Karen Power,Lorenzo Riccio,Antonietta Siciliano,Lucia Santorufo,Luigi Rosati,Simone Landi,Salvatore Avilia,Rebecca Leandri,Carmine Vitagliano,Giorgia Santini,Gionata De Vico,Giulia Maisto
Microplastics represent an emerging issue endangering all ecosystems including soils, where the impact of both conventional and biobased ones remains controversial. The study aimed to assess the effects of two concentrations (1% and 2%) of biodegradable and compostable microplastics and conventional high-density polyethylene microplastics on the abiotic properties of soil, and the ecotoxicological and ecopathological impacts on Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) through histological techniques. Analyses conducted on the evaluation of abiotic soil parameters after 28 days of exposure did not show any significant change compared to the control samples. Ecotoxicological results showed increased mortality and decreased biomass across all treated groups after 14 days of exposure, while a significant reduction in offspring was only observed in 1%-biodegradable and compostable microplastics. Ecopathological analysis revealed inflammatory and/or degenerative phenomena in the epidermal and muscular layers in all treated groups after 14 days of exposure, suggesting the presence of sublethal effects which could impair the well-being of individuals. Overall, our results suggest that the ecopathological approach combined with the classical ecotoxicological one can help explain pathological events which are behind the ecotoxicological endpoints and underline the existence of fine tissue and cell damage even when no changes are observed during ecotoxicological studies.
{"title":"Impact of Conventional vs. Biodegradable and Compostable Microplastics on Eisenia fetida S.: An Ecopathological Approach.","authors":"Karen Power,Lorenzo Riccio,Antonietta Siciliano,Lucia Santorufo,Luigi Rosati,Simone Landi,Salvatore Avilia,Rebecca Leandri,Carmine Vitagliano,Giorgia Santini,Gionata De Vico,Giulia Maisto","doi":"10.1002/tox.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70030","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastics represent an emerging issue endangering all ecosystems including soils, where the impact of both conventional and biobased ones remains controversial. The study aimed to assess the effects of two concentrations (1% and 2%) of biodegradable and compostable microplastics and conventional high-density polyethylene microplastics on the abiotic properties of soil, and the ecotoxicological and ecopathological impacts on Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) through histological techniques. Analyses conducted on the evaluation of abiotic soil parameters after 28 days of exposure did not show any significant change compared to the control samples. Ecotoxicological results showed increased mortality and decreased biomass across all treated groups after 14 days of exposure, while a significant reduction in offspring was only observed in 1%-biodegradable and compostable microplastics. Ecopathological analysis revealed inflammatory and/or degenerative phenomena in the epidermal and muscular layers in all treated groups after 14 days of exposure, suggesting the presence of sublethal effects which could impair the well-being of individuals. Overall, our results suggest that the ecopathological approach combined with the classical ecotoxicological one can help explain pathological events which are behind the ecotoxicological endpoints and underline the existence of fine tissue and cell damage even when no changes are observed during ecotoxicological studies.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145949645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Keeping Pace With Global Environmental Challenges in the Next Chapter for Environmental Toxicology","authors":"April Rodd","doi":"10.1002/tox.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lauren N. Hart, Katherine L. Lev, Sierra Hefferan, Sanduni H. Premathilaka, Sharmila I. Thenuwara, Dragan Isailovic, David H. Sherman, Gregory J. Dick
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) threaten human, animal, and ecosystem health and safety through production of toxic secondary metabolites. Microcystis, a cosmopolitan bloom‐forming cyanobacterial genus, is well‐known for producing hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs), but it can produce many other bioactive cyanopeptides, such as anabaenopeptins (APs), that occur at high levels in blooms. The toxicological and ecological impacts of such co‐occurring cyanopeptides in the natural environment remain understudied. Here we evaluated the effects of pure MCs and APs individually and in combination, as well as extracts of Microcystis cultures producing diverse suites of cyanopeptides, including strains with and without MCs and APs, on human lung (A549), kidney (HK2), and liver (Hep‐3B) cell viability. Individual MC and AP congeners exhibited a gradient of toxic effects across cell lines; MC‐LA caused the most toxic effects, MC‐LR had comparable effects to AP‐A and AP‐B, and MC‐RR caused the least toxicity. Combined exposure to MC‐LA and AP‐B produced dose‐dependent synergistic effects across all three cell lines. Microcystis culture extracts significantly reduced cell viability in dose‐ and Microcystis strain‐dependent patterns that could not be explained by microcystin or anabaenopeptin content alone, suggesting a role of other metabolites and their interactions within the mixtures. These findings demonstrate that mixtures of environmentally relevant cyanopeptides can have greater toxic threats than individual compounds and underscore the importance of considering metabolites beyond MCs and their potential interactions in public health, future risk assessments, and management strategies for cyanoHAB‐impacted waters.
