Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1127/entomologia/2024/2475
Bastien Cayrol, Irene Arnoldi, Vladimir Novak, Sara Epis, Matteo Brilli, Yvan Rahbé, Marilyne Uzest, Paolo Gabrieli
Piercing-sucking insects are extremely efficient vectors of animal and plant pathogens. This group is polyphyletic with the piercing organ highly heterogenous in its structure and morphogenesis, adapted to a specific host and feeding mechanism. For instance, hemimetabolous aphids feed on plant sap from nymphs to adults and they renew their stylets at each molt, thanks to specialized secreting glands. Distinctly, holometabolous mosquitoes have two feeding modes: larvae feed in water by filtering and scraping surfaces with their mouths, while female adults can acquire blood from vertebrate hosts. The pupal metamorphosis allows switching from one feeding habit to another. Here, we present a deep characterization of the biogenesis of the adult mouthparts in parthenogenetic females of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and in females of the mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1895) (Diptera: Culicidae), investigated using non-invasive X-ray synchrotron-based microtomography. Comparing datasets collected from aphid juvenile and adult stages and from preimaginal and adult stages of the mosquito, we were able to track the morphological changes of secreting glands and the synthesis of the adult stylet in aphid heads and to follow the de novo formation of mosquito mouthparts in pupae. Our study provides a baseline for investigating the evolution and the development of piercing-sucking mouthparts and to better understand how morphogenesis works in insects.
{"title":"The development of the piercing mouth during the last molt of the diseases-transmitting aphids and mosquitoes as revealed by synchrotron X-ray microtomography","authors":"Bastien Cayrol, Irene Arnoldi, Vladimir Novak, Sara Epis, Matteo Brilli, Yvan Rahbé, Marilyne Uzest, Paolo Gabrieli","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2475","url":null,"abstract":"Piercing-sucking insects are extremely efficient vectors of animal and plant pathogens. This group is polyphyletic with the piercing organ highly heterogenous in its structure and morphogenesis, adapted to a specific host and feeding mechanism. For instance, hemimetabolous aphids feed on plant sap from nymphs to adults and they renew their stylets at each molt, thanks to specialized secreting glands. Distinctly, holometabolous mosquitoes have two feeding modes: larvae feed in water by filtering and scraping surfaces with their mouths, while female adults can acquire blood from vertebrate hosts. The pupal metamorphosis allows switching from one feeding habit to another. Here, we present a deep characterization of the biogenesis of the adult mouthparts in parthenogenetic females of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and in females of the mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1895) (Diptera: Culicidae), investigated using non-invasive X-ray synchrotron-based microtomography. Comparing datasets collected from aphid juvenile and adult stages and from preimaginal and adult stages of the mosquito, we were able to track the morphological changes of secreting glands and the synthesis of the adult stylet in aphid heads and to follow the de novo formation of mosquito mouthparts in pupae. Our study provides a baseline for investigating the evolution and the development of piercing-sucking mouthparts and to better understand how morphogenesis works in insects.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1127/entomologia/2024/2530
Tao Wang, Xin-Rui Ren, Zhi-Kun Guo, Yu-Xuan Zhao, Jin Geng, Guan-Hong Wang, Da-Wei Huang, Jin-Hua Xiao
Numerous studies have accumulatively discovered mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) diversity in the natural populations of the same species, and some of the mtDNA variations may be selected by the host’s environment. However, it remains unclear about the molecular mechanisms by which this long-term coexistence of mtDNA variations in the same species affects the metabolism and evolution of the host. By comparing two mitochondrial genomes of cultured population of Hermetia illucens, our study reveals that the mtDNAs of both strains (Ref-strain and Sub-strain) have great structural divergences, and mitochondria of the Sub-strain may be functionally defective, which is consistent with the observed lower body weights and higher oxidative stress levels in the midgut of Sub-strain. Moreover, the differentially expressed genes and differential metabolites between the midguts of both strains were related to the mitochondrial functions including oxidative stress, antioxidant and electron transport chain. Interesting, the midgut microbial compositions differed significantly in both strains. Additionally, 25 of 310 the potentially positively selected genes were related to mitochondrial function. Combination of these multidimensional investigations of both strains helped to reveal how the host insects adapt to mtDNA variations through cyto-nuclear interactions. This study can provide new evidence for understanding the nuclear response to the mitochondria dysfunction in insects, and its role in differentiation of the natural populations and even in the process of speciation.
