Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106273
Cesare Garosi , Elena Paoletti , Claudia Pisuttu , Lorenzo Cotrozzi , Elisa Pellegrini , Yasutomo Hoshika
Tropospheric ozone (O₃) is a pervasive air pollutant known to impair stomatal regulation in plants, i.e. stomatal sluggishness, in association with a reduction of photosynthesis. However, its impact on the dynamic responsiveness of stomata to carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of chronic O₃ exposure on both steady-state and dynamic leaf gas exchange response to low or high CO₂ concentration (50 or 1000 µmol mol−1) in Viburnum lantana L., a Mediterranean shrub species highly sensitive to oxidative stress. Ozone-exposed plants exhibited pronounced stomatal sluggishness in response to rapid CO₂ transitions, characterized by delayed closure, reduced opening amplitude, and prolonged response times. These impairments were associated with significant decreases in photosynthetic capacity, pigment degradation (chlorophylls and xanthophylls), and increased lipid peroxidation. Correlation analyses revealed strong links among pigment loss, oxidative membrane damage, and impaired stomatal kinetics, suggesting that both energetic and structural limitations contribute to O₃-induced stomatal dysfunction. These findings indicate that the CO₂ responsiveness of stomata under O₃ stress is not simply passive damage, but reflects a complex, multilevel breakdown of guard cell regulation. As atmospheric O₃ and CO₂ concentrations continue to rise, such impairment may critically constrain plant carbon–water balance, especially in sensitive woody species inhabiting Mediterranean montane environments.
{"title":"Ozone-induced ‘sluggish’ stomatal CO2 response depends on oxidative damage and pigment degradation in the Mediterranean shrub Viburnum lantana L.","authors":"Cesare Garosi , Elena Paoletti , Claudia Pisuttu , Lorenzo Cotrozzi , Elisa Pellegrini , Yasutomo Hoshika","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tropospheric ozone (O₃) is a pervasive air pollutant known to impair stomatal regulation in plants, i.e. stomatal sluggishness, in association with a reduction of photosynthesis. However, its impact on the dynamic responsiveness of stomata to carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of chronic O₃ exposure on both steady-state and dynamic leaf gas exchange response to low or high CO₂ concentration (50 or 1000 µmol mol<sup>−1</sup>) in <em>Viburnum lantana</em> L., a Mediterranean shrub species highly sensitive to oxidative stress. Ozone-exposed plants exhibited pronounced stomatal sluggishness in response to rapid CO₂ transitions, characterized by delayed closure, reduced opening amplitude, and prolonged response times. These impairments were associated with significant decreases in photosynthetic capacity, pigment degradation (chlorophylls and xanthophylls), and increased lipid peroxidation. Correlation analyses revealed strong links among pigment loss, oxidative membrane damage, and impaired stomatal kinetics, suggesting that both energetic and structural limitations contribute to O₃-induced stomatal dysfunction. These findings indicate that the CO₂ responsiveness of stomata under O₃ stress is not simply passive damage, but reflects a complex, multilevel breakdown of guard cell regulation. As atmospheric O₃ and CO₂ concentrations continue to rise, such impairment may critically constrain plant carbon–water balance, especially in sensitive woody species inhabiting Mediterranean montane environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 106273"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106279
Chenglin Wang , Che Sun , Ke Ning , Shan He , Xin Hua , Jiayu Guo , Yuting Lin , Lanlan Zheng , Yonghong Zhang , Lei You , Zheyong Xue , Chen Li , Juan Liu , Xihua Li
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), a persistent organic pollutant, poses significant environmental risks due to its widespread contamination of agricultural systems. However, its phytotoxic mechanisms on Arabidopsis root growth and regeneration remain incompletely understood. In this study, we systematically investigated PFOS phytotoxicity and revealed its multimodal inhibitory effects on root growth, stem cell maintenance and regeneration. Our results demonstrated that PFOS exposure induced concentration-dependent reductions in primary root length, meristem size, and meristematic cortex cell number. Crucially, we observed downregulation of PLT2 expression in the root stem cell niche, whereas the auxin transporters PIN1/PIN2 and other key stem cell regulators (SHR, SCR, PLT1) remained largely unaltered under PFOS stress. This suppression of PLT2 correlated with both meristem dysfunction and impaired regeneration capacity. Furthermore, PFOS triggered oxidative stress and promoted root cell death. Taken together, these findings provide crucial insights into the mechanisms of PFOS phytotoxicity. The discovery of PLT2-mediated effects offers new perspectives for understanding how pollutants affect plant development and regeneration.
