Quan Qin, Gui-Xiang Liu, Ji-Chong Wu, Wei-Xing Sun, Shuangquan Liao
Diolefin elastomers play an important role in production and life, but their unsaturated structure leads to extreme vulnerability to heat and oxygen attack, so research into the aging of diolefin elastomers has been a hot spot in the industry. To overcome this limitation, a strategy based on the thermal decomposition of 1,1′-Azobis(cyclohexanezonitrile) (Azo) is devised, which forms stabilized compounds with imine groups during the heat process and captures radical. The diolefin elastomer was combined with azo, and isoprene rubber (IR) is chosen as a model material. Azo was added to IR to prepare the composite material (IR-Azo), and the thermo-oxidative resistance of the composite was significantly improved. Such as, after being exposed to thermo-oxidative conditions for 24 h, IR-Azo showed a tensile strength of 14.96 MPa with a retention rate of 68.25% which exceeded that of many traditional antioxidants. This study provides new insights into the development of elastomers with excellent thermo-oxidative resistance.
二烯烃弹性体在生产和生活中发挥着重要作用，但其不饱和结构导致极易受到热量和氧气的侵蚀，因此二烯烃弹性体的老化研究一直是业界的热点。为了克服这一局限性，我们设计了一种基于 1,1′-偶氮双（环己烷腈）（Azo）热分解的策略，在加热过程中形成带有亚胺基团的稳定化合物，并捕获自由基。将二烯烃弹性体与偶氮结合，并选择异戊二烯橡胶（IR）作为模型材料。将偶氮添加到 IR 中制备出复合材料（IR-偶氮），该复合材料的耐热氧化性显著提高。例如，在热氧化条件下暴露 24 小时后，IR-Azo 的拉伸强度达到 14.96 兆帕，保持率为 68.25%，超过了许多传统抗氧化剂。这项研究为开发具有优异抗热氧化性能的弹性体提供了新的思路。
{"title":"Influence of 1,1′-Azobis(cyclohexanezonitrile) on the thermo-oxidative aging performance of diolefin elastomers","authors":"Quan Qin, Gui-Xiang Liu, Ji-Chong Wu, Wei-Xing Sun, Shuangquan Liao","doi":"10.1515/epoly-2024-0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2024-0058","url":null,"abstract":"Diolefin elastomers play an important role in production and life, but their unsaturated structure leads to extreme vulnerability to heat and oxygen attack, so research into the aging of diolefin elastomers has been a hot spot in the industry. To overcome this limitation, a strategy based on the thermal decomposition of 1,1′-Azobis(cyclohexanezonitrile) (Azo) is devised, which forms stabilized compounds with imine groups during the heat process and captures radical. The diolefin elastomer was combined with azo, and isoprene rubber (IR) is chosen as a model material. Azo was added to IR to prepare the composite material (IR-Azo), and the thermo-oxidative resistance of the composite was significantly improved. Such as, after being exposed to thermo-oxidative conditions for 24 h, IR-Azo showed a tensile strength of 14.96 MPa with a retention rate of 68.25% which exceeded that of many traditional antioxidants. This study provides new insights into the development of elastomers with excellent thermo-oxidative resistance.","PeriodicalId":11806,"journal":{"name":"e-Polymers","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142264962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multi-stage plugging represents a promising strategy for enhancing production and injection rates in medium-and low-permeability oilfields. Despite its potential, the efficacy of current plugging agents, particularly hydrophobically bonded water-soluble polyacrylamide-based gel microspheres, is hindered by notable drawbacks such as low stability and inadequate compressive strength. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of water plugging mechanisms coupled with the optimization of gel microsphere properties is essential for advancing the development of gel-based plugging agents with superior characteristics or intelligent regulatory capabilities. The P(AA-AM-[PrSO3]Vim) ionic liquid copolymerized gel particles were designed and synthesized by using microfluidic technique and titration gel method with AM, acrylic acid (AA), 1-vinylimidazole (Vim) and 1,3-propylsulfonyl lactone (PrSO3) as the raw materials. The morphology and structure of the copolymer gel particles were characterized, and the effects of [PrSO3]Vim and cross-linker content on the water-absorbing properties and strength of the gel particles were investigated. When the amount of [PrSO3]Vim was 12%, the concentration of crosslinker was 1.5%, and the temperature was 40°C, the water absorption capacity reached the maximum value of 163 g·g−1. The strength of the P(AA–AM–[PrSO3]Vim) spherical gel particles was maximized at a [PrSO3]Vim content of 4%. Furthermore, the chemical and physical roles of the P(AA–AM–[PrSO3]Vim) spherical gel particles were studied in a typical water-plugging environment. This study provides experimental data and a theoretical basis for the application of functional spherical gel-plugging particles in current oilfield environments.