{"title":"Long-term coexistence of mtDNA variations and nuclear responses of host","authors":"Tao Wang, Xin-Rui Ren, Zhi-Kun Guo, Yu-Xuan Zhao, Jin Geng, Guan-Hong Wang, Da-Wei Huang, Jin-Hua Xiao","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2530","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous studies have accumulatively discovered mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) diversity in the natural populations of the same species, and some of the mtDNA variations may be selected by the host’s environment. However, it remains unclear about the molecular mechanisms by which this long-term coexistence of mtDNA variations in the same species affects the metabolism and evolution of the host. By comparing two mitochondrial genomes of cultured population of Hermetia illucens, our study reveals that the mtDNAs of both strains (Ref-strain and Sub-strain) have great structural divergences, and mitochondria of the Sub-strain may be functionally defective, which is consistent with the observed lower body weights and higher oxidative stress levels in the midgut of Sub-strain. Moreover, the differentially expressed genes and differential metabolites between the midguts of both strains were related to the mitochondrial functions including oxidative stress, antioxidant and electron transport chain. Interesting, the midgut microbial compositions differed significantly in both strains. Additionally, 25 of 310 the potentially positively selected genes were related to mitochondrial function. Combination of these multidimensional investigations of both strains helped to reveal how the host insects adapt to mtDNA variations through cyto-nuclear interactions. This study can provide new evidence for understanding the nuclear response to the mitochondria dysfunction in insects, and its role in differentiation of the natural populations and even in the process of speciation.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142224607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1127/entomologia/2024/2599
Livia De Fazi, Rita Cervo, Federico Cappa
In the fight against invasive alien species, timely reporting is essential to monitor their spread and face the invasion. This is particularly evident in the case of Vespa velutina nigrithorax, an invasive hornet species with a significant ecological, economic, and public health impact. V. velutina colony reports are often late or dubious, as they are represented by the discovery of abandoned nests found in late autumn or winter when the colony has completed its cycle. Abandoned colonies of V. velutina might be in some cases misidentified with nests of the native European hornet Vespa crabro. Verifying whether a nest belongs to V. velutina could be fundamental for monitoring its presence and expansion. Thus, a reliable method to correctly assign an abandoned nest to its exact species would be important for the management of this invasive threat. In these hornets, the nest material is characterized by a blend of chemical compounds that reflects its inhabitants and could be used for species identification. Here, by using gas-chromatography coupled with mass-spectrometry, we investigated the differences between the chemical signature of V. velutina and V. crabro nests, characterizing for the first time the nest chemical profile of the latter. Among the identified 43 compounds, two compounds were unique to V. crabro, and another two were found only in V. velutina nests. These discriminant compounds provide a diagnostic tool for the species identification of abandoned hornet nests, especially when uncertain reports come from areas on the invasion front or not yet invaded.
