Environmental Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Coupled Bibliometric and Systematic Review on the Molecular Effects of Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Microplastics in Mollusks","authors":"Sazal Kumar, Allison C. Luengen, Geoff R. MacFarlane","doi":"10.1002/tox.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70024","url":null,"abstract":"Estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EEDCs) and microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous pollutants in aquatic systems. This study performed a bibliometric analysis, coupled with a systematic review, of 72 articles that used omics approaches to evaluate the molecular effects of these pollutants on mollusks. Cluster and co‐occurrence analyses mapped research themes, and relative frequency and temporal analysis of keywords were used to identify and recommend research directions. One theme of EEDC research, involving 11 articles, addressed a controversy about whether EEDC exposure induces vitellogenin and estrogen receptor mRNA expression. An additional theme for both pollutants was induction of oxidative stress, frequently evaluated through transcriptomics in mussels. Transcriptomics was the dominant omics approach, but metabolomics is emerging. The most frequently selected EEDCs were 17α ethynylestradiol (EE2, 28%), 17β estradiol (E2, 26%), and bisphenol A (BPA, 21%). From 2006 to 2024, the most common concentration of EE2 and E2 was 0.05 μg/L, representing the high end of their environmental range. Acute and chronic exposure durations were consistently selected over time for both pollutants. The most common physical types of MPs were virgin MPs (85%) and microbeads (69%), likely due to their uniformity and availability. Only 14% of EEDC studies and 41% of MPs studies evaluated co‐exposures with other chemicals, microcystein, climatic factors or pathogens. To make future studies environmentally relevant, researchers should select low concentrations, chronic exposures, aged or biodegradable plastics, and co‐exposures. Thus, this study provides a basis for future environmentally relevant experimental designs.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Assessment of Genetic Damage in the Speckled Cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea) After Consumption of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Cultivated and Commercialized in Northeastern, Brazil.","authors":"Aleson Aparecido da Silva,Eduardo Henrique da Silva Melo,Érima Maria de Amorim,Maria Gislaine Pereira,Claudia Rohde","doi":"10.1002/tox.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70020","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports, for the first time, the use of the speckled cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea as a promising bioindicator for genotoxic monitoring. It was validated through control groups (both positive and negative) in addition to testing lettuce (Lactuca sativa ) samples from public street markets consumed by N. cinerea specimens in Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. N. cinerea nymphs were fed with lettuce samples for 48 h. A negative control group received fish feed hydrated in distilled water, while a positive control was exposed to cyclophosphamide 2 mg/mL within the feed. DNA damage was assessed through two independent experiments using the comet assay on hemolymph cells; results were classified on a scale from 0 to 4 and quantified using Damage Index and Damage Frequency. After exposure and comet assay performance, the hemocytes of N. cinerea demonstrated significant DNA damage within all samples consumed, including the positive control, suggesting the good sensibility of the model and the potential presence of genotoxic compounds on the crop samples. N. cinerea appeared as a sensitive bioindicator for the assessment of DNA damage, offering a novel and potentially valuable tool for assessing a variety of stressors on the DNA. Our findings indicate potential risks associated with lettuce consumption by non-human organisms. Additionally, further investigations integrating water, soil and the vegetable itself are encouraged to verify potentially toxic elements in the crop.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preclinical Toxicity Screening of Sodium Dodecanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (LOBS) as a New Alternative Biocide Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models.","authors":"Seung Eui Min,Seunghee Oh,Min Seong Jang,Kang-Hyun Han","doi":"10.1002/tox.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70018","url":null,"abstract":"Sodium hypochlorite is a well-established biocide extensively used in both living and industrial environments; however, exposure to it or improper handling can harm the human body and the environment. Thus, safer alternatives to sodium hypochlorite are required. Therefore, the objective of this research was to assess the genotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, 2-week repeated-dose toxicity studies (oral, dermal), and acute irritation/corrosion of sodium dodecanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (LOBS), a new alternative biocide in various biological systems. LOBS did not show genotoxic or cardiotoxic effects in the bacterial reverse mutation test, chromosomal aberration test, or hERG assay. Both males and females showed an increase in U-Na levels (p < 0.01), while an increase in focus/foci, thickness in the stomach, and discoloration was observed in the thymus of males during the 2-week repeated oral-dose toxicity study. In the 2-week repeated dermal-dose toxicity study, no significant adverse effects were observed. While mild erythema and edema were observed in all animals during the acute dermal irritation/corrosion study, all the animals recovered. During the acute eye irritation/corrosion study, all animals showed mild corneal clouding, conjunctival redness, and conjunctival chemosis; however, all animals recovered. Moreover, LOBS was classified into category 3 (mild irritant) and category 2A (irritant) in the acute dermal and eye irritation/corrosion studies. Therefore, LOBS should be further developed as a potential alternative biocide to sodium hypochlorite.