{"title":"Cyanopeptide Mixtures Induce Variable Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects Across Diverse Human Cell Lines","authors":"Lauren N. Hart, Katherine L. Lev, Sierra Hefferan, Sanduni H. Premathilaka, Sharmila I. Thenuwara, Dragan Isailovic, David H. Sherman, Gregory J. Dick","doi":"10.1002/tox.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70028","url":null,"abstract":"Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) threaten human, animal, and ecosystem health and safety through production of toxic secondary metabolites. <jats:italic>Microcystis,</jats:italic> a cosmopolitan bloom‐forming cyanobacterial genus, is well‐known for producing hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs), but it can produce many other bioactive cyanopeptides, such as anabaenopeptins (APs), that occur at high levels in blooms. The toxicological and ecological impacts of such co‐occurring cyanopeptides in the natural environment remain understudied. Here we evaluated the effects of pure MCs and APs individually and in combination, as well as extracts of <jats:italic>Microcystis</jats:italic> cultures producing diverse suites of cyanopeptides, including strains with and without MCs and APs, on human lung (A549), kidney (HK2), and liver (Hep‐3B) cell viability. Individual MC and AP congeners exhibited a gradient of toxic effects across cell lines; MC‐LA caused the most toxic effects, MC‐LR had comparable effects to AP‐A and AP‐B, and MC‐RR caused the least toxicity. Combined exposure to MC‐LA and AP‐B produced dose‐dependent synergistic effects across all three cell lines. <jats:italic>Microcystis</jats:italic> culture extracts significantly reduced cell viability in dose‐ and <jats:italic>Microcystis</jats:italic> strain‐dependent patterns that could not be explained by microcystin or anabaenopeptin content alone, suggesting a role of other metabolites and their interactions within the mixtures. These findings demonstrate that mixtures of environmentally relevant cyanopeptides can have greater toxic threats than individual compounds and underscore the importance of considering metabolites beyond MCs and their potential interactions in public health, future risk assessments, and management strategies for cyanoHAB‐impacted waters.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
RETRACTION: T. Hui, J. Yiling, C. Guangqun, L. Ran, L. Hui, Y. Lan, H. Jie, and Q. Su, “ Diallyl Disulfide Downregulating RhoGDI2 Induces Differentiation and Inhibit Invasion Via the Rac1/Pak1/LIMK1 Pathway in Human Leukemia HL-60 Cells,” Environmental Toxicology38, no. 5 (2023): 1063–1077, https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.23748.
The above article, published online on 15 February 2023, in Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor-in-Chief, April Rodd; and Wiley Periodicals LLC. Following publication, duplicate portions of images were found within Figures 2A, 2F, 3C, and 3F. The publisher contacted the authors about the duplicated images, and they provided raw data along with an explanation. After further review, the editor concluded that the raw data and explanation were not sufficient to address the concerns raised. This retraction has been agreed to because the problems with the figures made the editor lose confidence in the data and results presented. The authors stated that the errors were unintentional, arising from figure preparation, and did not reflect any intention to misrepresent the underlying research or its conclusions.