{"title":"PFOS effects on root stem cell maintenance and regeneration by suppressing the stem cell factor PLT2","authors":"Chenglin Wang , Che Sun , Ke Ning , Shan He , Xin Hua , Jiayu Guo , Yuting Lin , Lanlan Zheng , Yonghong Zhang , Lei You , Zheyong Xue , Chen Li , Juan Liu , Xihua Li","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), a persistent organic pollutant, poses significant environmental risks due to its widespread contamination of agricultural systems. However, its phytotoxic mechanisms on Arabidopsis root growth and regeneration remain incompletely understood. In this study, we systematically investigated PFOS phytotoxicity and revealed its multimodal inhibitory effects on root growth, stem cell maintenance and regeneration. Our results demonstrated that PFOS exposure induced concentration-dependent reductions in primary root length, meristem size, and meristematic cortex cell number. Crucially, we observed downregulation of PLT2 expression in the root stem cell niche, whereas the auxin transporters PIN1/PIN2 and other key stem cell regulators (SHR, SCR, PLT1) remained largely unaltered under PFOS stress. This suppression of PLT2 correlated with both meristem dysfunction and impaired regeneration capacity. Furthermore, PFOS triggered oxidative stress and promoted root cell death. Taken together, these findings provide crucial insights into the mechanisms of PFOS phytotoxicity. The discovery of PLT2-mediated effects offers new perspectives for understanding how pollutants affect plant development and regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 106279"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-03DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106231
Grzegorz Wałpuski , Andrzej Rafalski , Marta Galas , Zygmunt Szefliński , Maksymilian Zienkiewicz
Ionizing radiation is one of the key physicochemical factors affecting living organisms, but its impact on unicellular algae remains poorly understood. Cyanidiophyceae are a class of extremophilic microalgae capable of thriving under the highly inhospitable conditions of volcanic hot springs. Among them, Galdieria sulphuraria is a unique species capable of mixotrophy, sexual reproduction, and exists in both haploid and diploid stages depending on environmental conditions. This study investigates, for the first time, the effects of ionizing radiation (2–6 kGy) on a representative extremophilic Cyanidiophyceae, focusing on radiation-induced damage and recovery in relation to ploidy. Our findings reveal that Galdieria sulphuraria in the diploid state exhibits extraordinary radiation resistance, surviving exposure to enormous doses as high as 6 kGy, making it one of the most radiation-tolerant photoautotrophic organisms known. Furthermore, diploids exhibit significantly higher tolerance than haploids, as evidenced by their superior survival, shorter duration of radiation sickness, enhanced synthesis of protective carotenoids, reduced oxidative damage, and high photosynthetic efficiency during recovery. These results provide novel insights into the role of ploidy in radiation resistance in algae and contribute to a broader understanding of extremophile adaptations. Given the relevance of ionizing radiation in astrobiology and space exploration, Galdieria sulphuraria emerges as a promising model for studying eukaryotic survival in extraterrestrial environments.
