial resources in reproduction, while those in poor condition are unable to do so. This is particularly relevant in insects, where reproduction is a nutrient-limited process for males and females and is largely related to their energy reserves. Lepidopteran phytophagous insects are an ideal model to evaluate how larval nutrition affects adult reproductive strategies, because larval host plant is considered a key determinant of the adult phenotype and the performance of both males and females. We studied a capital breeder moth species, the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana), to investigate how male energy reserves, body condition and reproductive traits might influence female reproductive output, using different host plants as a means of obtaining different male quality. We found that the host cultivar for the larvae strongly influenced the energy reserves of male adult moths, affecting their body condition and ultimately their reproductive potential through the content of spermatophores they transfer to females at mating. Moreover, males having different levels of energy reserves may alter the allocation of energy between their body condition and spermatophore size and composition, supporting the idea that organisms can buffer the effect of nutritional constraints by changing allocation to different fitness-related traits. Females also seem to be able to adjust latency to oviposition accordingly. These results have important implications for understanding the population dynamics of this moth species.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Insect pests and weeds significantly hinder maize production in tropical areas of Asia, with the invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), exacerbating the challenge by causing major losses. The genetically engineered (GE) maize Bt11 × MIR162 × GA21 (or Cry1Ab + Vip3Aa), which has been an effective pest management solution in the Americas for approximately two decades, has unexplored potential in Asia. This study evaluated the efficacy of this event against fall armyworm and glyphosate’s weed control capability through laboratory and field trials in China’s tropical area, aiming to improve integrated pest management (IPM) strategies in Asia. Laboratory assays showed high effectiveness against fall armyworm neonates (> 95%) and against 3rd instars (> 90%) using Bt maize tissues. Field trials validated Bt maize protection during the vegetative and reproductive phases, markedly diminishing fall armyworm larval prevalence; efficacy ranged from 99.6% in 2021, 97.1% in 2022, and 96.2% in 2023. In addition, Bt maize prevented yield losses of 9.2% to 20.9%. The results also indicated that glyphosate and a local herbicide mix (active ingredient nicosulfuron, atrazine, and mesotrione) exhibited comparable weed control efficacy under field conditions. Thus, Bt11 × MIR162 × GA21, following 3 years of research, was found to a potent IPM tool for tropical Asia, offering substantial protection against fall armyworm, weed control and aiding in trait resistance management.
{"title":"Insect resistant and glyphosate tolerant maize, Bt11 × MIR162 × GA21, can enhance management of fall armyworm and weeds in tropical Asia","authors":"Xianming Yang, Shuang Chen, Dazhong Liu, Shengyuan Zhao, Guodong Kang, Cheng Song, Zhenwei Tian, Haitao Li, Jingchao Chen, Xiangju Li, Kongming Wu","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2567","url":null,"abstract":"Insect pests and weeds significantly hinder maize production in tropical areas of Asia, with the invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), exacerbating the challenge by causing major losses. The genetically engineered (GE) maize Bt11 × MIR162 × GA21 (or Cry1Ab + Vip3Aa), which has been an effective pest management solution in the Americas for approximately two decades, has unexplored potential in Asia. This study evaluated the efficacy of this event against fall armyworm and glyphosate’s weed control capability through laboratory and field trials in China’s tropical area, aiming to improve integrated pest management (IPM) strategies in Asia. Laboratory assays showed high effectiveness against fall armyworm neonates (> 95%) and against 3rd instars (> 90%) using Bt maize tissues. Field trials validated Bt maize protection during the vegetative and reproductive phases, markedly diminishing fall armyworm larval prevalence; efficacy ranged from 99.6% in 2021, 97.1% in 2022, and 96.2% in 2023. In addition, Bt maize prevented yield losses of 9.2% to 20.9%. The results also indicated that glyphosate and a local herbicide mix (active ingredient nicosulfuron, atrazine, and mesotrione) exhibited comparable weed control efficacy under field conditions. Thus, Bt11 × MIR162 × GA21, following 3 years of research, was found to a potent IPM tool for tropical Asia, offering substantial protection against fall armyworm, weed control and aiding in trait resistance management.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142224606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1127/entomologia/2024/2508
Xiao-Ming Man, Li-Ying Sun, Frédéric Francis, Nian-Wan Yang, Wan-Xue Liu
Sex ratio is crucial in the reproductive dynamics of bisexual insects. In the Aphelinidae family, heteronomous hyperparasitoids like Encarsia sophia show distinct behaviors where females (from fertilized eggs) target primary hosts, and males (from unfertilized eggs) parasitize secondary hosts. This sex determination pattern means that host resource abundance significantly impacts sex ratio, affecting population dynamics. However, the sex distribution of these parasitoids remains a topic of debate. This study examined E. sophia targeting Bemisia tabaci, adjusting host densities (30, 50, 70 hosts/9.6 cm²) and secondary host ratios (0.2, 0.5, 0.8). Females were observed for recognition of varying host conditions and adjustments in offspring sex ratio and behavior. When ratio of secondary hosts surpassed that of primary hosts or in cases of low host density (host limitation), E. sophia’s offspring sex ratio adapted according to the relative abundance of primary and secondary hosts. Conversely, with low secondary host ratios (< 0.5) and higher host density, the sex ratio approached 1:1. Observations showed that females quickly perceived host density, increasing oviposition on secondary hosts with higher density, resulting in more males, and increasing feeding on primary hosts, reducing female offspring. Importantly, by examining oviposition and feeding under different host resource conditions, we identified the optimal rearing strategy: a secondary host ratio of 0.2 and a host density of 30 hosts/9.6 cm². This study not only introduces the sex ratio theory for heteronomous hyperparasitoids but also provides a framework for more accurately assessing their environmental adaptability and for large-scale production.
