Lauren N. Hart, Katherine L. Lev, Sierra Hefferan, Sanduni H. Premathilaka, Sharmila I. Thenuwara, Dragan Isailovic, David H. Sherman, Gregory J. Dick
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) threaten human, animal, and ecosystem health and safety through production of toxic secondary metabolites. Microcystis, a cosmopolitan bloom‐forming cyanobacterial genus, is well‐known for producing hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs), but it can produce many other bioactive cyanopeptides, such as anabaenopeptins (APs), that occur at high levels in blooms. The toxicological and ecological impacts of such co‐occurring cyanopeptides in the natural environment remain understudied. Here we evaluated the effects of pure MCs and APs individually and in combination, as well as extracts of Microcystis cultures producing diverse suites of cyanopeptides, including strains with and without MCs and APs, on human lung (A549), kidney (HK2), and liver (Hep‐3B) cell viability. Individual MC and AP congeners exhibited a gradient of toxic effects across cell lines; MC‐LA caused the most toxic effects, MC‐LR had comparable effects to AP‐A and AP‐B, and MC‐RR caused the least toxicity. Combined exposure to MC‐LA and AP‐B produced dose‐dependent synergistic effects across all three cell lines. Microcystis culture extracts significantly reduced cell viability in dose‐ and Microcystis strain‐dependent patterns that could not be explained by microcystin or anabaenopeptin content alone, suggesting a role of other metabolites and their interactions within the mixtures. These findings demonstrate that mixtures of environmentally relevant cyanopeptides can have greater toxic threats than individual compounds and underscore the importance of considering metabolites beyond MCs and their potential interactions in public health, future risk assessments, and management strategies for cyanoHAB‐impacted waters.
{"title":"Cyanopeptide Mixtures Induce Variable Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects Across Diverse Human Cell Lines","authors":"Lauren N. Hart, Katherine L. Lev, Sierra Hefferan, Sanduni H. Premathilaka, Sharmila I. Thenuwara, Dragan Isailovic, David H. Sherman, Gregory J. Dick","doi":"10.1002/tox.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70028","url":null,"abstract":"Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) threaten human, animal, and ecosystem health and safety through production of toxic secondary metabolites. <jats:italic>Microcystis,</jats:italic> a cosmopolitan bloom‐forming cyanobacterial genus, is well‐known for producing hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs), but it can produce many other bioactive cyanopeptides, such as anabaenopeptins (APs), that occur at high levels in blooms. The toxicological and ecological impacts of such co‐occurring cyanopeptides in the natural environment remain understudied. Here we evaluated the effects of pure MCs and APs individually and in combination, as well as extracts of <jats:italic>Microcystis</jats:italic> cultures producing diverse suites of cyanopeptides, including strains with and without MCs and APs, on human lung (A549), kidney (HK2), and liver (Hep‐3B) cell viability. Individual MC and AP congeners exhibited a gradient of toxic effects across cell lines; MC‐LA caused the most toxic effects, MC‐LR had comparable effects to AP‐A and AP‐B, and MC‐RR caused the least toxicity. Combined exposure to MC‐LA and AP‐B produced dose‐dependent synergistic effects across all three cell lines. <jats:italic>Microcystis</jats:italic> culture extracts significantly reduced cell viability in dose‐ and <jats:italic>Microcystis</jats:italic> strain‐dependent patterns that could not be explained by microcystin or anabaenopeptin content alone, suggesting a role of other metabolites and their interactions within the mixtures. These findings demonstrate that mixtures of environmentally relevant cyanopeptides can have greater toxic threats than individual compounds and underscore the importance of considering metabolites beyond MCs and their potential interactions in public health, future risk assessments, and management strategies for cyanoHAB‐impacted waters.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ferroptosis plays a significant role in the pathophysiological development of several diseases. It is an iron-dependent type of controlled cell death triggered by oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Nrf2, a key regulator of the antioxidant response, protects cells from ferroptosis by regulating genes involved in iron metabolism and the synthesis and breakdown of glutathione (GSH). This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress and ferroptosis in allergic asthmatic mice, particularly when the environmental toxin DBP is present. DBP disrupts iron homeostasis and causes asthma exacerbation by inducing iron accumulation and increasing hemosiderin-loaded macrophage numbers in the lungs. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and curcumin antioxidant treatments significantly reduced ferroptotic damage, increased downstream targets such as GPx4, SLC7A11, and SLC40A1, and activated the Nrf2 pathway. On the other hand, ferroptosis and lung damage were exacerbated by Nrf2 suppression. In addition to elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and 8-oxoguanine (8-oxodG), DBP exposure also decreased GSH, GPx, and SOD, which led to lipid peroxidation and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of Nrf2 targeting to prevent oxidative lung injury and ferroptosis in asthma triggered by DBP.