{"title":"Influence of ploidy on radiation resilience in extremophilic alga Galdieria sulphuraria under extreme ionizing conditions","authors":"Grzegorz Wałpuski , Andrzej Rafalski , Marta Galas , Zygmunt Szefliński , Maksymilian Zienkiewicz","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ionizing radiation is one of the key physicochemical factors affecting living organisms, but its impact on unicellular algae remains poorly understood. <em>Cyanidiophyceae</em> are a class of extremophilic microalgae capable of thriving under the highly inhospitable conditions of volcanic hot springs. Among them, <em>Galdieria sulphuraria</em> is a unique species capable of mixotrophy, sexual reproduction, and exists in both haploid and diploid stages depending on environmental conditions. This study investigates, for the first time, the effects of ionizing radiation (2–6 kGy) on a representative extremophilic <em>Cyanidiophyceae,</em> focusing on radiation-induced damage and recovery in relation to ploidy. Our findings reveal that <em>Galdieria sulphuraria</em> in the diploid state exhibits extraordinary radiation resistance, surviving exposure to enormous doses as high as 6 kGy, making it one of the most radiation-tolerant photoautotrophic organisms known. Furthermore, diploids exhibit significantly higher tolerance than haploids, as evidenced by their superior survival, shorter duration of radiation sickness, enhanced synthesis of protective carotenoids, reduced oxidative damage, and high photosynthetic efficiency during recovery. These results provide novel insights into the role of ploidy in radiation resistance in algae and contribute to a broader understanding of extremophile adaptations. Given the relevance of ionizing radiation in astrobiology and space exploration, <em>Galdieria sulphuraria</em> emerges as a promising model for studying eukaryotic survival in extraterrestrial environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 106231"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145476005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106278
Fangyu Liu , Linhe Sun , Yunhan Li , Yangyang Deng , Jixiang Liu , Wei Wang , Jinfeng Li , Zhengnan Zhang , Yingchun Xu , Yajun Chang , Yaoyao Wu , Jian Cui , Dongrui Yao
The global expansion of water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) endangers water ecological security and high-quality economic development; moreover, its invasion mechanism at the genomic and molecular levels remains unclear. Here, a high-quality, chromosome-level genome of water hyacinth (1.25 Gb; N50 = 80.91 Mb) was assembled for the first time. Of the 59,361 genes, 64,988 transcripts were annotated using transcriptome data from five distinct water hyacinth tissues. Compared to the allied species Pontederia cordata, one more whole-genome duplication event occurred approximately 4 Mya. Gene families related to P metabolic pathways have significantly expanded during evolution. Nine of the twenty-two differentially expressed genes between stolons and other tissues were involved in P metabolism, including four genes that encode purple acid phosphatases (PAPs). Under 2.0 P, water hyacinth ramets exhibited a 1.4-fold increase compared to those under 1.0 P during the 40-day culture. Acid phosphatase content in roots significantly increased from 219.42 ± 78.10 U/g under P deficiency stress to 44.89 ± 15.23 U/g under P-sufficient water (p < 0.05). Organic P can restore water hyacinth growth under P deficiency. Subcellular localisation showed that PcPAP19 and PcPAP53 were located in the cell membrane. Thus, PcPAPs play a key role in P regulation during water hyacinth growth. These findings demonstrate how the assembled genome advances understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying P-use efficiency and proliferation in plants.
{"title":"Genome-enabled phosphorus acquisition strategy drives the rapid reproduction of water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) leading to global invasion","authors":"Fangyu Liu , Linhe Sun , Yunhan Li , Yangyang Deng , Jixiang Liu , Wei Wang , Jinfeng Li , Zhengnan Zhang , Yingchun Xu , Yajun Chang , Yaoyao Wu , Jian Cui , Dongrui Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global expansion of water hyacinth (<em>Pontederia crassipes</em>) endangers water ecological security and high-quality economic development; moreover, its invasion mechanism at the genomic and molecular levels remains unclear. Here, a high-quality, chromosome-level genome of water hyacinth (1.25 Gb; N50 = 80.91 Mb) was assembled for the first time. Of the 59,361 genes, 64,988 transcripts were annotated using transcriptome data from five distinct water hyacinth tissues. Compared to the allied species <em>Pontederia cordata</em>, one more whole-genome duplication event occurred approximately 4 Mya. Gene families related to P metabolic pathways have significantly expanded during evolution. Nine of the twenty-two differentially expressed genes between stolons and other tissues were involved in P metabolism, including four genes that encode purple acid phosphatases (PAPs). Under 2.0 P, water hyacinth ramets exhibited a 1.4-fold increase compared to those under 1.0 P during the 40-day culture. Acid phosphatase content in roots significantly increased from 219.42 ± 78.10 U/g under P deficiency stress to 44.89 ± 15.23 U/g under P-sufficient water (p < 0.05). Organic P can restore water hyacinth growth under P deficiency. Subcellular localisation showed that PcPAP19 and PcPAP53 were located in the cell membrane. Thus, PcPAPs play a key role in P regulation during water hyacinth growth. These findings demonstrate how the assembled genome advances understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying P-use efficiency and proliferation in plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 106278"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106266