在打击外来入侵物种的斗争中，及时报告对于监测其扩散和应对入侵至关重要。这一点在 Vespa velutina nigrithorax 的案例中表现得尤为明显，这是一种对生态、经济和公共健康有重大影响的入侵大黄蜂物种。V. velutina 蜂群的报告通常较晚或可疑，因为它们是在秋末或冬季蜂群完成其周期后发现被遗弃的巢穴。在某些情况下，被遗弃的 V. velutina 蜂群可能会被误认为是本地欧洲大黄蜂 Vespa crabro 的巢。核实一个巢是否属于 V. velutina 可能是监测其存在和扩展的基础。因此，找到一种可靠的方法，将废弃的巢正确地归属于其确切的物种，对于管理这种入侵威胁非常重要。在这些大黄蜂中，巢材料的特点是混合了能反映其居住者的化学物质，可用于物种鉴定。在这里，我们利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术研究了 V. velutina 和 V. crabro 巢的化学特征之间的差异，首次确定了后者的巢化学特征。在鉴定出的 43 种化合物中，有两种化合物是蟹蛙独有的，另外两种化合物只在绒螯蟹巢穴中发现。这些鉴别化合物为识别被遗弃大黄蜂巢的物种提供了诊断工具，尤其是当不确定的报告来自入侵前线或尚未入侵的地区时。
{"title":"Comparing the nest chemical profile of Vespa velutina and Vespa crabro: a potential tool to detect invasive hornet species","authors":"Livia De Fazi, Rita Cervo, Federico Cappa","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2599","url":null,"abstract":"In the fight against invasive alien species, timely reporting is essential to monitor their spread and face the invasion. This is particularly evident in the case of Vespa velutina nigrithorax, an invasive hornet species with a significant ecological, economic, and public health impact. V. velutina colony reports are often late or dubious, as they are represented by the discovery of abandoned nests found in late autumn or winter when the colony has completed its cycle. Abandoned colonies of V. velutina might be in some cases misidentified with nests of the native European hornet Vespa crabro. Verifying whether a nest belongs to V. velutina could be fundamental for monitoring its presence and expansion. Thus, a reliable method to correctly assign an abandoned nest to its exact species would be important for the management of this invasive threat. In these hornets, the nest material is characterized by a blend of chemical compounds that reflects its inhabitants and could be used for species identification. Here, by using gas-chromatography coupled with mass-spectrometry, we investigated the differences between the chemical signature of V. velutina and V. crabro nests, characterizing for the first time the nest chemical profile of the latter. Among the identified 43 compounds, two compounds were unique to V. crabro, and another two were found only in V. velutina nests. These discriminant compounds provide a diagnostic tool for the species identification of abandoned hornet nests, especially when uncertain reports come from areas on the invasion front or not yet invaded.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil amendments can trigger bottom-up effects in crop-herbivorous pest interactions, thus impacting pest management and biochars may enhance plant growth and resistance to plant pests. We studied bottom-up effects of regenerative biochar bamboo charcoal on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and a major pest Bemisia tabaci, both under laboratory and field conditions. Plant height, stem diameter, and leaf dry-to-fresh weight ratio, as well as the content of free amino acids, starch, and soluble sugars, increased in the bamboo charcoal treatment compared with the control. Moreover, some plant-resistant substances or enzyme activities (e.g., flavonoids, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and superoxide dismutase) were different among treatments. Applying bamboo charcoal reduced the survival rate and oviposition of B. tabaci. Y-tube olfactometer bioassay and volatilome analysis showed that the bamboo charcoal treatment reduced the attractiveness of tomato plants to B. tabaci by inducing the increasing release of the repellent volatile organic compound methyl salicylate. Field experiment showed that applying bamboo charcoal (5 L/m2) in the soil promoted the growth of tomato plants and suppressed the B. tabaci population. In conclusion, we demonstrate that applying bamboo charcoal could enhance the tomato plant growth and development and lower pest population by increasing the synthesis and accumulation of plant resistance substances. Therefore, it has the potential for large-scale field application to improve crop yield and significantly reduce B. tabaci occurrence.