{"title":"Intranasal Curcumin and N-Acetyl l-Cysteine (NAC) Attenuates Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP)-Aggravated Airway Inflammation by Targeting Ferroptosis via Nrf-2/GPx4-SLC7A11.","authors":"Payal Singh, Sneha Kumari, Rashmi Singh","doi":"10.1002/tox.70035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ferroptosis plays a significant role in the pathophysiological development of several diseases. It is an iron-dependent type of controlled cell death triggered by oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Nrf2, a key regulator of the antioxidant response, protects cells from ferroptosis by regulating genes involved in iron metabolism and the synthesis and breakdown of glutathione (GSH). This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress and ferroptosis in allergic asthmatic mice, particularly when the environmental toxin DBP is present. DBP disrupts iron homeostasis and causes asthma exacerbation by inducing iron accumulation and increasing hemosiderin-loaded macrophage numbers in the lungs. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and curcumin antioxidant treatments significantly reduced ferroptotic damage, increased downstream targets such as GPx4, SLC7A11, and SLC40A1, and activated the Nrf2 pathway. On the other hand, ferroptosis and lung damage were exacerbated by Nrf2 suppression. In addition to elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and 8-oxoguanine (8-oxodG), DBP exposure also decreased GSH, GPx, and SOD, which led to lipid peroxidation and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of Nrf2 targeting to prevent oxidative lung injury and ferroptosis in asthma triggered by DBP.</p>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145932825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zachery A. Kasuske, Priti Roy, Delaney E. Clouse, Savannah Pas, Kailash Arole, Micah Green, Jaclyn E. Cañas‐Carrell, Kamaleshwar P. Singh
Microplastics are an emerging environmental contaminant of concern due to their extensive use, ubiquitous presence in the environment, and detection in humans, wildlife, and marine organisms. While overwhelming data suggest the toxicity of engineered (Pristine) micro/nanoplastics, the adverse effects of environmentally relevant weathered particles are still unclear. In this context, using cellular, molecular, and biochemical approaches, this study investigated adverse effects, such as cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and oxidative DNA damage potential, following exposure of MCF‐7 cells to non‐weathered polyethylene terephthalate (PET) particles of varying morphologies and sizes (810 nm and 17 μm) as well as weathered microplastics. MTT assay for cell viability revealed dose‐dependent toxicity of these particles toward MCF‐7 cells. DCFH‐DA assay revealed a significant increase in ROS production across all treatments relative to controls. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by micro‐ and nanoplastics were confirmed by increased expression of proapoptotic marker ( BAX ) and oxidative DNA damage marker gene OGG1 , and decreased expression of anti‐apoptotic marker ( BCL‐2 ). Moreover, western blot analysis showed a significant increase in the level of DNA double strand break marker protein H 2 AX as well as decreased levels of antioxidant MnSOD , suggesting a mechanistic link between micro and nanoplastic‐induced ROS and oxidative DNA damage‐dependent cytotoxicity. In summary, the results of this study using multiple approaches provide new mechanistic insight into the micro‐ and nanoplastic‐induced and oxidative stress‐dependent cytotoxicity in MCF‐7 cells. The novel and mechanistic findings of this study will have a significant impact on our understanding of the adverse effects of micro‐ and nanoplastics on human health.