Hubert Matkowski, Anna Collin, Ewa Sybilska, Izabela Potocka, Agata Daszkowska-Golec
Drought remains a major constraint to crop productivity. The nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), composed of CBP20 and CBP80, regulates pre-mRNA splicing and has been increasingly associated with abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, as suggested by recent studies. Here, we investigated the transcriptomic and physiological impacts of mutations in genes encoding barley nuclear CBC (hvcbp20.ab, hvcbp80.b, and hvcbp20.ab/hvcbp80.b) under drought applied at the booting stage. The mutants exhibited both shared- and mutation-specific adaptations to drought. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that mutation in HvCBP80 significantly reduced transcriptional and splicing activities while inducing the expression of photosynthesis-related genes, resulting in enhanced photosynthetic efficiency under both optimal and drought conditions. Conversely, mutation in HvCBP20 intensified ABA-responsive gene expression and prolonged stress signaling. Physiologically, the hvcbp20.ab mutants displayed increased stomatal conductance despite reduced stomatal density, whereas the hvcbp80.b mutants exhibited decreased conductance under optimal conditions. Despite improved photosynthesis and dehydration avoidance traits, none of the mutations enhanced yield-related parameters under either optimal or drought conditions. Our findings establish that nuclear CBC is a pivotal regulator of drought stress responses and rewatering, capable of reprogramming the transcriptomic landscape to promote enhanced barley resilience.
{"title":"Barley nuclear cap-binding complex subunits, HvCBP20 and HvCBP80, play distinct roles in drought adaptation at reproductive phase of development","authors":"Hubert Matkowski, Anna Collin, Ewa Sybilska, Izabela Potocka, Agata Daszkowska-Golec","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drought remains a major constraint to crop productivity. The nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), composed of CBP20 and CBP80, regulates pre-mRNA splicing and has been increasingly associated with abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, as suggested by recent studies. Here, we investigated the transcriptomic and physiological impacts of mutations in genes encoding barley nuclear CBC (<em>hvcbp20.ab, hvcbp80</em>.<em>b</em>, and <em>hvcbp20.ab/hvcbp80.b</em>) under drought applied at the booting stage. The mutants exhibited both shared- and mutation-specific adaptations to drought. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that mutation in <em>HvCBP80</em> significantly reduced transcriptional and splicing activities while inducing the expression of photosynthesis-related genes, resulting in enhanced photosynthetic efficiency under both optimal and drought conditions. Conversely, mutation in <em>HvCBP20</em> intensified ABA-responsive gene expression and prolonged stress signaling. Physiologically, the <em>hvcbp20.ab</em> mutants displayed increased stomatal conductance despite reduced stomatal density, whereas the <em>hvcbp80.b</em> mutants exhibited decreased conductance under optimal conditions. Despite improved photosynthesis and dehydration avoidance traits, none of the mutations enhanced yield-related parameters under either optimal or drought conditions. Our findings establish that nuclear CBC is a pivotal regulator of drought stress responses and rewatering, capable of reprogramming the transcriptomic landscape to promote enhanced barley resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 106266"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145476006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106282
Shujuan Xue , Kun Li , Heng Zhang , Shican Xu , Yunfeng Dou , Luyao Li , Yuxin Ning , Xiao Wang , Kunpeng Jia , Jose R. Botella , Yuchen Miao
Plant leaf stomata serve as primary conduits for gas exchange while simultaneously mediating immune responses against phyllosphere pathogen infection and colonization. However, the contribution of stomatal responses to interactions between plants and the rhizosphere pathogen Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae) remains poorly understood. Our results show that inoculation of cotton roots with V. dahliae induces rapid stomatal closure preceding pathogen colonization of leaves, which is associated with elevated levels of second messengers including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), cytosolic calcium (Ca²⁺), and nitric oxide (NO). Transcriptomic analyses reveal that hormone signaling pathways predominantly govern stomatal-mediated immunity. Specifically, accumulation of endogenous salicylic acid (SA) promotes stomatal closure in an abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent manner in response to V. dahliae infection. Live imaging indicates that during early infection stages, stomatal opening facilitates increased V. dahliae colonization and disease progression, highlighting the important function of stomatal dynamics and hydraulic regulation in V. dahliae-cotton interactions. Our findings establish a link between stomata and V. dahliae infection, providing a new understanding of stomatal biology in the context of plant-rhizosphere pathogen interactions. Further understanding of the stomatal response to V. dahliae infection may provide new strategies to enhance Verticillium wilt resistance in cotton.