{"title":"Bottom-up effects of bamboo-charcoal soil amendment on the tomato insect pest Bemisia tabaci","authors":"Jinchao Wang, Limin Chen, Farman Ullah, Yaru Wang, Yangchen Zhao, Yiming Pan, Songwang Yi, Tingting Chen, Aiwu Jin, Qianggen Zhu, Xiaowei Li, Yaobin Lu","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2340","url":null,"abstract":"Soil amendments can trigger bottom-up effects in crop-herbivorous pest interactions, thus impacting pest management and biochars may enhance plant growth and resistance to plant pests. We studied bottom-up effects of regenerative biochar bamboo charcoal on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and a major pest Bemisia tabaci, both under laboratory and field conditions. Plant height, stem diameter, and leaf dry-to-fresh weight ratio, as well as the content of free amino acids, starch, and soluble sugars, increased in the bamboo charcoal treatment compared with the control. Moreover, some plant-resistant substances or enzyme activities (e.g., flavonoids, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and superoxide dismutase) were different among treatments. Applying bamboo charcoal reduced the survival rate and oviposition of B. tabaci. Y-tube olfactometer bioassay and volatilome analysis showed that the bamboo charcoal treatment reduced the attractiveness of tomato plants to B. tabaci by inducing the increasing release of the repellent volatile organic compound methyl salicylate. Field experiment showed that applying bamboo charcoal (5 L/m2) in the soil promoted the growth of tomato plants and suppressed the B. tabaci population. In conclusion, we demonstrate that applying bamboo charcoal could enhance the tomato plant growth and development and lower pest population by increasing the synthesis and accumulation of plant resistance substances. Therefore, it has the potential for large-scale field application to improve crop yield and significantly reduce B. tabaci occurrence.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Genetically engineered crop plants for enhanced emission of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) offer great potential in reducing the herbivore load on crops by repelling insect herbivores directly or attracting their natural enemies. Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are also essential for pollination, insect reproduction, allelopathy, and serve as antimicrobial agents. Existing research in this field revolves around the routine chemical ecological experiments like identifying VOCs, HIPVs, and synthetic blends. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the role of enhanced volatile emissions and volatile biosynthetic pathways involved in chemical communication can lead to the development of behavior-based novel pest management strategies and lay the foundation for future research in these approaches. Recent discoveries in identifying and isolating the enzymes and genes associated with the biosynthetic pathways of volatiles have opened new avenues for the genetic engineering of crops. Genetically engineered plants could be developed to release volatiles only with an herbivore attack to conserve plant resources by mimicking a natural defensive strategy for direct repellence and/or recruitment of natural enemies. Crops engineered for sustainable volatile production can also serve as companion plants in the push and pull strategies and modify insect behavior to reduce the pest damage. A crop bioengineered for enhanced repellence of oviposition and increased release of insect pheromone-resembling compounds could benefit pest management programs. Further advanced research under field conditions is required to assess the physiological and ecological consequences, especially to the crop and the environment.
{"title":"Bioengineering plant volatile emissions: prospects for plant protection against insect herbivores","authors":"Gaurav Kumar Taggar, Glen C. Rains, Mandeep Tayal, Shivani Khokhar, Monica Sachdeva Taggar, Jasleen Kaur, Tripti Saini, Rajat Sharma, Gaurav Singh, KrishnaRao Gandham, Rupesh Kariyat","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2431","url":null,"abstract":"Genetically engineered crop plants for enhanced emission of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) offer great potential in reducing the herbivore load on crops by repelling insect herbivores directly or attracting their natural enemies. Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are also essential for pollination, insect reproduction, allelopathy, and serve as antimicrobial agents. Existing research in this field revolves around the routine chemical ecological experiments like identifying VOCs, HIPVs, and synthetic blends. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the role of enhanced volatile emissions and volatile biosynthetic pathways involved in chemical communication can lead to the development of behavior-based novel pest management strategies and lay the foundation for future research in these approaches. Recent discoveries in identifying and isolating the enzymes and genes associated with the biosynthetic pathways of volatiles have opened new avenues for the genetic engineering of crops. Genetically engineered plants could be developed to release volatiles only with an herbivore attack to conserve plant resources by mimicking a natural defensive strategy for direct repellence and/or recruitment of natural enemies. Crops engineered for sustainable volatile production can also serve as companion plants in the push and pull strategies and modify insect behavior to reduce the pest damage. A crop bioengineered for enhanced repellence of oviposition and increased release of insect pheromone-resembling compounds could benefit pest management programs. Further advanced research under field conditions is required to assess the physiological and ecological consequences, especially to the crop and the environment.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1127/entomologia/2024/2426
Jiebo Zhang, Yang Hu, Fushuai Niu, Hanhan Sun, Hangxin Yang, Nanziying Jiang, Chao Li
With the widespread adoption of agricultural cultivation technologies, the continuous accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in agroecosystems poses a major threat to the growth, development, yield, and food chains in crops. To evaluate how polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) affect the food chains in potatoes, we simulated polluted field environments by treating potted potatoes with PE-MPs and by studying an herbivore (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and its predator (Arma chinensis) within this system. The herbivore was exposed to potato leaves from plants treated with different PE-MPs particle sizes for 15 days. The effects of PE-MPs on potato growth and yield, as well as their impact on L. decemlineata and the potential predation ability of A. chinensis, were evaluated. We found that: 1) Adding PE-MPs to the soil not only prolonged the emergence time of potato plants but also reduced plant height and stem diameter, ultimately reducing potato yield. 2) Potato plants exposed to PE-MPs led to a significant decrease in the survival rate and vitality of L. decemlineata adults. 3) Arma chinensis were more likely to prey on PE-MPs-exposed L. decemlineata, however, A. chinensis were also affected, with a noticeable increase in mortality. These results suggest that PE-MPs have a bottom-up negative impact on crop-pest-natural enemy systems, which may affect the balance of the food chain, providing new insights for the risk assessment and toxicity of microplastics on terrestrial food chains.
随着农业栽培技术的广泛应用，微塑料（MPs）在农业生态系统中的不断积累对农作物的生长、发育、产量和食物链构成了重大威胁。为了评估聚乙烯微塑料（PE-MPs）如何影响马铃薯的食物链，我们用聚乙烯微塑料处理盆栽马铃薯，模拟受污染的田间环境，并对该系统中的食草动物（Leptinotarsa decemlineata）及其捕食者（Arma chinensis）进行研究。食草动物接触了用不同粒径的 PE-MPs 处理过的马铃薯叶片 15 天。我们评估了 PE-MPs 对马铃薯生长和产量的影响，以及对 L. decemlineata 和 A. chinensis 潜在捕食能力的影响。我们发现1）在土壤中添加 PE-MPs 不仅会延长马铃薯植株的出苗时间，还会降低植株高度和茎秆直径，最终降低马铃薯产量。2）接触过 PE-MPs 的马铃薯植株会显著降低 L. decemlineata 成虫的存活率和生命力。3）蓟马更有可能捕食暴露于 PE-MPs 的马铃薯，但蓟马也受到影响，死亡率明显增加。这些结果表明，PE-MPs 对作物-害虫-天敌系统具有自下而上的负面影响，可能会影响食物链的平衡，为微塑料对陆地食物链的风险评估和毒性提供了新的见解。
{"title":"Bottom-up effects of polyethylene microplastics on the growth and development of potato, Colorado potato beetle and Stinkbug predators","authors":"Jiebo Zhang, Yang Hu, Fushuai Niu, Hanhan Sun, Hangxin Yang, Nanziying Jiang, Chao Li","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2426","url":null,"abstract":"With the widespread adoption of agricultural cultivation technologies, the continuous accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in agroecosystems poses a major threat to the growth, development, yield, and food chains in crops. To evaluate how polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) affect the food chains in potatoes, we simulated polluted field environments by treating potted potatoes with PE-MPs and by studying an herbivore (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and its predator (Arma chinensis) within this system. The herbivore was exposed to potato leaves from plants treated with different PE-MPs particle sizes for 15 days. The effects of PE-MPs on potato growth and yield, as well as their impact on L. decemlineata and the potential predation ability of A. chinensis, were evaluated. We found that: 1) Adding PE-MPs to the soil not only prolonged the emergence time of potato plants but also reduced plant height and stem diameter, ultimately reducing potato yield. 2) Potato plants exposed to PE-MPs led to a significant decrease in the survival rate and vitality of L. decemlineata adults. 3) Arma chinensis were more likely to prey on PE-MPs-exposed L. decemlineata, however, A. chinensis were also affected, with a noticeable increase in mortality. These results suggest that PE-MPs have a bottom-up negative impact on crop-pest-natural enemy systems, which may affect the balance of the food chain, providing new insights for the risk assessment and toxicity of microplastics on terrestrial food chains.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1127/entomologia/2024/2651