{"title":"Engineered and Weathered Polyethylene Terephthalate ( PET ) Microplastics and Nanoplastics Induce Form and Size‐Dependent Oxidative Stress, Oxidative DNA Damage, and Cytotoxicity in MCF ‐7 Cells","authors":"Zachery A. Kasuske, Priti Roy, Delaney E. Clouse, Savannah Pas, Kailash Arole, Micah Green, Jaclyn E. Cañas‐Carrell, Kamaleshwar P. Singh","doi":"10.1002/tox.70036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70036","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastics are an emerging environmental contaminant of concern due to their extensive use, ubiquitous presence in the environment, and detection in humans, wildlife, and marine organisms. While overwhelming data suggest the toxicity of engineered (Pristine) micro/nanoplastics, the adverse effects of environmentally relevant weathered particles are still unclear. In this context, using cellular, molecular, and biochemical approaches, this study investigated adverse effects, such as cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and oxidative DNA damage potential, following exposure of MCF‐7 cells to non‐weathered polyethylene terephthalate (PET) particles of varying morphologies and sizes (810 nm and 17 μm) as well as weathered microplastics. MTT assay for cell viability revealed dose‐dependent toxicity of these particles toward MCF‐7 cells. DCFH‐DA assay revealed a significant increase in ROS production across all treatments relative to controls. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by micro‐ and nanoplastics were confirmed by increased expression of proapoptotic marker ( <jats:italic>BAX</jats:italic> ) and oxidative DNA damage marker gene <jats:italic>OGG1</jats:italic> , and decreased expression of anti‐apoptotic marker ( <jats:italic>BCL‐2</jats:italic> ). Moreover, western blot analysis showed a significant increase in the level of DNA double strand break marker protein H <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> AX as well as decreased levels of antioxidant <jats:italic>MnSOD</jats:italic> , suggesting a mechanistic link between micro and nanoplastic‐induced ROS and oxidative DNA damage‐dependent cytotoxicity. In summary, the results of this study using multiple approaches provide new mechanistic insight into the micro‐ and nanoplastic‐induced and oxidative stress‐dependent cytotoxicity in MCF‐7 cells. The novel and mechanistic findings of this study will have a significant impact on our understanding of the adverse effects of micro‐ and nanoplastics on human health.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mariana Feijó, Luís P. Brás, Catarina M. D. Serra, Lara R. S. Fonseca, Sara Correia, Bruno J. Pereira, Ana P. Duarte, Henrique J. Cardoso, Cátia V. Vaz, Sílvia Socorro
Prostate cancer (PCa) is an endocrine‐related cancer highly dependent on androgenic signaling. Beyond hormone dependence, extrinsic factors play a significant role in the risk of developing PCa, which raises concern about the influence of environmental compounds such as endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Tributyltin (TBT) is an EDC used in antifouling paints, and its androgenic (and obesogenic) actions have been described. This study investigated the effect of TBT on various cancer hallmarks, specifically its impact on the viability, metabolism, proliferation, migration, and invasion of prostate cells, using in vitro and in vivo models. Androgen‐sensitive (LNCaP) and androgen‐insensitive (PC3) PCa cells were exposed to 1–100 nM TBT for 24 and 48 h. Additionally, LNCaP cells were treated with 100 nM TBT in the presence of the androgen receptor antagonist bicalutamide (1–40 μM) or 10 nM TBT and/or low‐density lipoprotein (LDL, 100 μg/mL) and 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 10 nM, 48 h). Wistar rats were administered TBT (50 μg/kg) every 3 days for 45 days. TBT disrupted glycolytic flux and lipid handling in prostate cells, enhancing their proliferative activity. Moreover, 100 nM TBT stimulated migration and invasion of LNCaP cells. Bicalutamide attenuated the effect of TBT in inducing glucose consumption and LNCaP cell proliferation. A 10× lower TBT concentration maintained the stimulatory effects on LNCaP cells' viability, proliferation, and migration/invasion, sustained by high LDL‐cholesterol availability and DHT. Our results show TBT as a potential inducer of PCa progression and aggressiveness and contribute to increasing awareness about the roles of EDCs in the prostate carcinogenic process.