{"title":"Abscisic acid plays a pivotal role in stomatal defense at the early infection of Verticillium dahliae in Gossypium hirsutum","authors":"Shujuan Xue , Kun Li , Heng Zhang , Shican Xu , Yunfeng Dou , Luyao Li , Yuxin Ning , Xiao Wang , Kunpeng Jia , Jose R. Botella , Yuchen Miao","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant leaf stomata serve as primary conduits for gas exchange while simultaneously mediating immune responses against phyllosphere pathogen infection and colonization. However, the contribution of stomatal responses to interactions between plants and the rhizosphere pathogen <em>Verticillium dahliae</em> (<em>V. dahliae</em>) remains poorly understood. Our results show that inoculation of cotton roots with <em>V. dahliae</em> induces rapid stomatal closure preceding pathogen colonization of leaves, which is associated with elevated levels of second messengers including hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), cytosolic calcium (Ca²⁺), and nitric oxide (NO). Transcriptomic analyses reveal that hormone signaling pathways predominantly govern stomatal-mediated immunity. Specifically, accumulation of endogenous salicylic acid (SA) promotes stomatal closure in an abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent manner in response to <em>V. dahliae</em> infection. Live imaging indicates that during early infection stages, stomatal opening facilitates increased <em>V. dahliae</em> colonization and disease progression, highlighting the important function of stomatal dynamics and hydraulic regulation in <em>V. dahliae</em>-cotton interactions. Our findings establish a link between stomata and <em>V. dahliae</em> infection, providing a new understanding of stomatal biology in the context of plant-rhizosphere pathogen interactions. Further understanding of the stomatal response to <em>V. dahliae</em> infection may provide new strategies to enhance <em>Verticillium</em> wilt resistance in cotton.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 106282"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106272
Yuanyuan Guan , Kaige Wang , Yali Wang , Haiyan Hu , Chengwei Li
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial regulatory roles in plant defense against pathogens. Our previous work identified sly-miR1919c as a potential participant in tomato resistance to late blight. In this study, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of mature sly-miR1919c was significantly suppressed in tomato leaves following inoculation with Phytophthora infestans or treatment with salicylic acid, whereas jasmonic acid treatment markedly induced its expression. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the miR1919 family has a limited phylogenetic distribution, being present in only three plant species, with high sequence conservation among mature members. Solyc08g067580 (UNP) was confirmed as the target gene of sly-miR1919c through 5′ RLM-RACE validation. qRT-PCR confirmed that UNP expression was upregulated in P. infestans-infected tomato leaves. The transgenic lines overexpressing sly-miR1919c (OE-miR1919c) exhibited increased susceptibility to late blight, which was associated with reduced UNP expression. Furthermore, silencing UNP via dsRNA-based SIGS demonstrated its function as a positive regulator of tomato resistance to late blight. Moreover, OE-miR1919c plants developed more severe disease symptoms characterized by enlarged necrotic lesions, increased cell death, and elevated accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These plants also exhibited leaf chlorosis and increased lateral branching. The osmotin-like protein (OLP) was identified as the UNP-interacting protein through yeast two-hybrid screening(Y2H) and Luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) assays. RNA-seq analysis revealed that overexpression of sly-miR1919c significantly altered the expression of genes associated with hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathways, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. During P. infestans infection, genes involved in hormone signal transduction and photosynthesis pathways were significantly downregulated in OE-miR1919c plants, and these genes were predominantly enriched in the GO term “response to stimulus”. Taken together, this study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism underlying sly-miR1919c-mediated tomato resistance and highlights its potential as a genetic resource for tomato disease-resistant breeding.