{"title":"Can heteronomous hyperparasitoids recognize host abundance and adjust offspring ratio?","authors":"Xiao-Ming Man, Li-Ying Sun, Frédéric Francis, Nian-Wan Yang, Wan-Xue Liu","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2508","url":null,"abstract":"Sex ratio is crucial in the reproductive dynamics of bisexual insects. In the Aphelinidae family, heteronomous hyperparasitoids like Encarsia sophia show distinct behaviors where females (from fertilized eggs) target primary hosts, and males (from unfertilized eggs) parasitize secondary hosts. This sex determination pattern means that host resource abundance significantly impacts sex ratio, affecting population dynamics. However, the sex distribution of these parasitoids remains a topic of debate. This study examined E. sophia targeting Bemisia tabaci, adjusting host densities (30, 50, 70 hosts/9.6 cm²) and secondary host ratios (0.2, 0.5, 0.8). Females were observed for recognition of varying host conditions and adjustments in offspring sex ratio and behavior. When ratio of secondary hosts surpassed that of primary hosts or in cases of low host density (host limitation), E. sophia’s offspring sex ratio adapted according to the relative abundance of primary and secondary hosts. Conversely, with low secondary host ratios (< 0.5) and higher host density, the sex ratio approached 1:1. Observations showed that females quickly perceived host density, increasing oviposition on secondary hosts with higher density, resulting in more males, and increasing feeding on primary hosts, reducing female offspring. Importantly, by examining oviposition and feeding under different host resource conditions, we identified the optimal rearing strategy: a secondary host ratio of 0.2 and a host density of 30 hosts/9.6 cm². This study not only introduces the sex ratio theory for heteronomous hyperparasitoids but also provides a framework for more accurately assessing their environmental adaptability and for large-scale production.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1127/entomologia/2024/2527
Thi Hanh Nguyen, Peter Schausberger
Joint consideration of the ideas of individual niche specialization and animal personalities predicts co-variation in personality expression and realized niche use. Animal personalities are characterized by within-individual consistency linked to consistent among-individual variation in behavior across time and contexts. Individual niche specialization posits that members of local groups should diversify in their foraging phenotypes to alleviate inter-individual competition and ensuing conflicts. Here, we tested the hypothesis that early life experiences shape individual foraging niches and personality expression in the omnivorous plant-inhabiting predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii. To this end, we exposed predatory mite females in their early life phase to one of three diets (pollen, spider mites or thrips) or no food (control) and later evaluated the adult females’ mean trait expressions and personalities in exploration, activity and aggressiveness. Personality formation was analyzed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). The predators showed personalities in all three behavioral dimensions but personality formation and diet preference were strongly influenced by early-life diet experiences. Personality types in exploration were predictive of fitness, with more exploratory personalities producing more eggs. Thrips experience had the strongest impact across measured traits and thrips-experienced personality types were linked to individual foraging niches. Overall, early-life diet experiences induced greater changes in trait expressions at the individual than population level. Our findings highlight that ephemeral personal experiences early in life are important determinants of fine-scale phenotypic structure and diversity within groups, and demonstrate environmental induction of the link between individualized niche use and personality formation.