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Portable X‐Ray Spectrometry to Assess Metal and Metalloid Bioconcentration in the Compost Worm Eisenia fetida Exposed to Polluted Soil","authors":"Noah Casañas, Maxime Louzon","doi":"10.1002/tox.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70017","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing metal bioconcentration in terrestrial organisms is essential for understanding the ecotoxicological risks associated with soil contamination. This study investigates the potential of portable x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) as a rapid, non‐destructive method for quantifying metal and metalloid bioconcentration in the compost worm <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Eisenia fetida</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> following exposure to contaminated soils. Initial calibration was performed using spiked worms to establish the relationship between internal concentrations and pXRF signal response. Subsequently, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>E. fetida</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> individuals were exposed to 48 contaminated soils with varying contamination profiles. After a controlled exposure period, metal and metalloid concentrations in the worms' tissues were measured using a pXRF spectrometer and inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. The results obtained by pXRF were original and demonstrate some significant relationships by comparison with internal concentrations measured with conventional elemental analysis methods. By incorporating a modeling step, the predictive capabilities of pXRF data were further validated. The findings highlight the applicability of pXRF for monitoring of metal bioconcentration in soil invertebrates, aligning with the principles of green analytical chemistry by minimizing sample destruction, analysis time, and cost. This approach offers a promising alternative to traditional laboratory methods and could significantly enhance environmental risk assessment and biomonitoring strategies for contaminated sites.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathological, Biochemical and Molecular Investigations on the Potential Endocrine Disruption of Polystyrene Nanoparticles in Adult Male Albino Rats.","authors":"Dina W Bashir, Maha M Rashad, Neven H Hassan, Mona K Galal, Yasmine H Ahmed","doi":"10.1002/tox.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) pollute drinking water, aquatic ecosystems, and the food chain, destroying marine life. PS-NPs represent a significant risk to the environment and humans by contaminating soil and water, leading to cytotoxic effects on human health. This investigation aimed to ascertain whether PS-NPs could be hazardous to the thyroid and adrenal glands of male albino rats. Thirty rats were divided into three groups, with 10 rats in each group and five rats per cage. Group I received distilled water. Group II: PS-NPs (3 mg/kg body weight/day). Group III received daily doses of PS-NPs (10 mg/kg body weight). Samples of the thyroid and adrenal glands were obtained, processed, and tested biochemically, histopathologically, and immunohistochemically. Results showed that both low and high doses of PS-NPs showed significantly elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone and a significant reduction of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine(FT4). Biochemically, there was a significant reduction in total antioxidant capacity. Histopathological examination revealed nuclear pyknosis and slight hemorrhage in the cells of three zones of the adrenal gland cortex in a low dose of PS-NPs. Thyroid gland sections had a disrupted colloid secretion with altered histoarchitecture of follicular cells. There was downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 genes and upregulation of Cytochrome c genes. Cyclo-oxygenase-2, as an inflammatory marker, significantly increased in PS-NPs in low and high doses. We concluded that PS-NPs had adverse effects on the endocrine organs' structure and function.</p>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145855045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective Effects of Selenium Against TiZn Nanocomposite-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity in the Freshwater Mussel Unio ravoisieri.","authors":"Oumaima Abidi, Abdelhafidh Khazri, Ali Mezni, Rihab Belgacem, Wafa Hajlaoui, Tamara García-Barrera, Ezzeddine Mahmoudi, Mohamed Dellali","doi":"10.1002/tox.