{"title":"Functional identification of sly-miR1919c in tomato resistance to Phytophthora infestans","authors":"Yuanyuan Guan , Kaige Wang , Yali Wang , Haiyan Hu , Chengwei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial regulatory roles in plant defense against pathogens. Our previous work identified sly-miR1919c as a potential participant in tomato resistance to late blight. In this study, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of mature sly-miR1919c was significantly suppressed in tomato leaves following inoculation with <em>Phytophthora infestans</em> or treatment with salicylic acid, whereas jasmonic acid treatment markedly induced its expression. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the miR1919 family has a limited phylogenetic distribution, being present in only three plant species, with high sequence conservation among mature members. <em>Solyc08g067580</em> (<em>UNP</em>) was confirmed as the target gene of sly-miR1919c through 5′ RLM-RACE validation. qRT-PCR confirmed that <em>UNP</em> expression was upregulated in <em>P. infestans</em>-infected tomato leaves. The transgenic lines overexpressing sly-miR1919c (OE-miR1919c) exhibited increased susceptibility to late blight, which was associated with reduced <em>UNP</em> expression. Furthermore, silencing <em>UNP</em> via dsRNA-based SIGS demonstrated its function as a positive regulator of tomato resistance to late blight. Moreover, OE-miR1919c plants developed more severe disease symptoms characterized by enlarged necrotic lesions, increased cell death, and elevated accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These plants also exhibited leaf chlorosis and increased lateral branching. The osmotin-like protein (OLP) was identified as the UNP-interacting protein through yeast two-hybrid screening(Y2H) and Luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) assays. RNA-seq analysis revealed that overexpression of sly-miR1919c significantly altered the expression of genes associated with hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathways, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. During <em>P. infestans</em> infection, genes involved in hormone signal transduction and photosynthesis pathways were significantly downregulated in OE-miR1919c plants, and these genes were predominantly enriched in the GO term “response to stimulus”. Taken together, this study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism underlying sly-miR1919c-mediated tomato resistance and highlights its potential as a genetic resource for tomato disease-resistant breeding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 106272"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145527125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106271
Yunfei Hao , Xiaowen Wang , Jin He , Rama Dhanushkodi , Yinglong Chen , Zhou Li , Xuechun Zhao , Jihui Chen , Xinyao Gu , Chao Chen , Rui Dong
The cultivation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in acidic soils in southern China poses significant challenges, primarily due to two key factors present in soils at low pH: phosphorus (P) deficiency and aluminum (Al) toxicity. This study aimed to assess the morphological and physiological responses of alfalfa roots under conditions of P limitation and low pH. A pot experiment compared the growth and root characteristics of an Al-sensitive cultivar (Longzhong) and anAl -tolerant cultivar (Trifecta) of alfalfa in acidic soil. This was achieved by supplying six P levels (0, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 mg P kg−1 soil) and utilizing two soil types (limestone soil pH 6.01 and yellow soil pH 5.46). Phosphorus application alleviated acid-aluminum stress and enhanced alfalfa growth, but aboveground growth did not further increase when the P supply exceeded 40 mg P kg−1 soil. Trifecta exhibited higher P uptake and P utilization efficiency, along with increased total root length, compared to Longzhong. In both soil types, the two alfalfa cultivars allocated more biomass to the roots to maximize P extraction from the soil. The superior root morphological traits observed in Al-tolerant alfalfa enhanced P uptake and biomass production in acidic soil conditions. The secretion of more oxalate in yellow loam soil is an effective strategy for alfalfa to improve P acquisition. Under the P application of 20 P kg-1, the oxalate secretion of the tolerant and sensitive genotypes was 1.6 times and 2.5 times that of the control. However, excessive application of acidic P fertilizers, such as calcium dihydrogen phosphate, can markedly decrease soil pH, increase the concentration of exchangeable aluminum, and ultimately inhibit plant growth. This suggests that tailoring phosphorus fertilizer application strategies to specific soil acidity can improve fertilizer use efficiency and enhance alfalfa yield and tolerance, not only providing breeding strategies for acid-Al -tolerant alfalfa development but also offering fertilization guidance for alfalfa cultivation in this region.
