Energy Storage最新文献

The pressing need for the global transition to sustainable energy requires efficient yet environmentally friendly advanced materials. Bioinspired energy materials, which replicate nature's optimized systems, have great potential to create a platform for solar energy harvesting breakthroughs, energy storage, and catalytic conversion. This review offers a synthesis of the latest developments in biomimetic photovoltaics, battery technologies, and catalytic systems, including their benefits, limitations, and prospects for commercialization. Moth-eye-inspired nanostructures in solar cells have realized 20%–40% enhancements in light absorption over planar surfaces. Bioinspired battery electrodes, with hierarchical porous architectures imitated from wood and coral structures, demonstrate up to 30% enhancement in ion transport and cycle life. Enzyme-mimetic catalysts, especially Ni–Fe hydrogenase analogues, provide hydrogen evolution efficiencies of more than 85%, on par with platinum-based systems but at below 10% of the cost. This review also covers frontier topics like biomimetic thermoelectrics and triboelectric nanogenerators, which have shown up to 30% increased energy conversion efficiency based on nature-mimicking nanostructuring. The uniqueness of this research is that it performs integrative analysis across various energy platforms based on comparative performance, lifecycle assessment, and technological readiness levels. It points to major research lacunas in scaling, stability, and material integration, and suggests routes to fill the laboratory discoveries–industry implementation gap. The originality of this review is in its cross-domain integration, comparative data synthesis, and sustainability-focused analysis of bioinspired energy materials. This review intends to be a go-to resource for understanding sustainable energy technology evolution through bioinspiration.

Solar air heaters (SAHs) are constrained in efficiency and operational duration by the intermittency of solar energy. This study addresses these constraints by investigating the use of phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal storage. However, PCMs are hindered by their low thermal conductivity and integration challenges. In this research, a novel double-fin counterflow SAH was developed using polygonal galvanized iron absorber panels and transverse rectangular fins. The fins were integrated with a phase-change material composed of paraffin wax and iron filings (2 L of paraffin and 50 g of iron filings). Experiments were conducted in Hawija city, Iraq (35.4586°N, 43.8319°E), over 6 consecutive clear days, evaluating setups with and without PCMs under actual environmental conditions. Key parameters, including efficiency, output temperature, and heat gain, were assessed. The results showed that the inclusion of PCM increased the daily thermal efficiency by 15.2% (from 31.04% to 35.75%), extended heat delivery by 5 h after sunset (until 8:00 p.m. compared to 5:00 p.m. without PCM), and reduced the peak outlet temperature by 7.3% (32.9°C vs. 35.5°C at noon). Furthermore, the average daytime temperature was elevated by 28.8% (18.3°C vs. 14.2°C). This study presents an economical solution for solar thermal stabilization, specifically designed for agricultural drying and building heating in sunny regions. The proposed design addresses PCM conductivity limitations and extends SAH operation beyond daylight hours.

This study deals with optimizing solar collector performance, using porous media of glass spheres and metal fibers to compare the effect of each on thermal performance. The research problem stems from the need to improve heat absorption and increase the efficiency of solar energy conversion, given the environmental challenges and high costs of conventional energy. The study was carried out practically through the manufacture and installation of a pneumatic solar collector on the roof of the building of the Renewable Energies Research Unit at the Hawija Technical Institute, where the performance of the two systems was measured using precision instruments. The results showed that the metal fibers absorbed more heat during peak periods; the power gain reached 200 W compared to 190 W when using glass balls, but they lost heat quickly after that. In contrast, glass spheres retained heat for longer periods, resulting in a higher thermal efficiency of 57% compared to 52% for metal fibers. These results indicate that the performance of the solar collector was better when using glass balls due to their ability to store heat for longer periods and reduce energy loss, making them a more efficient and sustainable option in solar heating and ventilation systems. The novelty of this study lies in its direct experimental comparison between two distinct types of porous media—glass balls and metal fibers—under identical conditions, which has not been previously explored in the literature. This comparison offers fresh viewpoints about their relative effectiveness in thermal storage and heat transfer within solar air collectors.