{"title":"RETRACTION: Diallyl Disulfide Downregulating RhoGDI2 Induces Differentiation and Inhibit Invasion Via the Rac1/Pak1/LIMK1 Pathway in Human Leukemia HL-60 Cells","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/tox.70038","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tox.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 \u0000 <b>RETRACTION</b>: <span>T. Hui</span>, <span>J. Yiling</span>, <span>C. Guangqun</span>, <span>L. Ran</span>, <span>L. Hui</span>, <span>Y. Lan</span>, <span>H. Jie</span>, and <span>Q. Su</span>, “ <span>Diallyl Disulfide Downregulating RhoGDI2 Induces Differentiation and Inhibit Invasion Via the Rac1/Pak1/LIMK1 Pathway in Human Leukemia HL-60 Cells</span>,” <i>Environmental Toxicology</i> <span>38</span>, no. <span>5</span> (<span>2023</span>): <span>1063</span>–<span>1077</span>, https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.23748.\u0000 </p><p>The above article, published online on 15 February 2023, in Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor-in-Chief, April Rodd; and Wiley Periodicals LLC. Following publication, duplicate portions of images were found within Figures 2A, 2F, 3C, and 3F. The publisher contacted the authors about the duplicated images, and they provided raw data along with an explanation. After further review, the editor concluded that the raw data and explanation were not sufficient to address the concerns raised. This retraction has been agreed to because the problems with the figures made the editor lose confidence in the data and results presented. The authors stated that the errors were unintentional, arising from figure preparation, and did not reflect any intention to misrepresent the underlying research or its conclusions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"41 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/tox.70038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145932758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ferroptosis plays a significant role in the pathophysiological development of several diseases. It is an iron-dependent type of controlled cell death triggered by oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Nrf2, a key regulator of the antioxidant response, protects cells from ferroptosis by regulating genes involved in iron metabolism and the synthesis and breakdown of glutathione (GSH). This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress and ferroptosis in allergic asthmatic mice, particularly when the environmental toxin DBP is present. DBP disrupts iron homeostasis and causes asthma exacerbation by inducing iron accumulation and increasing hemosiderin-loaded macrophage numbers in the lungs. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and curcumin antioxidant treatments significantly reduced ferroptotic damage, increased downstream targets such as GPx4, SLC7A11, and SLC40A1, and activated the Nrf2 pathway. On the other hand, ferroptosis and lung damage were exacerbated by Nrf2 suppression. In addition to elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and 8-oxoguanine (8-oxodG), DBP exposure also decreased GSH, GPx, and SOD, which led to lipid peroxidation and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of Nrf2 targeting to prevent oxidative lung injury and ferroptosis in asthma triggered by DBP.