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing production and application of engineered nanoparticles have raised significant environmental and health concerns, particularly, regarding their potential release into aquatic ecosystems. Among these, multifunctional nanocomposites combining titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and zinc oxide (ZnO) have garnered considerable attention due to their widespread use. This study examined the biological responses of the freshwater mussel Unio ravoisieri to TiZn nanocomposites at concentrations of 10 and 100 μg/L. In a subsequent phase, the potential protective effects of selenium (Se) against nanocomposite-induced toxicity were assessed using biochemical markers, including hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The results demonstrated that exposure to TiZn nanocomposites alone induced oxidative stress in the digestive gland, with elevated levels of CAT, GST, AChE, GSH, and MDA in a concentration-dependent manner. However, selenium co-administration at 100 μg/L significantly mitigated these oxidative responses, highlighting its potential as a protective agent against nanocomposite-induced toxicity. These findings suggest promising avenues for the use of selenium in reducing nanoparticle-related environmental stress in aquatic organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145862532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Assessment of Inorganic Arsenic Exposure Through the Consumption of Four Marine Species From the Sea of Marmara.","authors":"Şafak Ulusoy,Hande Doğruyol,Nuray Erkan,Sühendan Mol,Özkan Özden,Didem Üçok,Şehnaz Yasemin Tosun,İdil Can Tunçelli,Eda Dağsuyu,Refiye Yanardağ","doi":"10.1002/tox.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70015","url":null,"abstract":"Concerns regarding inorganic arsenic pollution in the Sea of Marmara have recently grown. This study evaluated arsenic (As) bioaccumulation in four commonly consumed marine species (Engraulis encrasicolus, Trachurus trachurus, Trachurus mediterraneus, Parapenaeus longirostris, and Solea solea) and assessed health risks for consumers. Arsenic concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Shrimp and common sole had higher iAs concentrations than anchovy and horse mackerel. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values for all species exceeded the updated EFSA benchmark dose lower limit (BMDL05 = 0.06 μg/kg bw/day), suggesting a potential health concern under recommended consumption. Additionally, noncarcinogenic risks (THQ > 1) were identified for shrimp and common sole across all age groups. Carcinogenic risk assessments (TR > 1.0 × 10-4) showed significant risks for shrimp, excluding children aged 1-3 years. Common sole posed carcinogenic risks for individuals aged 18 and above, while anchovy and horse mackerel were only risky for those aged 65 and above. These findings highlight the need for reliable monitoring programs to ensure seafood safety during environmental stressors like mucilage. While pelagic seafood from the Sea of Marmara is generally safe, efforts should focus on risk reduction and guidelines for safe and sustainable consumption.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amelioration of Fluoride Induced Toxicity by trans ‐Chalcone in Zebrafish Larvae and Its Gill Cell Line: An In Vivo and In Vitro Approach","authors":"Mohamed Jaffer Abdul Wazith, Gani Taju, Seepoo Abdul Majeed, Venkatesan Rajkumar, Sivaraj Mithra, Kumaraswamy Kanimozhi, Sathar Zaheer Ahmed, Azeez Sait Sahul Hameed","doi":"10.1002/tox.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70014","url":null,"abstract":"Fluoride (F−), a common environmental contaminant resulting from both natural and human activities, poses a threat to animal and human health globally. Plant‐derived phytochemicals with pharmacological properties offer promising potential for mitigating various chemical toxicants. In this study, we explored the potential benefits of <jats:italic>trans</jats:italic> ‐chalcone (TC) in counteracting sodium fluoride (NaF) induced toxicity in zebrafish models. The cytotoxic effects of NaF (0–5 mM) and TC (0–100 μM) were evaluated in <jats:italic>Dr</jats:italic> G cells using MTT and AB assays. The larvae and <jats:italic>Dr</jats:italic> G cells were treated with NaF alone and in combination with TC to evaluate for ROS generation, biochemical parameters, and the mRNA expression profiles of inflammatory genes ( <jats:italic>cox‐2a</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>cox‐2b</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>tnf‐α</jats:italic> , and <jats:italic>il‐1β</jats:italic> ) as well as apoptotic regulatory genes ( <jats:italic>bcl‐2</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>bax</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>p53</jats:italic> , and <jats:italic>cas3</jats:italic> ). Mitochondrial membrane integrity in <jats:italic>Dr</jats:italic> G cells was analyzed using rhodamine 123. Additionally, the cardiac rate and tactile response were measured in zebrafish larvae. Our results demonstrated that TC mitigated the toxic effects of NaF by modulating cellular oxidant levels, preserving mitochondrial membrane integrity, and enhancing antioxidant responses in <jats:italic>Dr</jats:italic> G cells and larvae. Furthermore, TC restored the cardiac rate and tactile response in fluoride‐treated larvae and normalized the expression of inflammatory and apoptotic regulatory genes in response to NaF toxicity. Overall, our findings suggest that TC is a promising candidate for reducing cellular oxidant levels, inflammation, and apoptotic stress associated with NaF derived toxicity, utilizing both in vivo and in vitro approaches.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"363 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of Stable Low‐Cadmium Rice Cultivars and Derivation of Soil Cd Threshold Based on Bioconcentration Factor and Multi‐Environment Analysis","authors":"Kai‐Wei Juang, Chien‐Hui Syu, Ting Tsai, Bo‐Ching Chen","doi":"10.1002/tox.