All-solid-state aluminum-ion batteries offer a promising pathway toward safe, low cost, and high-capacity energy storage. This study establishes a novel aluminum–carbon solid-state battery system featuring three synergistically engineered components: a plasma-sprayed Al–Si–Mg–Zn alloy anode modified by phosphoric acid, a porous magnesium silicate-based solid electrolyte, and a sodium-enriched graphite cathode. The aluminum anode, treated with phosphoric acid and annealed at 300°C, forms a partially crystalline AlPO₄ layer that enhances interfacial stability and ion transport, resulting in a specific capacity of 901 mAh g⁻¹—over 2.5 times higher than the untreated aluminum electrode. Similarly, the porous PB electrolyte, fabricated via PVA-assisted casting, demonstrated superior cycle life (> 100 cycles) compared to the dense compressed Ingot-B electrolyte (13 cycles), attributable to improved ion diffusion pathways and mechanical compliance. The sodium phosphate-modified graphite cathode further increased interlayer spacing and facilitated reversible Al³⁺ storage, leading to markedly enhanced capacity and durability. The optimized full-cell configuration (S-Al10SiMgZ(P)/PB/GFN) delivered an initial specific capacity of 6278 mAh g⁻¹ and retained ~200 mAh g⁻¹ after 40 cycles, with a total cycle life exceeding 100 cycles. This work demonstrates, for the first time, the successful integration of plasma-sprayed alloy electrodes with interfacial phosphate engineering and porous ceramic electrolytes into a high-performance solid-state aluminum-ion system, underscoring its potential for next-generation energy storage and practical device integration.

This paper presents the synthesis and electrochemical evaluation of nickel sulfide (NiS₂) nanosheet encapsulated polyaniline (PANI) nanofiber nanocomposites. These nanocomposites, synthesized via chemical reflux at 70°C in varying NiS₂ to PANI mass ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3), are designated as NiP1, NiP2, and NiP3. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data reveal the greater crystallite size of NiP2 which further leads to higher surface area. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that NiP2 is more porous due to well assembled morphology of NiS₂ nanosheets over PANI nanofibers. Among the nanocomposites, the NiP2 variant demonstrates superior electrochemical performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 217.88 F g⁻¹ at a current density of 1 A g⁻¹ in a 2 M KOH electrolyte. Further, enhancing the energy density of supercapacitors for advanced applications, the structure-modulated NiP2 (positive potential electrode) is integrated with functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNT) as the negative potential material, extending the voltage window from 0.65 to 1.4 V. The NiP2//f-CNT supercapacitor displays an energy density of 16 W h kg⁻¹ at a power density of 1318.53 W kg⁻¹, maintaining 90.77% of its initial capacitance after 5000 charge–discharge cycles. These findings highlight the transformative potential of NiS₂/PANI nanocomposites, leveraging the synergistic effects between NiS₂ and PANI to significantly enhance ion transport and charge storage capabilities, thus providing a viable solution to the shortcomings of conventional supercapacitor electrodes.

The MPPT control technique is used to detect maximum power at a specified voltage and current of the PV panel with less energy being dissipated. Both modes of operation, like step-up and step-down, get maximum voltage gain by suppressing unwanted noise, which is undesirable through state-space analysis with the help of small-signal analysis. The proposed topology uses a boost converter to interface PV and the battery. Ripple in the output has been reduced with a coupled inductor, and there is very little oscillation in output power due to the control mechanism. Stress over the four switches is much less, which helps decide the health status of the devices so that they can be used for a longer duration. The proposed converter is simple in design and structure to control the power flow in the circuit from the PV panel to the battery with an appropriate controller like MPPT. The ability of the converter to control power flow in both directions—storing excess PV energy in DC sources and providing electricity from the panels when needed—is described in the abstract. The importance of the converter in maximizing energy use and improving the efficiency of renewable energy systems is emphasized. Furthermore, the significance of critical control techniques for bidirectional operation is highlighted, emphasizing their role in attaining high reliability and efficiency.