Antonio Franco, Roberta Rinaldi, Fabiana Giglio, Dolores Ianniciello, Andrea Boschi, Carmen Scieuzo, Rosanna Salvia, Patrizia Falabella
In the last decade, the use of insects has grown globally in relation to all sectors of the food chain. Insect farming offers a sustainable alternative to conventional livestock production, with lower environmental impacts and efficient resource use, as shown by Life Cycle Assessments (LCA). However, challenges in scaling production, standardizing processes, and addressing regulatory gaps remain. Continued research and collaboration are essential to fully realize the potential of insects as a sustainable protein source for human consumption. This review analyses some elements related to insect consumption, from the aspects of the hygiene, the different breeding and environmental impact to the description of the processing techniques, also providing the reader with some practical examples related to some world-famous recipes to offer an idea of how insects are perceived as food. The methods used in the processing of edible insects are critical to improving their nutritional content, safety, and palatability. The acceptance of insect-based cuisine can be increased by incorporating insects into traditional foods, thereby minimizing reactions of disgust. In addition, a look to the near future examines the possibilities of cultured meat made from insect cells, which presents encouraging paths toward the creation of sustainable protein, offering a revolutionary strategy that will transform future food production systems toward efficiency and sustainability. This is an absolutely innovative aspect for the production of edible proteins.
{"title":"Edible insects: an overview on farming, from processing procedures to environmental impact, with a glimpse to traditional recipes and to future cultured meat","authors":"Antonio Franco, Roberta Rinaldi, Fabiana Giglio, Dolores Ianniciello, Andrea Boschi, Carmen Scieuzo, Rosanna Salvia, Patrizia Falabella","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2651","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade, the use of insects has grown globally in relation to all sectors of the food chain. Insect farming offers a sustainable alternative to conventional livestock production, with lower environmental impacts and efficient resource use, as shown by Life Cycle Assessments (LCA). However, challenges in scaling production, standardizing processes, and addressing regulatory gaps remain. Continued research and collaboration are essential to fully realize the potential of insects as a sustainable protein source for human consumption. This review analyses some elements related to insect consumption, from the aspects of the hygiene, the different breeding and environmental impact to the description of the processing techniques, also providing the reader with some practical examples related to some world-famous recipes to offer an idea of how insects are perceived as food. The methods used in the processing of edible insects are critical to improving their nutritional content, safety, and palatability. The acceptance of insect-based cuisine can be increased by incorporating insects into traditional foods, thereby minimizing reactions of disgust. In addition, a look to the near future examines the possibilities of cultured meat made from insect cells, which presents encouraging paths toward the creation of sustainable protein, offering a revolutionary strategy that will transform future food production systems toward efficiency and sustainability. This is an absolutely innovative aspect for the production of edible proteins.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1127/entomologia/2024/2524
Dolores Ianniciello, Andrea Boschi, Roberta Rinaldi, Antonio Franco, Fabiana Giglio, Carmen Scieuzo, Rosanna Salvia, Patrizia Falabella
In the last decade the use of insects has grown globally in relation to all sectors of the food chain. In about 100 nations around the world, insects are traditionally part of the human diet; this practice is termed entomophagy. Although many studies have been conducted on the importance of edible insects as alternative sources of protein, most of them have focused on consumer acceptance or aversion/neophobia. As human food, insects have various advantages. They are rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals and can be used in nutrition. Additionally, insects are efficient in bioconverting organic matter into biomass for food, adding the advantage of disposing of some by-products. Insects as foods of the future offer great promise, and their impact is expected to grow as new insights are pursued into quality, cultivation, nutrition, taste and safety. This review aims to be an overview of the laws regulating entomophagy, the history of insect consumption worldwide, safety considerations, and nutrient composition.