{"title":"Tributyltin Protumorigenic Effects Targeting Prostate Cancer Cell Metabolism, Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion","authors":"Mariana Feijó, Luís P. Brás, Catarina M. D. Serra, Lara R. S. Fonseca, Sara Correia, Bruno J. Pereira, Ana P. Duarte, Henrique J. Cardoso, Cátia V. Vaz, Sílvia Socorro","doi":"10.1002/tox.70029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70029","url":null,"abstract":"Prostate cancer (PCa) is an endocrine‐related cancer highly dependent on androgenic signaling. Beyond hormone dependence, extrinsic factors play a significant role in the risk of developing PCa, which raises concern about the influence of environmental compounds such as endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Tributyltin (TBT) is an EDC used in antifouling paints, and its androgenic (and obesogenic) actions have been described. This study investigated the effect of TBT on various cancer hallmarks, specifically its impact on the viability, metabolism, proliferation, migration, and invasion of prostate cells, using in vitro and in vivo models. Androgen‐sensitive (LNCaP) and androgen‐insensitive (PC3) PCa cells were exposed to 1–100 nM TBT for 24 and 48 h. Additionally, LNCaP cells were treated with 100 nM TBT in the presence of the androgen receptor antagonist bicalutamide (1–40 μM) or 10 nM TBT and/or low‐density lipoprotein (LDL, 100 μg/mL) and 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 10 nM, 48 h). Wistar rats were administered TBT (50 μg/kg) every 3 days for 45 days. TBT disrupted glycolytic flux and lipid handling in prostate cells, enhancing their proliferative activity. Moreover, 100 nM TBT stimulated migration and invasion of LNCaP cells. Bicalutamide attenuated the effect of TBT in inducing glucose consumption and LNCaP cell proliferation. A 10× lower TBT concentration maintained the stimulatory effects on LNCaP cells' viability, proliferation, and migration/invasion, sustained by high LDL‐cholesterol availability and DHT. Our results show TBT as a potential inducer of PCa progression and aggressiveness and contribute to increasing awareness about the roles of EDCs in the prostate carcinogenic process.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ivana Regina da Costa, Débora Hipólito Quadreli, Lucas Marcelo Meira da Silva, Fábio Goulart de Andrade, Glaura Scantamburlo Alves Fernandes
The epididymis is responsible for sperm maturation, but is sensitive to the action of external agents, especially during the peripubertal period. Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate class pesticide to which humans are constantly exposed. Currently, there are few studies that evaluate the effects of this insecticide on the epididymis; therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the effects of chlorpyrifos on the postnatal development of the epididymis during the peripubertal period. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control, C5, and C15. The control group received only the vehicle and the C5 and C15 groups received, respectively, 5 and 15 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos via gavage during 40 days (DPN25–DPN65). On DPN 66, the animals were euthanized. The epididymis was used for sperm count, histopathological, stereological, and oxidative stress analyses. Sperm from the vas deferens was used for motility and mitochondrial activity analyses. There was a difference in the proportion of luminal, stromal, and epithelial compartments in the groups exposed to chlorpyrifos. An increase in sperm transit time in the caput epididymis was also observed in the C5 group and a decrease in mitochondrial activity in sperm from the C15 group. Oxidative stress analyses showed a decrease in GST activity in the C5 and C15 groups. Sperm motility remained unchanged. These results suggest that the exposure to chlorpyrifos during peripuberty harms the postnatal development of the epididymis. This study is the first to evaluate the morphology and function of the epididymis in peripubertal rats.
{"title":"Exposure to Chlorpyrifos Influences Epididymal Development in Pubescent Rats","authors":"Ivana Regina da Costa, Débora Hipólito Quadreli, Lucas Marcelo Meira da Silva, Fábio Goulart de Andrade, Glaura Scantamburlo Alves Fernandes","doi":"10.1002/tox.70033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70033","url":null,"abstract":"The epididymis is responsible for sperm maturation, but is sensitive to the action of external agents, especially during the peripubertal period. Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate class pesticide to which humans are constantly exposed. Currently, there are few studies that evaluate the effects of this insecticide on the epididymis; therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the effects of chlorpyrifos on the postnatal development of the epididymis during the peripubertal period. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control, C5, and C15. The control group received only the vehicle and the C5 and C15 groups received, respectively, 5 and 15 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos via gavage during 40 days (DPN25–DPN65). On DPN 66, the animals were euthanized. The epididymis was used for sperm count, histopathological, stereological, and oxidative stress analyses. Sperm from the vas deferens was used for motility and mitochondrial activity analyses. There was a difference in the proportion of luminal, stromal, and epithelial compartments in the groups exposed to chlorpyrifos. An increase in sperm transit time in the caput epididymis was also observed in the C5 group and a decrease in mitochondrial activity in sperm from the C15 group. Oxidative stress analyses showed a decrease in GST activity in the C5 and C15 groups. Sperm motility remained unchanged. These results suggest that the exposure to chlorpyrifos during peripuberty harms the postnatal development of the epididymis. This study is the first to evaluate the morphology and function of the epididymis in peripubertal rats.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seena R. Subhagan, Berin Pathrose, Mani Chellappan, D. Dhalin, M. S. Smitha, Smita Nair, M. T. Ranjith