{"title":"Intranasal Curcumin and N-Acetyl l-Cysteine (NAC) Attenuates Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP)-Aggravated Airway Inflammation by Targeting Ferroptosis via Nrf-2/GPx4-SLC7A11.","authors":"Payal Singh, Sneha Kumari, Rashmi Singh","doi":"10.1002/tox.70035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ferroptosis plays a significant role in the pathophysiological development of several diseases. It is an iron-dependent type of controlled cell death triggered by oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Nrf2, a key regulator of the antioxidant response, protects cells from ferroptosis by regulating genes involved in iron metabolism and the synthesis and breakdown of glutathione (GSH). This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress and ferroptosis in allergic asthmatic mice, particularly when the environmental toxin DBP is present. DBP disrupts iron homeostasis and causes asthma exacerbation by inducing iron accumulation and increasing hemosiderin-loaded macrophage numbers in the lungs. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and curcumin antioxidant treatments significantly reduced ferroptotic damage, increased downstream targets such as GPx4, SLC7A11, and SLC40A1, and activated the Nrf2 pathway. On the other hand, ferroptosis and lung damage were exacerbated by Nrf2 suppression. In addition to elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and 8-oxoguanine (8-oxodG), DBP exposure also decreased GSH, GPx, and SOD, which led to lipid peroxidation and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of Nrf2 targeting to prevent oxidative lung injury and ferroptosis in asthma triggered by DBP.</p>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145932825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zachery A. Kasuske, Priti Roy, Delaney E. Clouse, Savannah Pas, Kailash Arole, Micah Green, Jaclyn E. Cañas‐Carrell, Kamaleshwar P. Singh
Microplastics are an emerging environmental contaminant of concern due to their extensive use, ubiquitous presence in the environment, and detection in humans, wildlife, and marine organisms. While overwhelming data suggest the toxicity of engineered (Pristine) micro/nanoplastics, the adverse effects of environmentally relevant weathered particles are still unclear. In this context, using cellular, molecular, and biochemical approaches, this study investigated adverse effects, such as cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and oxidative DNA damage potential, following exposure of MCF‐7 cells to non‐weathered polyethylene terephthalate (PET) particles of varying morphologies and sizes (810 nm and 17 μm) as well as weathered microplastics. MTT assay for cell viability revealed dose‐dependent toxicity of these particles toward MCF‐7 cells. DCFH‐DA assay revealed a significant increase in ROS production across all treatments relative to controls. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by micro‐ and nanoplastics were confirmed by increased expression of proapoptotic marker ( BAX ) and oxidative DNA damage marker gene OGG1 , and decreased expression of anti‐apoptotic marker ( BCL‐2 ). Moreover, western blot analysis showed a significant increase in the level of DNA double strand break marker protein H 2 AX as well as decreased levels of antioxidant MnSOD , suggesting a mechanistic link between micro and nanoplastic‐induced ROS and oxidative DNA damage‐dependent cytotoxicity. In summary, the results of this study using multiple approaches provide new mechanistic insight into the micro‐ and nanoplastic‐induced and oxidative stress‐dependent cytotoxicity in MCF‐7 cells. The novel and mechanistic findings of this study will have a significant impact on our understanding of the adverse effects of micro‐ and nanoplastics on human health.
{"title":"Engineered and Weathered Polyethylene Terephthalate ( PET ) Microplastics and Nanoplastics Induce Form and Size‐Dependent Oxidative Stress, Oxidative DNA Damage, and Cytotoxicity in MCF ‐7 Cells","authors":"Zachery A. Kasuske, Priti Roy, Delaney E. Clouse, Savannah Pas, Kailash Arole, Micah Green, Jaclyn E. Cañas‐Carrell, Kamaleshwar P. Singh","doi":"10.1002/tox.70036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70036","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastics are an emerging environmental contaminant of concern due to their extensive use, ubiquitous presence in the environment, and detection in humans, wildlife, and marine organisms. While overwhelming data suggest the toxicity of engineered (Pristine) micro/nanoplastics, the adverse effects of environmentally relevant weathered particles are still unclear. In this context, using cellular, molecular, and biochemical approaches, this study investigated adverse effects, such as cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and oxidative DNA damage potential, following exposure of MCF‐7 cells to non‐weathered polyethylene terephthalate (PET) particles of varying morphologies and sizes (810 nm and 17 μm) as well as weathered microplastics. MTT assay for cell viability revealed dose‐dependent toxicity of these particles toward MCF‐7 cells. DCFH‐DA assay revealed a significant increase in ROS production across all treatments relative to controls. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by micro‐ and nanoplastics were confirmed by increased expression of proapoptotic marker ( <jats:italic>BAX</jats:italic> ) and oxidative DNA damage marker gene <jats:italic>OGG1</jats:italic> , and decreased expression of anti‐apoptotic marker ( <jats:italic>BCL‐2</jats:italic> ). Moreover, western blot analysis showed a significant increase in the level of DNA double strand break marker protein H <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> AX as well as decreased levels of antioxidant <jats:italic>MnSOD</jats:italic> , suggesting a mechanistic link between micro and nanoplastic‐induced ROS and oxidative DNA damage‐dependent cytotoxicity. In summary, the results of this study using multiple approaches provide new mechanistic insight into the micro‐ and nanoplastic‐induced and oxidative stress‐dependent cytotoxicity in MCF‐7 cells. The novel and mechanistic findings of this study will have a significant impact on our understanding of the adverse effects of micro‐ and nanoplastics on human health.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mariana Feijó, Luís P. Brás, Catarina M. D. Serra, Lara R. S. Fonseca, Sara Correia, Bruno J. Pereira, Ana P. Duarte, Henrique J. Cardoso, Cátia V. Vaz, Sílvia Socorro
Prostate cancer (PCa) is an endocrine‐related cancer highly dependent on androgenic signaling. Beyond hormone dependence, extrinsic factors play a significant role in the risk of developing PCa, which raises concern about the influence of environmental compounds such as endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Tributyltin (TBT) is an EDC used in antifouling paints, and its androgenic (and obesogenic) actions have been described. This study investigated the effect of TBT on various cancer hallmarks, specifically its impact on the viability, metabolism, proliferation, migration, and invasion of prostate cells, using in vitro and in vivo models. Androgen‐sensitive (LNCaP) and androgen‐insensitive (PC3) PCa cells were exposed to 1–100 nM TBT for 24 and 48 h. Additionally, LNCaP cells were treated with 100 nM TBT in the presence of the androgen receptor antagonist bicalutamide (1–40 μM) or 10 nM TBT and/or low‐density lipoprotein (LDL, 100 μg/mL) and 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 10 nM, 48 h). Wistar rats were administered TBT (50 μg/kg) every 3 days for 45 days. TBT disrupted glycolytic flux and lipid handling in prostate cells, enhancing their proliferative activity. Moreover, 100 nM TBT stimulated migration and invasion of LNCaP cells. Bicalutamide attenuated the effect of TBT in inducing glucose consumption and LNCaP cell proliferation. A 10× lower TBT concentration maintained the stimulatory effects on LNCaP cells' viability, proliferation, and migration/invasion, sustained by high LDL‐cholesterol availability and DHT. Our results show TBT as a potential inducer of PCa progression and aggressiveness and contribute to increasing awareness about the roles of EDCs in the prostate carcinogenic process.
{"title":"Tributyltin Protumorigenic Effects Targeting Prostate Cancer Cell Metabolism, Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion","authors":"Mariana Feijó, Luís P. Brás, Catarina M. D. Serra, Lara R. S. Fonseca, Sara Correia, Bruno J. Pereira, Ana P. Duarte, Henrique J. Cardoso, Cátia V. Vaz, Sílvia Socorro","doi":"10.1002/tox.70029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70029","url":null,"abstract":"Prostate cancer (PCa) is an endocrine‐related cancer highly dependent on androgenic signaling. Beyond hormone dependence, extrinsic factors play a significant role in the risk of developing PCa, which raises concern about the influence of environmental compounds such as endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Tributyltin (TBT) is an EDC used in antifouling paints, and its androgenic (and obesogenic) actions have been described. This study investigated the effect of TBT on various cancer hallmarks, specifically its impact on the viability, metabolism, proliferation, migration, and invasion of prostate cells, using in vitro and in vivo models. Androgen‐sensitive (LNCaP) and androgen‐insensitive (PC3) PCa cells were exposed to 1–100 nM TBT for 24 and 48 h. Additionally, LNCaP cells