{"title":"A comprehensive review of entomophagy under legal, historical, safety, and nutritional profile","authors":"Dolores Ianniciello, Andrea Boschi, Roberta Rinaldi, Antonio Franco, Fabiana Giglio, Carmen Scieuzo, Rosanna Salvia, Patrizia Falabella","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2524","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade the use of insects has grown globally in relation to all sectors of the food chain. In about 100 nations around the world, insects are traditionally part of the human diet; this practice is termed entomophagy. Although many studies have been conducted on the importance of edible insects as alternative sources of protein, most of them have focused on consumer acceptance or aversion/neophobia. As human food, insects have various advantages. They are rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals and can be used in nutrition. Additionally, insects are efficient in bioconverting organic matter into biomass for food, adding the advantage of disposing of some by-products. Insects as foods of the future offer great promise, and their impact is expected to grow as new insights are pursued into quality, cultivation, nutrition, taste and safety. This review aims to be an overview of the laws regulating entomophagy, the history of insect consumption worldwide, safety considerations, and nutrient composition.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
RNA interference technology has been recognized in recent years as an ideal and specific new approach for pest control. In this study, a serine protease gene TcSP3 was found specifically expressed during the egg stage of Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Treatment of dsTcSP3 caused high mortality in egg and larvae stages of T. cinnabarinus, but a lower mortality rate after treating adult mites. Persistence analysis showed that dsTcSP3 degraded rapidly after application to cowpea leaves and was essentially undetectable after 60 h. It was also safe to Neoseiulus barkeri and caused essentially no death or deformity of N. barkeri. In conclusion, silencing of the serine protease gene TcSP3 successfully impeded the growth and development process of T. cinnabarinus with less impact on the environment and predatory mite (Neoseiulus barkeri), which can be used as a new target of RNAi for T. cinnabarinus.
{"title":"The RNAi lethal effect of a serine protease gene (TcSP3) on Tetranychus cinnabarinus and its safety evaluation","authors":"Xing-Ru Chen, Teng-Yue Rao, Guang-Ming Liu, Yi-Ni Chen, Yan-Jie Luo, Lin He, Guang-Mao Shen","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2335","url":null,"abstract":"RNA interference technology has been recognized in recent years as an ideal and specific new approach for pest control. In this study, a serine protease gene TcSP3 was found specifically expressed during the egg stage of Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Treatment of dsTcSP3 caused high mortality in egg and larvae stages of T. cinnabarinus, but a lower mortality rate after treating adult mites. Persistence analysis showed that dsTcSP3 degraded rapidly after application to cowpea leaves and was essentially undetectable after 60 h. It was also safe to Neoseiulus barkeri and caused essentially no death or deformity of N. barkeri. In conclusion, silencing of the serine protease gene TcSP3 successfully impeded the growth and development process of T. cinnabarinus with less impact on the environment and predatory mite (Neoseiulus barkeri), which can be used as a new target of RNAi for T. cinnabarinus.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microbe-microbe interactions – of central importance in biological systems – can be antagonistic or synergistic, acting to benefit or detriment of a host. Pederin-producing endosymbionts (PPE) are considered protective mutualists in their Paederus fuscipes (rove beetle) hosts but little is known about whether PPE affect other aspects of host fitness as well as host microbial diversity. We find strong deleterious costs of PPE infections on hosts related to an extended development time, smaller and shorter lifespan of females, as well as a lower hatching rates of progeny. 16S rRNA data reveal that PPE affect the microbiome of P. fuscipes depending on gender and organ, resulting in a decrease in the number of the potentially beneficial symbiotic bacteria Apibacter and the reproductive manipulator Wolbachia and an increase in the conditional pathogenic bacterium Bartonella. Predicted microbe functions related to metabolism, longevity, immunity and resistibility are enriched in uninfected females, potentially contributing to fitness costs of PPE infections. We further sequence and annotate the first complete genome of PPE and compare the pederin biosynthetic gene cluster (ped) with the pederin family biosynthetic gene cluster from other bacterial-eukaryote symbioses. This study highlights the fitness costs of PPE infections to P. fuscipes, even though the defensive pederin compound produced by PPE helps protect the host. The ecology and evolution of this mutualism is shaped by costs, not just the benefits they confer. Changes in the microbial community within infected rove beetles may mediate the negative impacts of PPE on fitness.