Insecticide overuse in agriculture raises significant concerns, particularly in rice cultivation, where pest management heavily relies on chemical control. Major pests, such as rice leaf folders, are frequently targeted, leading to increased insecticide applications and subsequent selection pressure, fostering resistance development. Resistance in rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis to diamide and organophosphate groups of insecticides has already been reported. However, despite the widespread use of synthetic pyrethroids, particularly lambda ‐cyhalothrin, in Kerala, India, data on resistance levels and underlying mechanisms remain sparse. This study bridges this gap by assessing the susceptibility of field populations of C. medinalis to lambda ‐cyhalothrin and investigating the key biochemical mechanisms driving resistance. Resistance ratios (RR) across populations were alarmingly high, ranging from 170.73‐ to 763.66‐fold, indicating significant resistance. Biochemical assays revealed elevated detoxification enzyme activity, including CarE (1.11–1.63 times), GST (2.33–2.97 times), and Cyt P450 (1.52–2.49 times). Synergism assays confirmed metabolic resistance mechanisms, with increased CarE activity contributing to resistance in the PKD population, elevated Cyt P450 activity in the KUD and ONT populations, and multiple detoxification enzymes involved in resistance in the TCR population. This marks the first documented evidence of field‐evolved resistance to lambda ‐cyhalothrin in C. medinalis globally. The outcomes highlight serious implications, as high resistance levels may prompt more frequent and higher doses of insecticide applications, increasing the risk of unintentional environmental contamination, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, evidence from other lepidopteran pests suggests that chronic exposure to broad‐spectrum insecticides may enhance preadaptive detoxification pathways, perpetuating a pesticide treadmill and accelerating resistance evolution. Given these findings, the study emphasizes the urgent need for resistance monitoring and integrated resistance management strategies to sustain rice productivity while mitigating ecological risks and preserving the long‐term efficacy of available insecticides.
{"title":"First Report on Field‐Evolved Resistance to Lambda ‐Cyhalothrin in Rice Leaf Folder ( Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee) Populations in Kerala, India: Implications and Concerns of Its Environmental Impact","authors":"Seena R. Subhagan, Berin Pathrose, Mani Chellappan, D. Dhalin, M. S. Smitha, Smita Nair, M. T. Ranjith","doi":"10.1002/tox.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70031","url":null,"abstract":"Insecticide overuse in agriculture raises significant concerns, particularly in rice cultivation, where pest management heavily relies on chemical control. Major pests, such as rice leaf folders, are frequently targeted, leading to increased insecticide applications and subsequent selection pressure, fostering resistance development. Resistance in rice leaf folder, <jats:italic>Cnaphalocrocis medinalis</jats:italic> to diamide and organophosphate groups of insecticides has already been reported. However, despite the widespread use of synthetic pyrethroids, particularly <jats:italic>lambda</jats:italic> ‐cyhalothrin, in Kerala, India, data on resistance levels and underlying mechanisms remain sparse. This study bridges this gap by assessing the susceptibility of field populations of <jats:italic>C. medinalis</jats:italic> to <jats:italic>lambda</jats:italic> ‐cyhalothrin and investigating the key biochemical mechanisms driving resistance. Resistance ratios (RR) across populations were alarmingly high, ranging from 170.73‐ to 763.66‐fold, indicating significant resistance. Biochemical assays revealed elevated detoxification enzyme activity, including CarE (1.11–1.63 times), GST (2.33–2.97 times), and Cyt P450 (1.52–2.49 times). Synergism assays confirmed metabolic resistance mechanisms, with increased CarE activity contributing to resistance in the PKD population, elevated Cyt P450 activity in the KUD and ONT populations, and multiple detoxification enzymes involved in resistance in the TCR population. This marks the first documented evidence of field‐evolved resistance to <jats:italic>lambda</jats:italic> ‐cyhalothrin in <jats:italic>C. medinalis</jats:italic> globally. The outcomes highlight serious implications, as high resistance levels may prompt more frequent and higher doses of insecticide applications, increasing the risk of unintentional environmental contamination, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, evidence from other lepidopteran pests suggests that chronic exposure to broad‐spectrum insecticides may enhance preadaptive detoxification pathways, perpetuating a pesticide treadmill and accelerating resistance evolution. Given these findings, the study emphasizes the urgent need for resistance monitoring and integrated resistance management strategies to sustain rice productivity while mitigating ecological risks and preserving the long‐term efficacy of available insecticides.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ivana Prodić, Emilija Stanković, Dušan M. Spasić, Jelena Mutić, Zorica Živković, Katarina Smiljanić, Lidija Burazer