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70016","url":null,"abstract":"Cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils poses a significant threat to food safety and human health, especially in rice‐consuming regions. This study aimed to identify rice cultivars with consistently low Cd accumulation and to establish a soil quality standard based on the bioconcentration factor (BCF) derived from field trials across 10 environments in central Taiwan. Fifteen rice cultivars were evaluated over four years (2020–2023), and BCF values were determined for each cultivar and environment. Genotypic and environmental effects on Cd accumulation were assessed using genotype plus genotype‐by‐environment (GGE) biplot analysis. The results indicated that environmental factors contributed the most to BCF variability (93.11%), followed by genotype–environment interaction (5.61%) and genotypic effect (1.28%). Several cultivars, including KH139 and TT30, exhibited stable and low BCF values across environments. Furthermore, the BCF values were used to construct a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curve fitted with the Burr Type III distribution, and the HC5 value was estimated for the derivation of food safety and health‐based Cd soil thresholds. The former's soil threshold was 0.7 mg/kg, while the latter's ranged from 4.5–6.0 mg/kg depending on gender. The results suggest that the soil Cd threshold can be maintained at the current Taiwan's soil pollution control standard of 5 mg/kg. These findings provide scientific evidence for the development of site‐specific, risk‐based soil management strategies and cultivar selection to mitigate Cd exposure from rice consumption.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Intergenerational Effects of Arecoline on Aedes aegypti via Acute Exposure and Its Role in Inducing the Leg Deformities Involved in Chitin Synthesis Inhibition","authors":"Yuejie Wu, Fei Wang, Longxiang Gao, Yunfei Zhang, Lanying Wang, Yanping Luo","doi":"10.1002/tox.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70013","url":null,"abstract":"Arecoline is a major active alkaloid in &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt; &lt;jats:italic&gt;Areca catechu&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt;/jats:styled-content&gt; L. Currently, its biological toxicity has been extensively explored using multiple models, such as cell lines, animal embryos and representatives of rodent and non‐rodent species. However, the intergenerational impacts of this compound on aquatic invertebrate species remain still unclear. Thus, in this study, using &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt; &lt;jats:italic&gt;Aedes aegypti&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt;/jats:styled-content&gt; as the model insect, we evaluated the toxicity of arecoline to the larvae and its subsequent effects on the developmental parameters of the parental ( &lt;jats:italic&gt;F&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt;jats:sub&gt;0&lt;/jats:sub&gt; ) and offspring ( &lt;jats:italic&gt;F&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt;jats:sub&gt;1&lt;/jats:sub&gt; ) generations. Arecoline exhibited a high toxicity to &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt; &lt;jats:italic&gt;A. aegypti&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt;/jats:styled-content&gt; larvae with the LC &lt;jats:sub&gt;50&lt;/jats:sub&gt; value of 72.68 μg/mL via acute exposure for 48 h. As a result, the cumulative pupation rate of &lt;jats:italic&gt;F&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt;jats:sub&gt;0&lt;/jats:sub&gt; decreased significantly by ranging from 12.96% to 38.50% with the increase of arecoline concentration from 51.63 to 63.27 μg/mL as compared with that of the blank control. Similarly, the &lt;jats:italic&gt;F&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt;jats:sub&gt;0&lt;/jats:sub&gt; cumulative emergence rate and the average egg number per female exhibited reductions of 15.30%–43.88% and 26.32%–45.10%, respectively. Meanwhile, leg deformities of &lt;jats:italic&gt;F&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt;jats:sub&gt;0&lt;/jats:sub&gt; adults were observed as the main visible morphological defects with a maximum rate value of 11.89% at 63.27 μg/mL of arecoline. In contrast, the lifecycle parameters for &lt;jats:italic&gt;F&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt;jats:sub&gt;0&lt;/jats:sub&gt; mentioned above were not significantly affected in the &lt;jats:italic&gt;F&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt;jats:sub&gt;1&lt;/jats:sub&gt; generation. In addition, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of the transcriptome data demonstrated that arecoline‐induced leg deformities were associated with extracellular chitin‐related biological processes. Furthermore, five chitin synthesis pathway genes ( &lt;jats:italic&gt;G6PI&lt;/jats:italic&gt; , &lt;jats:italic&gt;GFAT&lt;/jats:italic&gt; , &lt;jats:italic&gt;GNPNA&lt;/jats:italic&gt; , &lt;jats:italic&gt;UAP&lt;/jats:italic&gt; and &lt;jats:italic&gt;CHS&lt;/jats:italic&gt; ) of F &lt;jats:sub&gt;0&lt;/jats:sub&gt; adults were significantly down‐regulated with ranging from 1.62 to 7.80 folds of the control adults. Correspondingly, the activity of chitin synthetase was significantly inhibited by 72.88% after arecoline exposure. As expected, the chitin contents of leg‐deformed adults and their legs were also evidently reduced by 61.13% and 65.44%, respectively. These results imply that acute exposure of arecoline is of high toxicity to &lt;jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"&gt; &lt;jats:italic&gt;A. aegypti&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt;/jats:styled-content&gt; larvae and affected the subsequent intergenerat","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145801271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}