{"title":"Early-life diet experience structures personalities and individual foraging niches of omnivorous predatory mites","authors":"Thi Hanh Nguyen, Peter Schausberger","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2527","url":null,"abstract":"Joint consideration of the ideas of individual niche specialization and animal personalities predicts co-variation in personality expression and realized niche use. Animal personalities are characterized by within-individual consistency linked to consistent among-individual variation in behavior across time and contexts. Individual niche specialization posits that members of local groups should diversify in their foraging phenotypes to alleviate inter-individual competition and ensuing conflicts. Here, we tested the hypothesis that early life experiences shape individual foraging niches and personality expression in the omnivorous plant-inhabiting predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii. To this end, we exposed predatory mite females in their early life phase to one of three diets (pollen, spider mites or thrips) or no food (control) and later evaluated the adult females’ mean trait expressions and personalities in exploration, activity and aggressiveness. Personality formation was analyzed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). The predators showed personalities in all three behavioral dimensions but personality formation and diet preference were strongly influenced by early-life diet experiences. Personality types in exploration were predictive of fitness, with more exploratory personalities producing more eggs. Thrips experience had the strongest impact across measured traits and thrips-experienced personality types were linked to individual foraging niches. Overall, early-life diet experiences induced greater changes in trait expressions at the individual than population level. Our findings highlight that ephemeral personal experiences early in life are important determinants of fine-scale phenotypic structure and diversity within groups, and demonstrate environmental induction of the link between individualized niche use and personality formation.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1127/entomologia/2024/2536
Ruohan Ma, Anne-Violette Lavoir, Coline C. Jaworski, Edwige Amiens-Desneux, Peng Han, Nicolas Desneux
In agroecosystems, arthropod communities may be influenced by bottom-up forces induced by environmental variations (e.g., fertilization) through the modification of plant traits. The way bottom-up forces affect the second trophic level is well documented, but how these effects cascade to the third trophic level is less understood. We aimed to understand: 1) how bottom-up effects vary between natural enemies with contrasted ecology, i.e., parasitoids and predators; and 2) how the diet regime of the predators affected the intensity of bottom-up effects. We set-up a lab experiment measuring the effects of reduced fertilization (from standard rates to no fertilization) on tri-trophic systems in tomato. The selected herbivores are frequent pests on tomato systems (Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Bemisia tabaci and Tuta absoluta). The respective parasitoids were Aphidius ervi and Encarsia formosa, and the respective predators Adalia bipunctata (carnivorous), Macrolophus pygmaeus (omnivorous), Dicyphus errans (omnivorous) and Chrysoperla carnea (carnivorous). We recorded plant growth and leaf carbon and nitrogen content, herbivore fecundity as well as various parasitoid/predator traits including development, longevity, reproduction and biocontrol efficacy. We found evidence of diluted bottom-up forces through trophic levels depending on the herbivore types, with variable but overall marginally positive effects of reducing fertilization from high to intermediate levels on host quality and biocontrol efficacy. Parasitoids were overall less affected than predators. This work offers perspectives in the framework of Integrated Pest Management where reduced fertilization may help better control pest populations without significant impacts on plant growth and thus yield.
{"title":"Bottom-up effects of reduced fertilization on natural enemies and biocontrol efficacy","authors":"Ruohan Ma, Anne-Violette Lavoir, Coline C. Jaworski, Edwige Amiens-Desneux, Peng Han, Nicolas Desneux","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2536","url":null,"abstract":"In agroecosystems, arthropod communities may be influenced by bottom-up forces induced by environmental variations (e.g., fertilization) through the modification of plant traits. The way bottom-up forces affect the second trophic level is well documented, but how these effects cascade to the third trophic level is less understood. We aimed to understand: 1) how bottom-up effects vary between natural enemies with contrasted ecology, i.e., parasitoids and predators; and 2) how the diet regime of the predators affected the intensity of bottom-up effects. We set-up a lab experiment measuring the effects of reduced fertilization (from standard rates to no fertilization) on tri-trophic systems in tomato. The selected herbivores are frequent pests on tomato systems (Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Bemisia tabaci and Tuta absoluta). The respective parasitoids were Aphidius ervi and Encarsia formosa, and the respective predators Adalia bipunctata (carnivorous), Macrolophus pygmaeus (omnivorous), Dicyphus errans (omnivorous) and Chrysoperla carnea (carnivorous). We recorded plant growth and leaf carbon and nitrogen content, herbivore fecundity as well as various parasitoid/predator traits including development, longevity, reproduction and biocontrol efficacy. We found evidence of diluted bottom-up forces through trophic levels depending on the herbivore types, with variable but overall marginally positive effects of reducing fertilization from high to intermediate levels on host quality and biocontrol efficacy. Parasitoids were overall less affected than predators. This work offers perspectives in the framework of Integrated Pest Management where reduced fertilization may help better control pest populations without significant impacts on plant growth and thus yield.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: In most viticulture countries, the grape phylloxera (GP) Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) is controlled by planting grafted plants on rootstocks resistant to this pest. In the search for alternative protective methods, the effectiveness of Metarhizium robertsii in protecting non-grafted Vitis vinifera grapevines against radicicole GP was assessed in vitro. In the first approach, GP eggs from a single clonal lineage were infected with M. robertsii strain EF3.5(2) obtained from a French vineyard. In bioassays, three application methods (egg spraying, root spraying, and both) were assessed using fresh woody root sections of V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. M. robertsii pathogenic effect translated to a significant reduction of 90.0 % by the egg spraying, 70.0 % by the root spraying, and 86.1 % by spraying both in the survival probability of GP larvae and adults compared to controls, and 92.0 %, 89.0 % and 93.0 % in the reduction of successful development to the adult stage after 28 days post-treatment, respectively. In the second approach, the impact of M. robertsii’s association with non-grafted V. vinifera roots on radicicole GP establishment and symptom induction was assessed in a pot experiment. After 76 days post-GP inoculation, a remarkable 91 % reduction in damage was observed in plants co-inoculated with M. robertsii and GP, compared to those infected solely with GP. Furthermore, 100 % of M. robertsii-inoculated plants and 92.0 % of GP-M. robertsii co-inoculated plants were colonized by the fungus at the rhizosphere level. Notably, grapevine growth remained unaffected during the trial by neither M. robertsii inoculation nor GP infestation. In conclusion, these findings highlight the potential of M. robertsii for durable association and GP biocontrol in non-grafted grapevines. Future investigations are warranted under field conditions to validate and optimize the larger-scale practical application of this biocontrol strategy.