were treated with 100 nM TBT in the presence of the androgen receptor antagonist bicalutamide (1–40 μM) or 10 nM TBT and/or low‐density lipoprotein (LDL, 100 μg/mL) and 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 10 nM, 48 h). Wistar rats were administered TBT (50 μg/kg) every 3 days for 45 days. TBT disrupted glycolytic flux and lipid handling in prostate cells, enhancing their proliferative activity. Moreover, 100 nM TBT stimulated migration and invasion of LNCaP cells. Bicalutamide attenuated the effect of TBT in inducing glucose consumption and LNCaP cell proliferation. A 10× lower TBT concentration maintained the stimulatory effects on LNCaP cells' viability, proliferation, and migration/invasion, sustained by high LDL‐cholesterol availability and DHT. Our results show TBT as a potential inducer of PCa progression and aggressiveness and contribute to increasing awareness about the roles of EDCs in the prostate carcinogenic process.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ivana Regina da Costa, Débora Hipólito Quadreli, Lucas Marcelo Meira da Silva, Fábio Goulart de Andrade, Glaura Scantamburlo Alves Fernandes
The epididymis is responsible for sperm maturation, but is sensitive to the action of external agents, especially during the peripubertal period. Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate class pesticide to which humans are constantly exposed. Currently, there are few studies that evaluate the effects of this insecticide on the epididymis; therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the effects of chlorpyrifos on the postnatal development of the epididymis during the peripubertal period. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control, C5, and C15. The control group received only the vehicle and the C5 and C15 groups received, respectively, 5 and 15 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos via gavage during 40 days (DPN25–DPN65). On DPN 66, the animals were euthanized. The epididymis was used for sperm count, histopathological, stereological, and oxidative stress analyses. Sperm from the vas deferens was used for motility and mitochondrial activity analyses. There was a difference in the proportion of luminal, stromal, and epithelial compartments in the groups exposed to chlorpyrifos. An increase in sperm transit time in the caput epididymis was also observed in the C5 group and a decrease in mitochondrial activity in sperm from the C15 group. Oxidative stress analyses showed a decrease in GST activity in the C5 and C15 groups. Sperm motility remained unchanged. These results suggest that the exposure to chlorpyrifos during peripuberty harms the postnatal development of the epididymis. This study is the first to evaluate the morphology and function of the epididymis in peripubertal rats.
{"title":"Exposure to Chlorpyrifos Influences Epididymal Development in Pubescent Rats","authors":"Ivana Regina da Costa, Débora Hipólito Quadreli, Lucas Marcelo Meira da Silva, Fábio Goulart de Andrade, Glaura Scantamburlo Alves Fernandes","doi":"10.1002/tox.70033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70033","url":null,"abstract":"The epididymis is responsible for sperm maturation, but is sensitive to the action of external agents, especially during the peripubertal period. Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate class pesticide to which humans are constantly exposed. Currently, there are few studies that evaluate the effects of this insecticide on the epididymis; therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the effects of chlorpyrifos on the postnatal development of the epididymis during the peripubertal period. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control, C5, and C15. The control group received only the vehicle and the C5 and C15 groups received, respectively, 5 and 15 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos via gavage during 40 days (DPN25–DPN65). On DPN 66, the animals were euthanized. The epididymis was used for sperm count, histopathological, stereological, and oxidative stress analyses. Sperm from the vas deferens was used for motility and mitochondrial activity analyses. There was a difference in the proportion of luminal, stromal, and epithelial compartments in the groups exposed to chlorpyrifos. An increase in sperm transit time in the caput epididymis was also observed in the C5 group and a decrease in mitochondrial activity in sperm from the C15 group. Oxidative stress analyses showed a decrease in GST activity in the C5 and C15 groups. Sperm motility remained unchanged. These results suggest that the exposure to chlorpyrifos during peripuberty harms the postnatal development of the epididymis. This study is the first to evaluate the morphology and function of the epididymis in peripubertal rats.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seena R. Subhagan, Berin Pathrose, Mani Chellappan, D. Dhalin, M. S. Smitha, Smita Nair, M. T. Ranjith