微生物与微生物之间的相互作用在生物系统中至关重要，这种相互作用可能是拮抗性的，也可能是协同性的，对宿主有利，也可能有害。分泌 Pederin 的内共生体（Pederin-producing endosymbionts，PPE）被认为是喙甲虫（Paederus fuscipes）宿主的保护性互惠者，但人们对 PPE 是否会影响宿主其他方面的适应性以及宿主微生物多样性知之甚少。我们发现，PPE感染对宿主造成的严重有害代价与发育时间延长、雌性个体变小和寿命缩短以及后代孵化率降低有关。16S rRNA数据显示，PPE会根据性别和器官的不同影响P. fuscipes的微生物组，导致潜在有益的共生细菌Apibacter和生殖操纵菌Wolbachia数量减少，条件致病菌Bartonella数量增加。与新陈代谢、寿命、免疫力和抵抗力有关的微生物功能预测在未感染雌性中富集，这可能会导致 PPE 感染的健身成本。我们进一步对 PPE 的首个完整基因组进行了测序和注释，并将 pederin 生物合成基因簇（ped）与其他细菌-真核共生的 pederin 家族生物合成基因簇进行了比较。这项研究强调了 PPE 感染 P. fuscipes 的健康代价，尽管 PPE 产生的防御性 pederin 化合物有助于保护宿主。这种互生关系的生态和进化是由成本决定的，而不仅仅是它们带来的益处。受感染的喙甲虫体内微生物群落的变化可能会介导 PPE 对健康的负面影响。
{"title":"Unveiling a cost of mutualism involving insect-endosymbiont-microbe interactions","authors":"Mengqi Xiao, Feiyu Duan, Ary A. Hoffmann, Jiayao Hu, Fan Yang, Huimin Zhong, Jiqin Jia, Yimin Zhang, Xiaoying Wei, Jianqing Zhu, Weidong Yu, Weibin Jiang","doi":"10.1127/entomologia/2024/2463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2024/2463","url":null,"abstract":"Microbe-microbe interactions – of central importance in biological systems – can be antagonistic or synergistic, acting to benefit or detriment of a host. Pederin-producing endosymbionts (PPE) are considered protective mutualists in their Paederus fuscipes (rove beetle) hosts but little is known about whether PPE affect other aspects of host fitness as well as host microbial diversity. We find strong deleterious costs of PPE infections on hosts related to an extended development time, smaller and shorter lifespan of females, as well as a lower hatching rates of progeny. 16S rRNA data reveal that PPE affect the microbiome of P. fuscipes depending on gender and organ, resulting in a decrease in the number of the potentially beneficial symbiotic bacteria Apibacter and the reproductive manipulator Wolbachia and an increase in the conditional pathogenic bacterium Bartonella. Predicted microbe functions related to metabolism, longevity, immunity and resistibility are enriched in uninfected females, potentially contributing to fitness costs of PPE infections. We further sequence and annotate the first complete genome of PPE and compare the pederin biosynthetic gene cluster (ped) with the pederin family biosynthetic gene cluster from other bacterial-eukaryote symbioses. This study highlights the fitness costs of PPE infections to P. fuscipes, even though the defensive pederin compound produced by PPE helps protect the host. The ecology and evolution of this mutualism is shaped by costs, not just the benefits they confer. Changes in the microbial community within infected rove beetles may mediate the negative impacts of PPE on fitness.","PeriodicalId":11728,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Generalis","volume":"2022 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142186715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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