Rechargeable Li-ion batteries are key energy sources for electronics, vehicles, and large-scale grid applications. Recently, Na- and K-ion batteries have emerged as safer and cost-effective alternatives. For large-scale implementation, it is essential to develop efficient electrode materials and gain deeper insights into their mechanisms to enhance capacity and energy density. The quinone-hydroquinone redox couple is extensively used as an electrode material in metal ion batteries. The redox and protonated states of quinones also facilitate electron and proton transfer in natural energy harvesting processes like photosynthesis. The present study investigates the interaction energies of the redox and metallated states of quinone as well as their electrochemical responses to the binding of Li⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ ions, using 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) model system along with corresponding metallic forms. The molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) topographical features are used to explore the binding characteristics of reduced and metallated states of BQ (BQS). Binding energies of the complexes of BQS with Li/Na/K metals and ions are computed using B3LYP/6–311+G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT). The reduction of BQ to BQ^•– and BQ²⁻ is found to significantly enhance its binding affinity toward Li⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ ions relative to the neutral BQ form. The observed trend in the BQS interactions, diminishing from Li⁺ to Na⁺ to K⁺, reflects a decrease in binding affinity with the increase in metal ion radius. The nature of interactions of BQS···M⁺ complexes is analyzed by applying Bader's quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). The study reveals distinct BQS behavior with the metals/ions, offering insights into the potential of quinones as electrode material in ion batteries.

This paper examines artificial intelligence and blockchain applications for optimizing energy in multi-energy microgrids. It begins with historical energy context and the need for efficient microgrid solutions. The study reviews different energy resources and their conversion processes, followed by an in-depth review of the advanced energy storage systems, including battery, supercapacitor, superconducting magnetic, fuel cell, flywheel, and hybrid energy storage systems. Control of microgrid systems is analyzed for centralized, decentralized, distributed, hierarchical, and predictive controls, discussing their advantages and limitations. Modern control strategies based on artificial intelligence and blockchain are critically reviewed and compared. Artificial intelligence used in microgrid (MG) is discussed in detail, which improves scalability, resilience, and efficiency. Machine learning techniques employed in MG are discussed which enhance the accuracy of predictions in terms of energy distribution, demand, and stability. Finally, around 125 research publications on the subject are also appended for quick reference.

Thermal management of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) faces challenges in ensuring optimal performance, safety, and lifespan due to excessive heat generation during high power discharging cycles. Recently, nano-enhanced phase change materials have been considered as sustainable passive cooling techniques to enhance the LIBs' performance. Unlike previous studies that focused on single or binary filler systems, this work introduces a novel multicomponent composite phase change material (CPCM) by incorporating varying loadings of expanded graphite (EG), hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNSs), MXene (Ti₃C₂T_x), and epoxy resin (ER) into the matrix of paraffin wax/polyethylene glycol/lauric acid to synergistically enhance thermal performance. Three different CPCM samples (CPCM 1, CPCM 2, and CPCM 3) are synthesized and characterized by XRD, FTIR, and SEM. Thermal properties are evaluated by DSC and TGA. Among all, CPCM 1 results in a maximum latent heat of 153.28 J/g and thermal conductivity of 1.26 W/m K in addition to superior antileakage performance. Additionally, CPCM 1 is applied to a 4S6P LIB module and tested under 1C, 2C, and 3C discharge rates. At 3C, the peak temperature remained within the safe threshold of 50°C with a temperature variation of just 1.91°C between the cells. The battery module retained a capacity of 1207.56 mAh over 50 discharge cycles. The results highlight the potential of the developed CPCM as an effective, lightweight, and energy-efficient passive cooling solution for next-generation LIB thermal management systems.