Energy Storage最新文献

The continuous growth in global population is driving a substantial increase in electricity demand, resulting in higher fuel consumption and worsening environmental degradation. As a sustainable alternative, electric vehicles (EVs) have gained prominence due to their potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and their lower operating and maintenance costs compared to internal combustion engine vehicles. However, the widespread integration of EVs introduces new challenges for microgrid (MG) operations, particularly in terms of operational optimization and grid stability. This paper investigates the impact of EV charging behavior and regulation on the optimal operation of MGs, focusing on minimizing both operational and environmental protection costs. The analysis considers dynamic conditions, including high penetration levels of EVs charging simultaneously, which may compromise MG performance. A MATLAB-based optimization framework was developed to evaluate the economic distribution of power within the MG, incorporating two critical factors: the scheduling of EV charging and the implementation of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. The results underscore the importance of coordinated charging strategies in improving the cost-effectiveness and reliability of MG operations under increasing EV integration. The novelty of this work lies in the integration of EV charging/discharging schedules with V2G impact in a unified optimization model, providing actionable insights for MG operators and highlighting the dual role of EVs as both loads and distributed energy resources.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the rechargeable battery market for over two decades, serving as a hub of extensive research and development that has resulted in numerous breakthroughs and innovations. The global demand for LIBs has increased due to their extensive use in portable electronic devices (such as phones, laptops, and watches), hybrid and electric vehicles, and power grid storage systems, with a CAGR of 17% and a global value of around 93.1 billion USD, expected to increase over the course of the years. This growing demand has driven researchers to explore various arrangements and configurations of energy storage materials to enhance the efficiency, capacity, size, and stacking capabilities of LIBs, leading to commercially available LIBs with specific energies ranging from 150 to 300 Wh/kg, and up to 700 Wh/kg for experimental prototypes. However, as the world focuses on sustainability, it is critical to examine the sustainability of LIBs and their disposal. This review aims to compile and analyze the technological advancements and innovations to improve the overall performance and operational conditions of LIBs, while pursuing to assess the environmental and social impacts of LIB minerals' mining, production, and disposal, by exploring necessary interventions from the modern slavery statement at the upstream level, to the e-waste management or recycling processes (hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, etc.) downstream. This review also serves as a comprehensive overview of the current state of LIBs, recent developments, especially in the domain of biopolymer-derived electrolytes and self-healing mechanisms (intrinsic and extrinsic), and the LIBs management system (BMS), which is helpful to produce cleaner and safer energy storage systems, allowing LIB technology to achieve sustainability targets.

Addressing the issue of excessive computational cost in Kalman filter algorithms for state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) estimation in battery energy storage systems based on equivalent circuit models, this paper introduces a novel approach. The proposed method integrates a reference difference model with Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KAN) to achieve rapid and cost-effective SOC and SOH estimation for energy storage batteries. By employing a dual adaptive extended Kalman filter (DAEKF) algorithm and constructing a reference difference model, the computational burden of the Kalman filter algorithm decreases. Simultaneously, this methodology estimates battery voltage and SOC, while also determining battery parameters and capacity, thereby enabling joint estimation of SOC and SOH. Furthermore, the approach incorporates KAN to establish a voltage difference compensation mechanism, effectively correcting voltage errors caused by the difference model's neglect of polarization voltage differences and enhancing the accuracy of SOH estimation. The efficacy of this method is validated through testing on three datasets(University of Aachen, NASA random walk, and University of Wisconsin-Madison). The results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly reduces computational burden compared to the first-order RC circuit model and achieves superior SOH estimation performance after KAN compensation, thus providing a feasible technical approach for real-time state monitoring of large-scale energy storage power stations.