Air pollution and heavy metals can alter the composition and allergenicity of grass pollen, yet field‐based evidence remains scarce. This study investigates Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne pollen, and how urban/industrial conditions influence sub‐pollen particle (SPP) release, chemical composition, and IgE reactivity—extending prior work on Phleum pratense pollen. Pollen was collected near Kruševac (central Serbia) from two sites ~10 km apart: a rural area (D1/L1) and a location adjacent to a regional road and chemical plant (D2/L2). SPP release during osmolysis was quantified by light microscopy; protein profiles were assessed via 1D SDS‐PAGE; elemental content analyzed by ICP‐OES/MS; PAHs by GC–MS; and IgE binding measured by ELISA, using sera from a previous study (16 grass pollen–allergic patients). Urban samples released significantly more SPP (several‐fold increase) and showed elevated protein expression with altered protein/allergen patterns. D2 pollen contained ~10× more As and ~5× more Cd than D1; L. perenne from L2 had elevated Ni (~15 μg/g) and 5× more indium than L1. Acenaphthylene was detected only in polluted samples, while anthracene was present only in D2 pollen. Notably, 56% of sera showed stronger IgE binding to contaminated D. glomerata , suggesting heightened allergic potential at equal pollen loads. These findings support a link between air pollution and increased respiratory allergy risk, highlighting pollen's potential as a bioindicator of environmental contamination.
{"title":"Differential Allergenicity and Heavy Metal Content in Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne Pollen Across Contrasting Environments","authors":"Ivana Prodić, Emilija Stanković, Dušan M. Spasić, Jelena Mutić, Zorica Živković, Katarina Smiljanić, Lidija Burazer","doi":"10.1002/tox.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70032","url":null,"abstract":"Air pollution and heavy metals can alter the composition and allergenicity of grass pollen, yet field‐based evidence remains scarce. This study investigates <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Dactylis glomerata</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Lolium perenne</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> pollen, and how urban/industrial conditions influence sub‐pollen particle (SPP) release, chemical composition, and IgE reactivity—extending prior work on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Phleum pratense</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> pollen. Pollen was collected near Kruševac (central Serbia) from two sites ~10 km apart: a rural area (D1/L1) and a location adjacent to a regional road and chemical plant (D2/L2). SPP release during osmolysis was quantified by light microscopy; protein profiles were assessed via 1D SDS‐PAGE; elemental content analyzed by ICP‐OES/MS; PAHs by GC–MS; and IgE binding measured by ELISA, using sera from a previous study (16 grass pollen–allergic patients). Urban samples released significantly more SPP (several‐fold increase) and showed elevated protein expression with altered protein/allergen patterns. D2 pollen contained ~10× more As and ~5× more Cd than D1; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>L. perenne</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> from L2 had elevated Ni (~15 μg/g) and 5× more indium than L1. Acenaphthylene was detected only in polluted samples, while anthracene was present only in D2 pollen. Notably, 56% of sera showed stronger IgE binding to contaminated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>D. glomerata</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> , suggesting heightened allergic potential at equal pollen loads. These findings support a link between air pollution and increased respiratory allergy risk, highlighting pollen's potential as a bioindicator of environmental contamination.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sazal Kumar, Allison C. Luengen, Geoff R. MacFarlane
Estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EEDCs) and microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous pollutants in aquatic systems. This study performed a bibliometric analysis, coupled with a systematic review, of 72 articles that used omics approaches to evaluate the molecular effects of these pollutants on mollusks. Cluster and co‐occurrence analyses mapped research themes, and relative frequency and temporal analysis of keywords were used to identify and recommend research directions. One theme of EEDC research, involving 11 articles, addressed a controversy about whether EEDC exposure induces vitellogenin and estrogen receptor mRNA expression. An additional theme for both pollutants was induction of oxidative stress, frequently evaluated through transcriptomics in mussels. Transcriptomics was the dominant omics approach, but metabolomics is emerging. The most frequently selected EEDCs were 17α ethynylestradiol (EE2, 28%), 17β estradiol (E2, 26%), and bisphenol A (BPA, 21%). From 2006 to 2024, the most common concentration of EE2 and E2 was 0.05 μg/L, representing the high end of their environmental range. Acute and chronic exposure durations were consistently selected over time for both pollutants. The most common physical types of MPs were virgin MPs (85%) and microbeads (69%), likely due to their uniformity and availability. Only 14% of EEDC studies and 41% of MPs studies evaluated co‐exposures with other chemicals, microcystein, climatic factors or pathogens. To make future studies environmentally relevant, researchers should select low concentrations, chronic exposures, aged or biodegradable plastics, and co‐exposures. Thus, this study provides a basis for future environmentally relevant experimental designs.