Insecticide overuse in agriculture raises significant concerns, particularly in rice cultivation, where pest management heavily relies on chemical control. Major pests, such as rice leaf folders, are frequently targeted, leading to increased insecticide applications and subsequent selection pressure, fostering resistance development. Resistance in rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis to diamide and organophosphate groups of insecticides has already been reported. However, despite the widespread use of synthetic pyrethroids, particularly lambda ‐cyhalothrin, in Kerala, India, data on resistance levels and underlying mechanisms remain sparse. This study bridges this gap by assessing the susceptibility of field populations of C. medinalis to lambda ‐cyhalothrin and investigating the key biochemical mechanisms driving resistance. Resistance ratios (RR) across populations were alarmingly high, ranging from 170.73‐ to 763.66‐fold, indicating significant resistance. Biochemical assays revealed elevated detoxification enzyme activity, including CarE (1.11–1.63 times), GST (2.33–2.97 times), and Cyt P450 (1.52–2.49 times). Synergism assays confirmed metabolic resistance mechanisms, with increased CarE activity contributing to resistance in the PKD population, elevated Cyt P450 activity in the KUD and ONT populations, and multiple detoxification enzymes involved in resistance in the TCR population. This marks the first documented evidence of field‐evolved resistance to lambda ‐cyhalothrin in C. medinalis globally. The outcomes highlight serious implications, as high resistance levels may prompt more frequent and higher doses of insecticide applications, increasing the risk of unintentional environmental contamination, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, evidence from other lepidopteran pests suggests that chronic exposure to broad‐spectrum insecticides may enhance preadaptive detoxification pathways, perpetuating a pesticide treadmill and accelerating resistance evolution. Given these findings, the study emphasizes the urgent need for resistance monitoring and integrated resistance management strategies to sustain rice productivity while mitigating ecological risks and preserving the long‐term efficacy of available insecticides.
{"title":"First Report on Field‐Evolved Resistance to Lambda ‐Cyhalothrin in Rice Leaf Folder ( Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee) Populations in Kerala, India: Implications and Concerns of Its Environmental Impact","authors":"Seena R. Subhagan, Berin Pathrose, Mani Chellappan, D. Dhalin, M. S. Smitha, Smita Nair, M. T. Ranjith","doi":"10.1002/tox.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70031","url":null,"abstract":"Insecticide overuse in agriculture raises significant concerns, particularly in rice cultivation, where pest management heavily relies on chemical control. Major pests, such as rice leaf folders, are frequently targeted, leading to increased insecticide applications and subsequent selection pressure, fostering resistance development. Resistance in rice leaf folder, <jats:italic>Cnaphalocrocis medinalis</jats:italic> to diamide and organophosphate groups of insecticides has already been reported. However, despite the widespread use of synthetic pyrethroids, particularly <jats:italic>lambda</jats:italic> ‐cyhalothrin, in Kerala, India, data on resistance levels and underlying mechanisms remain sparse. This study bridges this gap by assessing the susceptibility of field populations of <jats:italic>C. medinalis</jats:italic> to <jats:italic>lambda</jats:italic> ‐cyhalothrin and investigating the key biochemical mechanisms driving resistance. Resistance ratios (RR) across populations were alarmingly high, ranging from 170.73‐ to 763.66‐fold, indicating significant resistance. Biochemical assays revealed elevated detoxification enzyme activity, including CarE (1.11–1.63 times), GST (2.33–2.97 times), and Cyt P450 (1.52–2.49 times). Synergism assays confirmed metabolic resistance mechanisms, with increased CarE activity contributing to resistance in the PKD population, elevated Cyt P450 activity in the KUD and ONT populations, and multiple detoxification enzymes involved in resistance in the TCR population. This marks the first documented evidence of field‐evolved resistance to <jats:italic>lambda</jats:italic> ‐cyhalothrin in <jats:italic>C. medinalis</jats:italic> globally. The outcomes highlight serious implications, as high resistance levels may prompt more frequent and higher doses of insecticide applications, increasing the risk of unintentional environmental contamination, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, evidence from other lepidopteran pests suggests that chronic exposure to broad‐spectrum insecticides may enhance preadaptive detoxification pathways, perpetuating a pesticide treadmill and accelerating resistance evolution. Given these findings, the study emphasizes the urgent need for resistance monitoring and integrated resistance management strategies to sustain rice productivity while mitigating ecological risks and preserving the long‐term efficacy of available insecticides.