中国南方酸性土壤中紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）的种植面临着巨大的挑战，主要是由于低pH土壤中存在两个关键因素：磷(P)缺乏和铝（Al）毒性。通过盆栽试验，比较了铝敏感品种“隆中”和耐铝品种“三叶草”在酸性土壤中的生长和根系特征，研究了磷限制和低ph条件下紫花苜蓿根系的形态生理反应。这是通过提供6个磷水平（0、10、20、40、80和120 mg P kg - 1土壤）和利用两种土壤类型（石灰石土壤pH 6.01和黄壤pH 5.46）来实现的。施磷缓解了酸铝胁迫，促进了紫花苜蓿的生长，但当施磷量超过40 mg P kg−1土壤时，地上部生长没有进一步增加。与隆中相比，三叶草具有更高的磷素吸收和磷素利用效率，且总根长增加。在两种土壤类型中，两种苜蓿品种向根系分配了更多生物量，以最大限度地从土壤中提取磷。在酸性土壤条件下，耐铝紫花苜蓿优越的根系形态特征促进了磷的吸收和生物量的产生。黄壤土分泌更多草酸盐是苜蓿提高磷获取的有效策略。施磷量为20 P kg-1时，耐、敏感基因型草酸盐的分泌量分别是对照的1.6倍和2.5倍。然而，过量施用磷酸二氢钙等酸性磷肥会显著降低土壤pH，增加交换性铝的浓度，最终抑制植物生长。由此可见，根据特定土壤酸度调整磷肥施用策略可以提高肥料利用率，提高苜蓿产量和耐受性，不仅为耐酸铝苜蓿的发育提供育种策略，也为该地区苜蓿种植提供施肥指导。
{"title":"Unveiling the impact of phosphorus availability on growth, root morphological and physiological traits of different phosphorus-tolerant alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in acidic soils in the karst region of southwest China","authors":"Yunfei Hao , Xiaowen Wang , Jin He , Rama Dhanushkodi , Yinglong Chen , Zhou Li , Xuechun Zhao , Jihui Chen , Xinyao Gu , Chao Chen , Rui Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cultivation of alfalfa (<em>Medicago sativa</em> L.) in acidic soils in southern China poses significant challenges, primarily due to two key factors present in soils at low pH: phosphorus (P) deficiency and aluminum (Al) toxicity. This study aimed to assess the morphological and physiological responses of alfalfa roots under conditions of P limitation and low pH. A pot experiment compared the growth and root characteristics of an Al-sensitive cultivar (Longzhong) and anAl -tolerant cultivar (Trifecta) of alfalfa in acidic soil. This was achieved by supplying six P levels (0, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 mg P kg<sup>−1</sup> soil) and utilizing two soil types (limestone soil pH 6.01 and yellow soil pH 5.46). Phosphorus application alleviated acid-aluminum stress and enhanced alfalfa growth, but aboveground growth did not further increase when the P supply exceeded 40 mg P kg<sup>−1</sup> soil. Trifecta exhibited higher P uptake and P utilization efficiency, along with increased total root length, compared to Longzhong. In both soil types, the two alfalfa cultivars allocated more biomass to the roots to maximize P extraction from the soil. The superior root morphological traits observed in Al-tolerant alfalfa enhanced P uptake and biomass production in acidic soil conditions. The secretion of more oxalate in yellow loam soil is an effective strategy for alfalfa to improve P acquisition. Under the P application of 20 P kg-1, the oxalate secretion of the tolerant and sensitive genotypes was 1.6 times and 2.5 times that of the control. However, excessive application of acidic P fertilizers, such as calcium dihydrogen phosphate, can markedly decrease soil pH, increase the concentration of exchangeable aluminum, and ultimately inhibit plant growth. This suggests that tailoring phosphorus fertilizer application strategies to specific soil acidity can improve fertilizer use efficiency and enhance alfalfa yield and tolerance, not only providing breeding strategies for acid-Al -tolerant alfalfa development but also offering fertilization guidance for alfalfa cultivation in this region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 106271"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145527126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The polyadenylation machinery plays a critical role in the processing of pre-mRNA into mature mRNA. This process involves a large multiprotein complex that recognizes polyadenylation signals and determines the polyadenylation sites (PASs). The presence of multiple polyadenylation signals within many genes suggests that alternative polyadenylation (APA) mechanism contributes to transcriptome diversity through the production of distinct mRNA isoforms. APA plays a crucial role in plant growth and development, regulates multiple signaling pathways, and modulates responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses. The selection of PASs is regulated by multiple factors, including dysfunction of core polyadenylation machinery components, various stress stimuli, epigenetic modifications, intron splicing, and so on. However, the molecular mechanisms that determine PAS choice in plants are still not fully elucidated. In this review, the classification of PAS switches, biological functions, and regulatory elements of the alterations between two PASs were summarized to explore the underlying mechanisms.