Non-Pluronic rubber-based block copolymers (BCPs), such as polystyrene-b-polybutadiene-b-polystyrene (SBS), offer several advantages for mesoporous carbon (MC) fabrication, including larger micelle sizes, higher carbon content, improved thermal stability, and a higher glass transition temperature compared to traditional Pluronic BCPs. However, the lack of hydrophilic groups in SBS hinders its direct use in MC synthesis due to poor affinity with carbon precursors. In this study, we demonstrate that ozone treatment of SBS introduces polar carboxylate groups, enhancing the interaction between the BCP template and carbon precursors during MC fabrication via solvent evaporation-induced self-assembly. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that MC materials derived from the ozone-treated template (CSBS-O₃ and ACSBS-O₃) exhibit smaller particle sizes compared to those from the untreated template (CSBS and ACSBS). Subsequent KOH activation of CSBS-O₃ yields ACSBS-O₃, which features a high surface area of 859 m² g⁻¹ and a pore volume of 0.268 cm³ g⁻¹. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that ACSBS-O₃ exhibits a steeper slope (2.52) in the Nyquist plot at intermediate frequencies than ACSBS (1.02), indicating more efficient charge storage via electric double-layer formation. The Bode plot displays a higher phase angle at low frequencies for ACSBS-O₃, reflecting improved capacitive behavior. Cyclic voltammetry results show that ACSBS-O₃ achieves a specific capacitance of 300 ± 7.1 F g⁻¹ at 5 mV s⁻¹, which is attributed to its enhanced surface area and optimized pore structure. Overall, this study demonstrates that ozone treatment of a non-Pluronic SBS BCP template, combined with chemical activation, is an effective strategy for fabricating high-performance MC materials with promising applications in energy storage devices.

A major challenge in electric public transport is the loss of kinetic energy during dynamic braking, which reduces overall energy efficiency and increases operational costs. This study addresses the challenge of dynamic braking energy losses by employing a Supercapacitor Energy Storage System (SESS) capable of recovering and reusing braking energy. Supercapacitors (SCs) are employed to significantly enhance the power performance of Electric Vehicles (EVs), including trolleybuses and tramways. This study investigates the modeling, optimization, and thermal analysis of SESS. A detailed dynamic model of the trolleybus traction system is developed using the PSIM (Power Simulation) environment. The model emphasizes key components such as Induction Motors (IMs), power converters, controllers, and supercapacitors to accurately represent both electrical and thermal behavior. Various control strategies ranging from scalar constant Voltage-to-Frequency (V/f) to variable frequency approaches are explored to optimize the capture and utilization of braking energy. The sizing of the SESS is optimized by considering the vehicle's kinetic energy and the operational parameters of the supercapacitors. The supercapacitor's nonlinear electrical behavior and temperature sensitivity are characterized experimentally, providing critical data to establish the electrothermal model. The evaluation of the system, including its power electronics, demonstrates that it operates within safe thermal limits without the need for auxiliary cooling mechanisms. The integration of supercapacitors not only improves energy efficiency and extends vehicle range but also ensures the thermal stability of the storage system, as confirmed by simulation results. This study highlights the importance of accurate electrothermal modeling for reliable system operation and provides essential design insights for electric vehicle braking systems. Ultimately, the work contributes to enhancing energy recovery and management in trolleybuses, supporting the development of more sustainable public transportation systems.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), one of the most widely produced synthetic polymers, has recently captured attention as a versatile precursor of carbon for energy storage applications. The transformation of PVC waste into functional carbon materials not only mitigates environmental concerns associated with plastic pollution but also provides a sustainable route for the development of advanced electrode materials. In this context, dechlorination strategies, temperature, and the use of activating agents are critical to controlling the carbonization process to obtain high-quality carbon materials while minimizing the release of HCl and other by-products. These parameters critically influence the structure, porosity, and electrochemical performance of the resulting carbons. Therefore, this review summarizes the latest advancements in PVC-derived carbons, highlighting their application in supercapacitors and batteries (Li⁺-ion, Na⁺-ion, and K⁺-ion), and further discusses existing challenges and emerging opportunities for their integration into next-generation energy storage technologies.