{"title":"Coupled Bibliometric and Systematic Review on the Molecular Effects of Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Microplastics in Mollusks","authors":"Sazal Kumar, Allison C. Luengen, Geoff R. MacFarlane","doi":"10.1002/tox.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70024","url":null,"abstract":"Estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EEDCs) and microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous pollutants in aquatic systems. This study performed a bibliometric analysis, coupled with a systematic review, of 72 articles that used omics approaches to evaluate the molecular effects of these pollutants on mollusks. Cluster and co‐occurrence analyses mapped research themes, and relative frequency and temporal analysis of keywords were used to identify and recommend research directions. One theme of EEDC research, involving 11 articles, addressed a controversy about whether EEDC exposure induces vitellogenin and estrogen receptor mRNA expression. An additional theme for both pollutants was induction of oxidative stress, frequently evaluated through transcriptomics in mussels. Transcriptomics was the dominant omics approach, but metabolomics is emerging. The most frequently selected EEDCs were 17α ethynylestradiol (EE2, 28%), 17β estradiol (E2, 26%), and bisphenol A (BPA, 21%). From 2006 to 2024, the most common concentration of EE2 and E2 was 0.05 μg/L, representing the high end of their environmental range. Acute and chronic exposure durations were consistently selected over time for both pollutants. The most common physical types of MPs were virgin MPs (85%) and microbeads (69%), likely due to their uniformity and availability. Only 14% of EEDC studies and 41% of MPs studies evaluated co‐exposures with other chemicals, microcystein, climatic factors or pathogens. To make future studies environmentally relevant, researchers should select low concentrations, chronic exposures, aged or biodegradable plastics, and co‐exposures. Thus, this study provides a basis for future environmentally relevant experimental designs.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleson Aparecido da Silva,Eduardo Henrique da Silva Melo,Érima Maria de Amorim,Maria Gislaine Pereira,Claudia Rohde
This study reports, for the first time, the use of the speckled cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea as a promising bioindicator for genotoxic monitoring. It was validated through control groups (both positive and negative) in addition to testing lettuce (Lactuca sativa ) samples from public street markets consumed by N. cinerea specimens in Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. N. cinerea nymphs were fed with lettuce samples for 48 h. A negative control group received fish feed hydrated in distilled water, while a positive control was exposed to cyclophosphamide 2 mg/mL within the feed. DNA damage was assessed through two independent experiments using the comet assay on hemolymph cells; results were classified on a scale from 0 to 4 and quantified using Damage Index and Damage Frequency. After exposure and comet assay performance, the hemocytes of N. cinerea demonstrated significant DNA damage within all samples consumed, including the positive control, suggesting the good sensibility of the model and the potential presence of genotoxic compounds on the crop samples. N. cinerea appeared as a sensitive bioindicator for the assessment of DNA damage, offering a novel and potentially valuable tool for assessing a variety of stressors on the DNA. Our findings indicate potential risks associated with lettuce consumption by non-human organisms. Additionally, further investigations integrating water, soil and the vegetable itself are encouraged to verify potentially toxic elements in the crop.