摘要：在大多数葡萄栽培国家，葡萄根瘤蚜（GP）Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae)是通过在抗这种害虫的砧木上种植嫁接植物来控制的。为了寻找替代保护方法，我们在体外评估了 Metarhizium robertsii 在保护非嫁接葡萄藤免受 Radicicole GP 侵害方面的有效性。第一种方法是用从法国葡萄园获得的罗伯茨梅氏菌株 EF3.5(2)感染来自单一克隆系的 GP 卵。在生物测定中，使用 V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon 的新鲜木质根切片对三种施用方法（卵喷洒、根部喷洒和两种方法）进行了评估。与对照组相比，喷洒虫卵、喷洒根部和同时喷洒三种方法分别显著降低了 90.0 %、70.0 % 和 86.1 % 的 GP 幼虫和成虫存活率，并显著降低了 92.0 %、89.0 % 和 93.0 % 的成虫成功率。第二种方法是在盆栽实验中评估 M. robertsii 与非嫁接葡萄根系的结合对根瘤菌 GP 的建立和症状诱导的影响。在接种 GP 76 天后，与只感染 GP 的植株相比，接种了罗伯茨灰霉病菌和 GP 的植株所受的损害明显减少了 91%。此外，100% 接种了罗伯茨真菌的植株和 92.0% 接种了 GP-M. 罗伯茨真菌的植株在根瘤层都有真菌定殖。值得注意的是，在试验期间，无论是接种罗伯茨真菌还是 GP 侵染都不会影响葡萄的生长。总之，这些研究结果凸显了罗伯茨真菌在非嫁接葡萄藤中持久结合和 GP 生物防治的潜力。未来有必要在田间条件下进行调查，以验证和优化这种生物防治策略在更大范围内的实际应用。
{"title":"Potential of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii to control radicicole grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae","authors":"Mathilde Ponchon, Daciana Papura, Rodrigo López-Plantey, Benjamin Joubard, Manmeet Singh, Karima Rahmani, Annette Reineke, Denis Thiéry","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2689","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In most viticulture countries, the grape phylloxera (GP) Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) is controlled by planting grafted plants on rootstocks resistant to this pest. In the search for alternative protective methods, the effectiveness of Metarhizium robertsii in protecting non-grafted Vitis vinifera grapevines against radicicole GP was assessed in vitro. In the first approach, GP eggs from a single clonal lineage were infected with M. robertsii strain EF3.5(2) obtained from a French vineyard. In bioassays, three application methods (egg spraying, root spraying, and both) were assessed using fresh woody root sections of V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. M. robertsii pathogenic effect translated to a significant reduction of 90.0 % by the egg spraying, 70.0 % by the root spraying, and 86.1 % by spraying both in the survival probability of GP larvae and adults compared to controls, and 92.0 %, 89.0 % and 93.0 % in the reduction of successful development to the adult stage after 28 days post-treatment, respectively. In the second approach, the impact of M. robertsii’s association with non-grafted V. vinifera roots on radicicole GP establishment and symptom induction was assessed in a pot experiment. After 76 days post-GP inoculation, a remarkable 91 % reduction in damage was observed in plants co-inoculated with M. robertsii and GP, compared to those infected solely with GP. Furthermore, 100 % of M. robertsii-inoculated plants and 92.0 % of GP-M. robertsii co-inoculated plants were colonized by the fungus at the rhizosphere level. Notably, grapevine growth remained unaffected during the trial by neither M. robertsii inoculation nor GP infestation. In conclusion, these findings highlight the potential of M. robertsii for durable association and GP biocontrol in non-grafted grapevines. Future investigations are warranted under field conditions to validate and optimize the larger-scale practical application of this biocontrol strategy.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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