Phase change materials (PCMs) have garnered significant attention in thermal storage owing to their high latent heat, near-constant phase transition temperature, and negligible volumetric change during phase transition. However, their inherent disadvantages, such as leakage during melting, low thermal conductivity, poor photothermal response, and electrical insulation, have considerably limited their practical application in solar energy utilization and electrothermal conversion systems. In this study, we propose for the first time the design and fabrication of a lightweight biomass-derived carbon aerogel (CKA) with a highly porous structure and superior light absorption, prepared via controlled carbonization process using natural kapok fibers (KF) with sodium silicate as the structural binder. The resultant CKA was employed as the encapsulation of myristic acid-palmitic acid (MA-PA) binary PCM by a vacuum impregnation method. The obtained CKA/MA-PA composite PCMs (CMPPs) exhibit excellent form stability, enhanced thermal properties, and high energy storage density. These results show that the unique three-dimensional network structure of CKA enables a high PCM loading ratio (> 80%) and outstanding thermal cycling reliability. The carbonized structure forms continuous heat conduction pathways, yielding a thermal conductivity of 1.676 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, which is 3.37 times higher than that of the noncarbonized samples (KMPP). Moreover, CMPPs demonstrate a high enthalpy of phase change (165.7–166.2 J/g) and significantly improved photo/electro-to-thermal conversion performance. The design offers a novel biomass-carbonization-based strategy for developing high-performance composite PCMs, which show great potential for applications in solar energy storage and building energy efficiency.

Incorporating energy aggregators is essential for reducing the strain placed on the system by coordinating Electric Vehicle (EV) charging activities. As EV adoption accelerates, their charging demand, particularly under Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) operations, significantly alters the system's load profile. A Time-of-Use (TOU) tariff plan is used to alleviate the problems caused by peak demand and decrease the peak-to-valley load differential, promoting more balanced energy consumption patterns. To enable bidirectional power flow in Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) applications, to enable energy exchange between EVs and the grid, certain chargers are needed, thereby providing economic incentives to users. In this work, a comprehensive bidirectional EV charging model is developed using the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The model comprises a DC-DC bidirectional converter, an AC-DC front-end, and an LCL filter, all configured for a Level 2 charger that supports a 32A bidirectional current. The Proportional-Integral (PI) controller, on which the control strategy is based, has its settings improved by a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to improve system performance. An evaluation of previous research informs the TOU tariff structure used for cost analysis. Simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed GA-based optimization framework in minimizing operational costs during both V2G and G2V modes, while considering the charger's power rating and dynamic pricing signals.

This research involved the synthesis and systematic evaluation of a series of ternary nanocomposites made from polypyrrole (PPY), sulphonated carbon quantum dots (CQDs), and yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) as advanced electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors. The combination of CQDs and Y₂O₃ within the conductive PPY matrix resulted in a synergistic enhancement of electrochemical properties, featuring excellent electrical conductivity, numerous redox-active sites, and superior structural stability. Among all formulations, the 0.4 PCY(PPY, sulphonated CQDs, and Y₂O₃) composite demonstrated the highest specific capacitance of 894.3 F/g at a rate of 2 mV/s, surpassing pure PPY (493.3 F/g), CQDs (128.2 F/g), and Y₂O₃ (398.2 F/g). This significant enhancement is attributed to the optimized charge transfer pathways facilitated by CQDs and the strong pseudocapacitive effect of Y₂O₃, which promote efficient ion diffusion and electron transport. Galvanostatic charge–discharge tests further validated the exceptional performance of 0.4 PCY, which achieved a specific capacitance of 860.16 F/g at 1 A/g, maintaining 42% (361.79 F/g) even at 5 A/g. The electrode reached an impressive energy density of 119.4 Wh/kg and a corresponding power density of 2022.5 W/kg, exhibiting remarkable cycling stability with 98.1% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles. These findings illustrate the high reversibility and durability of the composite. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device constructed with 0.4 PCY as the positive electrode successfully powered a 1 V Light-emitting diode (LED) for 4.43 min following a 10-min charge at 3 V, demonstrating its practical applicability. In summary, the study emphasizes the 0.4 PCY nanocomposite as a promising and efficient electrode material for future flexible and high-energy-density supercapacitor systems.