Energy Storage最新文献

This paper presents the synthesis and electrochemical evaluation of nickel sulfide (NiS₂) nanosheet encapsulated polyaniline (PANI) nanofiber nanocomposites. These nanocomposites, synthesized via chemical reflux at 70°C in varying NiS₂ to PANI mass ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3), are designated as NiP1, NiP2, and NiP3. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data reveal the greater crystallite size of NiP2 which further leads to higher surface area. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that NiP2 is more porous due to well assembled morphology of NiS₂ nanosheets over PANI nanofibers. Among the nanocomposites, the NiP2 variant demonstrates superior electrochemical performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 217.88 F g⁻¹ at a current density of 1 A g⁻¹ in a 2 M KOH electrolyte. Further, enhancing the energy density of supercapacitors for advanced applications, the structure-modulated NiP2 (positive potential electrode) is integrated with functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNT) as the negative potential material, extending the voltage window from 0.65 to 1.4 V. The NiP2//f-CNT supercapacitor displays an energy density of 16 W h kg⁻¹ at a power density of 1318.53 W kg⁻¹, maintaining 90.77% of its initial capacitance after 5000 charge–discharge cycles. These findings highlight the transformative potential of NiS₂/PANI nanocomposites, leveraging the synergistic effects between NiS₂ and PANI to significantly enhance ion transport and charge storage capabilities, thus providing a viable solution to the shortcomings of conventional supercapacitor electrodes.

The MPPT control technique is used to detect maximum power at a specified voltage and current of the PV panel with less energy being dissipated. Both modes of operation, like step-up and step-down, get maximum voltage gain by suppressing unwanted noise, which is undesirable through state-space analysis with the help of small-signal analysis. The proposed topology uses a boost converter to interface PV and the battery. Ripple in the output has been reduced with a coupled inductor, and there is very little oscillation in output power due to the control mechanism. Stress over the four switches is much less, which helps decide the health status of the devices so that they can be used for a longer duration. The proposed converter is simple in design and structure to control the power flow in the circuit from the PV panel to the battery with an appropriate controller like MPPT. The ability of the converter to control power flow in both directions—storing excess PV energy in DC sources and providing electricity from the panels when needed—is described in the abstract. The importance of the converter in maximizing energy use and improving the efficiency of renewable energy systems is emphasized. Furthermore, the significance of critical control techniques for bidirectional operation is highlighted, emphasizing their role in attaining high reliability and efficiency.

Rechargeable Li-ion batteries are key energy sources for electronics, vehicles, and large-scale grid applications. Recently, Na- and K-ion batteries have emerged as safer and cost-effective alternatives. For large-scale implementation, it is essential to develop efficient electrode materials and gain deeper insights into their mechanisms to enhance capacity and energy density. The quinone-hydroquinone redox couple is extensively used as an electrode material in metal ion batteries. The redox and protonated states of quinones also facilitate electron and proton transfer in natural energy harvesting processes like photosynthesis. The present study investigates the interaction energies of the redox and metallated states of quinone as well as their electrochemical responses to the binding of Li⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ ions, using 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) model system along with corresponding metallic forms. The molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) topographical features are used to explore the binding characteristics of reduced and metallated states of BQ (BQS). Binding energies of the complexes of BQS with Li/Na/K metals and ions are computed using B3LYP/6–311+G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT). The reduction of BQ to BQ^•– and BQ²⁻ is found to significantly enhance its binding affinity toward Li⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ ions relative to the neutral BQ form. The observed trend in the BQS interactions, diminishing from Li⁺ to Na⁺ to K⁺, reflects a decrease in binding affinity with the increase in metal ion radius. The nature of interactions of BQS···M⁺ complexes is analyzed by applying Bader's quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). The study reveals distinct BQS behavior with the metals/ions, offering insights into the potential of quinones as electrode material in ion batteries.