{"title":"First Assessment of Genetic Damage in the Speckled Cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea) After Consumption of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Cultivated and Commercialized in Northeastern, Brazil.","authors":"Aleson Aparecido da Silva,Eduardo Henrique da Silva Melo,Érima Maria de Amorim,Maria Gislaine Pereira,Claudia Rohde","doi":"10.1002/tox.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70020","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports, for the first time, the use of the speckled cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea as a promising bioindicator for genotoxic monitoring. It was validated through control groups (both positive and negative) in addition to testing lettuce (Lactuca sativa ) samples from public street markets consumed by N. cinerea specimens in Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. N. cinerea nymphs were fed with lettuce samples for 48 h. A negative control group received fish feed hydrated in distilled water, while a positive control was exposed to cyclophosphamide 2 mg/mL within the feed. DNA damage was assessed through two independent experiments using the comet assay on hemolymph cells; results were classified on a scale from 0 to 4 and quantified using Damage Index and Damage Frequency. After exposure and comet assay performance, the hemocytes of N. cinerea demonstrated significant DNA damage within all samples consumed, including the positive control, suggesting the good sensibility of the model and the potential presence of genotoxic compounds on the crop samples. N. cinerea appeared as a sensitive bioindicator for the assessment of DNA damage, offering a novel and potentially valuable tool for assessing a variety of stressors on the DNA. Our findings indicate potential risks associated with lettuce consumption by non-human organisms. Additionally, further investigations integrating water, soil and the vegetable itself are encouraged to verify potentially toxic elements in the crop.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seung Eui Min,Seunghee Oh,Min Seong Jang,Kang-Hyun Han
Sodium hypochlorite is a well-established biocide extensively used in both living and industrial environments; however, exposure to it or improper handling can harm the human body and the environment. Thus, safer alternatives to sodium hypochlorite are required. Therefore, the objective of this research was to assess the genotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, 2-week repeated-dose toxicity studies (oral, dermal), and acute irritation/corrosion of sodium dodecanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (LOBS), a new alternative biocide in various biological systems. LOBS did not show genotoxic or cardiotoxic effects in the bacterial reverse mutation test, chromosomal aberration test, or hERG assay. Both males and females showed an increase in U-Na levels (p < 0.01), while an increase in focus/foci, thickness in the stomach, and discoloration was observed in the thymus of males during the 2-week repeated oral-dose toxicity study. In the 2-week repeated dermal-dose toxicity study, no significant adverse effects were observed. While mild erythema and edema were observed in all animals during the acute dermal irritation/corrosion study, all the animals recovered. During the acute eye irritation/corrosion study, all animals showed mild corneal clouding, conjunctival redness, and conjunctival chemosis; however, all animals recovered. Moreover, LOBS was classified into category 3 (mild irritant) and category 2A (irritant) in the acute dermal and eye irritation/corrosion studies. Therefore, LOBS should be further developed as a potential alternative biocide to sodium hypochlorite.
{"title":"Preclinical Toxicity Screening of Sodium Dodecanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (LOBS) as a New Alternative Biocide Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models.","authors":"Seung Eui Min,Seunghee Oh,Min Seong Jang,Kang-Hyun Han","doi":"10.1002/tox.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70018","url":null,"abstract":"Sodium hypochlorite is a well-established biocide extensively used in both living and industrial environments; however, exposure to it or improper handling can harm the human body and the environment. Thus, safer alternatives to sodium hypochlorite are required. Therefore, the objective of this research was to assess the genotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, 2-week repeated-dose toxicity studies (oral, dermal), and acute irritation/corrosion of sodium dodecanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (LOBS), a new alternative biocide in various biological systems. LOBS did not show genotoxic or cardiotoxic effects in the bacterial reverse mutation test, chromosomal aberration test, or hERG assay. Both males and females showed an increase in U-Na levels (p < 0.01), while an increase in focus/foci, thickness in the stomach, and discoloration was observed in the thymus of males during the 2-week repeated oral-dose toxicity study. In the 2-week repeated dermal-dose toxicity study, no significant adverse effects were observed. While mild erythema and edema were observed in all animals during the acute dermal irritation/corrosion study, all the animals recovered. During the acute eye irritation/corrosion study, all animals showed mild corneal clouding, conjunctival redness, and conjunctival chemosis; however, all animals recovered. Moreover, LOBS was classified into category 3 (mild irritant) and category 2A (irritant) in the acute dermal and eye irritation/corrosion studies. Therefore, LOBS should be further developed as a potential alternative biocide to sodium hypochlorite.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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