{"title":"Regulation of polyadenylation site choice in plant nuclear mRNA","authors":"Wei Zeng , Xiutao Wang , Qiying Zhou , Shengli Jing","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The polyadenylation machinery plays a critical role in the processing of pre-mRNA into mature mRNA. This process involves a large multiprotein complex that recognizes polyadenylation signals and determines the polyadenylation sites (PASs). The presence of multiple polyadenylation signals within many genes suggests that alternative polyadenylation (APA) mechanism contributes to transcriptome diversity through the production of distinct mRNA isoforms. APA plays a crucial role in plant growth and development, regulates multiple signaling pathways, and modulates responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses. The selection of PASs is regulated by multiple factors, including dysfunction of core polyadenylation machinery components, various stress stimuli, epigenetic modifications, intron splicing, and so on. However, the molecular mechanisms that determine PAS choice in plants are still not fully elucidated. In this review, the classification of PAS switches, biological functions, and regulatory elements of the alterations between two PASs were summarized to explore the underlying mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 106274"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106277
Genmei Chen , Ke Jiang , Chenxu Cai , Rongzhan Guan , Wenbiao Shen
Helium was previously regarded as a biologically inert gas. However, whether or how this by-product of natural gas influences crop physiology remains largely unknown. Here, our hydroponic experiments showed that helium-enriched solution increases NaCl tolerance in rapeseed, as seedling root growth was less inhibited than saline solution alone. Helium addition decreased Na+ to K+ ratio in roots, caused by the enhanced accumulation of K+ (impaired K+ efflux) and reduced accumulation of Na+ (increased Na+ efflux), further confirmed by up-regulating sodium and potassium transporters genes. Consistently, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated lipid peroxidation in roots was remarkably abolished, supported by the stimulation of ascorbate-glutathione cycle and other antioxidant enzymes. Importantly, helium could decrease methylglyoxal accumulation by stimulating glyoxalase enzyme activity. Thus, helium reestablished ion and redox homeostasis to combat NaCl stress, which opens a new window for helium-based biology.
{"title":"Helium-enriched solution enhances rapeseed salinity tolerance via reestablishing ion homeostasis and decreasing methylglyoxal accumulation","authors":"Genmei Chen , Ke Jiang , Chenxu Cai , Rongzhan Guan , Wenbiao Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Helium was previously regarded as a biologically inert gas. However, whether or how this by-product of natural gas influences crop physiology remains largely unknown. Here, our hydroponic experiments showed that helium-enriched solution increases NaCl tolerance in rapeseed, as seedling root growth was less inhibited than saline solution alone. Helium addition decreased Na<sup>+</sup> to K<sup>+</sup> ratio in roots, caused by the enhanced accumulation of K<sup>+</sup> (impaired K<sup>+</sup> efflux) and reduced accumulation of Na<sup>+</sup> (increased Na<sup>+</sup> efflux), further confirmed by up-regulating sodium and potassium transporters genes. Consistently, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated lipid peroxidation in roots was remarkably abolished, supported by the stimulation of ascorbate-glutathione cycle and other antioxidant enzymes. Importantly, helium could decrease methylglyoxal accumulation by stimulating glyoxalase enzyme activity. Thus, helium reestablished ion and redox homeostasis to combat NaCl stress, which opens a new window for helium-based biology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 106277"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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