This paper examines artificial intelligence and blockchain applications for optimizing energy in multi-energy microgrids. It begins with historical energy context and the need for efficient microgrid solutions. The study reviews different energy resources and their conversion processes, followed by an in-depth review of the advanced energy storage systems, including battery, supercapacitor, superconducting magnetic, fuel cell, flywheel, and hybrid energy storage systems. Control of microgrid systems is analyzed for centralized, decentralized, distributed, hierarchical, and predictive controls, discussing their advantages and limitations. Modern control strategies based on artificial intelligence and blockchain are critically reviewed and compared. Artificial intelligence used in microgrid (MG) is discussed in detail, which improves scalability, resilience, and efficiency. Machine learning techniques employed in MG are discussed which enhance the accuracy of predictions in terms of energy distribution, demand, and stability. Finally, around 125 research publications on the subject are also appended for quick reference.

Thermal management of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) faces challenges in ensuring optimal performance, safety, and lifespan due to excessive heat generation during high power discharging cycles. Recently, nano-enhanced phase change materials have been considered as sustainable passive cooling techniques to enhance the LIBs' performance. Unlike previous studies that focused on single or binary filler systems, this work introduces a novel multicomponent composite phase change material (CPCM) by incorporating varying loadings of expanded graphite (EG), hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNSs), MXene (Ti₃C₂T_x), and epoxy resin (ER) into the matrix of paraffin wax/polyethylene glycol/lauric acid to synergistically enhance thermal performance. Three different CPCM samples (CPCM 1, CPCM 2, and CPCM 3) are synthesized and characterized by XRD, FTIR, and SEM. Thermal properties are evaluated by DSC and TGA. Among all, CPCM 1 results in a maximum latent heat of 153.28 J/g and thermal conductivity of 1.26 W/m K in addition to superior antileakage performance. Additionally, CPCM 1 is applied to a 4S6P LIB module and tested under 1C, 2C, and 3C discharge rates. At 3C, the peak temperature remained within the safe threshold of 50°C with a temperature variation of just 1.91°C between the cells. The battery module retained a capacity of 1207.56 mAh over 50 discharge cycles. The results highlight the potential of the developed CPCM as an effective, lightweight, and energy-efficient passive cooling solution for next-generation LIB thermal management systems.

Underwater Compressed Air Energy Storage (UWCAES) offers a scalable solution for storing intermittent renewable energy. It has high volumetric energy density, does not require cushion gas, provides flexible offshore sites, and requires minimal onshore land use. To date, field-scale validation of such systems in real marine environments, especially at practical depths (> 30 m), remains limited. To address this gap, we present the first field trial of a rigid-tank UWCAES system deployed at depths of 30–70 m in the Red Sea. The system comprises a 294 L rigid PVC tank with an open bottom designed for air–seawater displacement during repeated charging and discharging cycles. Real-time measurements of pressure, temperature, and flow rate were conducted across different outlet nozzle configurations and storage depths. Experimental results demonstrated stable system operation and effective energy delivery. During discharge, the volumetric flow rate remained nearly constant, indicating consistent power output. Increased storage depth led to higher flow rates, highlighting the role of hydrostatic pressure in enhancing system performance. Despite the expected cooling from adiabatic expansion, the compressed air temperature along the submerged hose sections remained close to the local seawater temperature and increased further in the above-water sections. This temperature profile suggested passive thermal buffering from the surrounding seawater and additional warming from ambient air exposure near the outlet. These findings provide new empirical insights into the thermal dynamics, operational stability, and offshore deployment feasibility of UWCAES systems at practical depths.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly advanced as a next-generation photovoltaic technology due to their high efficiency and flexible fabrication routes; however, the reliance on lead-based absorbers raises concerns regarding toxicity and long-term stability. This study introduces La_0.5Ce_0.5Co_0.9Zn_0.1O₃ (LCCZO), a double perovskite oxide, as a lead-free, stable absorber candidate for eco-friendly PSCs. First-principles calculations validate its crystallographic stability and predict a direct bandgap of ~1.8 eV, suitable for efficient visible-light absorption. Optical analysis reveals strong absorption and favorable dielectric properties, supporting low exciton binding and effective charge separation. Device simulations using SCAPS-1D integrating TiO₂ and NiO as transport layers demonstrate optimal performance upon tuning absorber thickness, carrier density, and defect levels. A maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.41% is achieved, with an open-circuit voltage (V_oc) of 1.42 V, short-circuit current density (J_sc) of 18.56 mA cm⁻², and fill factor (FF) of 88.92%. The device exhibits robust tolerance to bulk and interfacial defects, attributed to favorable band offsets and intrinsic defect chemistry. A machine learning model trained on simulated datasets accelerates performance prediction across parameter regimes, achieving ~82.5% accuracy and reducing computation time significantly. These results position LCCZO as a promising lead-free absorber and highlight the synergy of computational design and machine learning for sustainable solar energy development.