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ivana Prodić, Emilija Stanković, Dušan M. Spasić, Jelena Mutić, Zorica Živković, Katarina Smiljanić, Lidija Burazer
Air pollution and heavy metals can alter the composition and allergenicity of grass pollen, yet field‐based evidence remains scarce. This study investigates Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne pollen, and how urban/industrial conditions influence sub‐pollen particle (SPP) release, chemical composition, and IgE reactivity—extending prior work on Phleum pratense pollen. Pollen was collected near Kruševac (central Serbia) from two sites ~10 km apart: a rural area (D1/L1) and a location adjacent to a regional road and chemical plant (D2/L2). SPP release during osmolysis was quantified by light microscopy; protein profiles were assessed via 1D SDS‐PAGE; elemental content analyzed by ICP‐OES/MS; PAHs by GC–MS; and IgE binding measured by ELISA, using sera from a previous study (16 grass pollen–allergic patients). Urban samples released significantly more SPP (several‐fold increase) and showed elevated protein expression with altered protein/allergen patterns. D2 pollen contained ~10× more As and ~5× more Cd than D1; L. perenne from L2 had elevated Ni (~15 μg/g) and 5× more indium than L1. Acenaphthylene was detected only in polluted samples, while anthracene was present only in D2 pollen. Notably, 56% of sera showed stronger IgE binding to contaminated D. glomerata , suggesting heightened allergic potential at equal pollen loads. These findings support a link between air pollution and increased respiratory allergy risk, highlighting pollen's potential as a bioindicator of environmental contamination.
{"title":"Differential Allergenicity and Heavy Metal Content in Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne Pollen Across Contrasting Environments","authors":"Ivana Prodić, Emilija Stanković, Dušan M. Spasić, Jelena Mutić, Zorica Živković, Katarina Smiljanić, Lidija Burazer","doi":"10.1002/tox.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70032","url":null,"abstract":"Air pollution and heavy metals can alter the composition and allergenicity of grass pollen, yet field‐based evidence remains scarce. This study investigates <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Dactylis glomerata</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Lolium perenne</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> pollen, and how urban/industrial conditions influence sub‐pollen particle (SPP) release, chemical composition, and IgE reactivity—extending prior work on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Phleum pratense</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> pollen. Pollen was collected near Kruševac (central Serbia) from two sites ~10 km apart: a rural area (D1/L1) and a location adjacent to a regional road and chemical plant (D2/L2). SPP release during osmolysis was quantified by light microscopy; protein profiles were assessed via 1D SDS‐PAGE; elemental content analyzed by ICP‐OES/MS; PAHs by GC–MS; and IgE binding measured by ELISA, using sera from a previous study (16 grass pollen–allergic patients). Urban samples released significantly more SPP (several‐fold increase) and showed elevated protein expression with altered protein/allergen patterns. D2 pollen contained ~10× more As and ~5× more Cd than D1; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>L. perenne</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> from L2 had elevated Ni (~15 μg/g) and 5× more indium than L1. Acenaphthylene was detected only in polluted samples, while anthracene was present only in D2 pollen. Notably, 56% of sera showed stronger IgE binding to contaminated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>D. glomerata</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> , suggesting heightened allergic potential at equal pollen loads. These findings support a link between air pollution and increased respiratory allergy risk, highlighting pollen's potential as a bioindicator of environmental contamination.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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