Doping ZnFe₂O₄ with Magnesium (Mg) and Manganese (Mn) promotes beneficial defects by tuning the bandgap and enhances the electronic conductivity, along with improvement in the electrochemical performance. Incorporating these dopants optimizes the crystal structure and provides additional active sites, leading to a superior rate capability and improved charge storage capacity compared to pristine ZnFe₂O₄ for the supercapacitors (SCs). Zn_(1−x)Mg_xFe_(2−x)Mn_xO₄ (ZMFMO), with x = 0.00, 0.05, and 0.10, was synthesized using the sol–gel autocombustion technique and confirmed with the physical characterizations, including the detailed X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and UV–visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) isotherms were analyzed, which show the impact of doping on the surface area. The electrochemical performance of the prepared symmetric coin cell and three-electrode system was explored using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charging and discharging (GCD) studies. The three-electrode characterization suggests high specific capacitance (C_sp) of 121.5, 130.2, and 162.5 F g⁻¹ for ZMFMO_00, ZMFMO_05, and ZMFMO_10, respectively, while the C_sp was found to be 34.8, 36.4, and 47.3 F g⁻¹ at 1 mV s⁻¹ for ZMFMO_00, ZMFMO_05, and ZMFMO_10 in symmetric coin cells, respectively. It also shows excellent charge–discharge characteristics with a 23.9, 28.6, and 43.6 s discharging time for ZMFMO_00, ZMFMO_05, and ZMFMO_10, respectively, at 392 mA g⁻¹. It illustrates the energy and power density 5.01, 5.08, 8.19 Wh kg⁻¹ and 29.52, 28.09, 28.11 W kg⁻¹ at 39 mA g⁻¹ for ZMFMO_00, ZMFMO_05, and ZMFMO_10 symmetric coin cell devices, respectively. Ex situ XRD analysis was performed to check the electrode stability after long-term cycling. The results indicated that the developed doped nanomaterial exhibits excellent charge storage characteristics, followed by an LED light demonstration.

The rationale for designing cathode material for a high-performance lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery, which offers high-rate capability and stability for energy storage applications, has been adopted in this work. Sodium carbonate solution was utilized as a catalyst to prepare porous carbon aerogels from resorcinol and formaldehyde via freeze-drying and carbonization at 800°C in an N₂ atmosphere. The synthesized materials were used as a composite with sulfur to fabricate electrodes for Li-S batteries. The prepared carbon/sulfur composite (HG-40%) delivered an initial capacity of 1510 mAh/g at 0.25 C with a very high level of reversibility. The cycling tests showed very good stability at 1 C, maintaining a discharge specific capacity of about 71% of the initially recorded value (from 639 to 455 mAh/g) after 500 cycles. These performances can be attributed to the improvement in accommodating more active species, resulting in a shorter ionic path within the aerogel-based carbon matrix. This research opens a new avenue for synthesizing and fabricating cathode materials for high-performance Li-S batteries, benefiting the electrochemical industry.