{"title":"Design, synthesis, and characterization of novel copolymer gel particles for water-plugging applications","authors":"Ding-Jun Zhang, Mei-Ju Zhang, Zhan-Dong Luo, Sheng-Xiang Zhang","doi":"10.1515/epoly-2024-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2024-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-stage plugging represents a promising strategy for enhancing production and injection rates in medium-and low-permeability oilfields. Despite its potential, the efficacy of current plugging agents, particularly hydrophobically bonded water-soluble polyacrylamide-based gel microspheres, is hindered by notable drawbacks such as low stability and inadequate compressive strength. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of water plugging mechanisms coupled with the optimization of gel microsphere properties is essential for advancing the development of gel-based plugging agents with superior characteristics or intelligent regulatory capabilities. The P(AA-AM-[PrSO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>]Vim) ionic liquid copolymerized gel particles were designed and synthesized by using microfluidic technique and titration gel method with AM, acrylic acid (AA), 1-vinylimidazole (Vim) and 1,3-propylsulfonyl lactone (PrSO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>) as the raw materials. The morphology and structure of the copolymer gel particles were characterized, and the effects of [PrSO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>]Vim and cross-linker content on the water-absorbing properties and strength of the gel particles were investigated. When the amount of [PrSO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>]Vim was 12%, the concentration of crosslinker was 1.5%, and the temperature was 40°C, the water absorption capacity reached the maximum value of 163 g·g<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>. The strength of the P(AA–AM–[PrSO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>]Vim) spherical gel particles was maximized at a [PrSO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>]Vim content of 4%. Furthermore, the chemical and physical roles of the P(AA–AM–[PrSO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>]Vim) spherical gel particles were studied in a typical water-plugging environment. This study provides experimental data and a theoretical basis for the application of functional spherical gel-plugging particles in current oilfield environments.","PeriodicalId":11806,"journal":{"name":"e-Polymers","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142264961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) has seen extensive exploitation in the research areas for the processing of fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPCs). Existing reviews on AM have recommended either sustainable production methods or have introduced new processing methodologies. A relationship between materials used, manufacturing processes, process parameters, and their properties is essential in any manufacturing process. Accordingly, this review focuses on the manufacturing of FRPCs in relation to process parameters and properties of the polymer composites. Various studies dealt with the lightweight materials and parts that were manufactured through AM and which could retain the mechanical and other properties without compromising the strength and weight of the final product. The technologies involved in the major AM processes and the constituents used for the fabrication of FRPC parts, their advantages, and drawbacks are also deliberated. This review combines the material selection for AM technologies along with the choice of proper AM technique for printing FRPCs. This review further illustrates the recent research and technology that aims at embracing FRPCs into a circular economy. In summary, this review opens the door for new opportunities and for meeting challenges in the manufacturing of FRPCs by AM methodologies.
近年来，增材制造（AM）在纤维增强聚合物复合材料（FRPCs）加工研究领域得到了广泛应用。现有的有关 AM 的综述要么推荐了可持续的生产方法，要么介绍了新的加工方法。在任何制造工艺中，所用材料、制造工艺、工艺参数及其特性之间的关系都是至关重要的。因此，本综述重点关注 FRPC 的制造与工艺参数和聚合物复合材料性能之间的关系。各种研究涉及通过 AM 制造的轻质材料和部件，这些材料和部件可以在不影响最终产品的强度和重量的情况下保持机械和其他性能。此外，还讨论了主要 AM 工艺所涉及的技术、用于制造 FRPC 部件的成分、其优点和缺点。本综述结合了 AM 技术的材料选择以及打印 FRPC 的适当 AM 技术的选择。本综述进一步说明了旨在将 FRPC 纳入循环经济的最新研究和技术。总之，本综述为利用 AM 方法制造 FRPC 提供了新的机遇，并为应对挑战打开了大门。
{"title":"Additive manufacturing (3D printing) technologies for fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials: A review on fabrication methods and process parameters","authors":"Manickam Ramesh, Kanakaraj Niranjana, Ramasamy Bhoopathi, Lakshminarasimhan Rajeshkumar","doi":"10.1515/epoly-2023-0114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2023-0114","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) has seen extensive exploitation in the research areas for the processing of fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPCs). Existing reviews on AM have recommended either sustainable production methods or have introduced new processing methodologies. A relationship between materials used, manufacturing processes, process parameters, and their properties is essential in any manufacturing process. Accordingly, this review focuses on the manufacturing of FRPCs in relation to process parameters and properties of the polymer composites. Various studies dealt with the lightweight materials and parts that were manufactured through AM and which could retain the mechanical and other properties without compromising the strength and weight of the final product. The technologies involved in the major AM processes and the constituents used for the fabrication of FRPC parts, their advantages, and drawbacks are also deliberated. This review combines the material selection for AM technologies along with the choice of proper AM technique for printing FRPCs. This review further illustrates the recent research and technology that aims at embracing FRPCs into a circular economy. In summary, this review opens the door for new opportunities and for meeting challenges in the manufacturing of FRPCs by AM methodologies.","PeriodicalId":11806,"journal":{"name":"e-Polymers","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metal ions are crucial in the production and preservation of fresh natural rubber latex. However, they also catalyze the thermo-oxidative aging of rubber products, leading to premature product degradation. This study investigates the use of tannic acid (TA) to chelate metal ions, thereby enhancing the thermo-oxidative aging resistance of natural rubber (NR). The findings indicate that NR treated with a 1.5 g·L−1 TA solution exhibits superior tensile strength, elongation at break, and crosslink density post-thermo-oxidative aging compared to untreated samples. Analysis of ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms that TA’s resistance to thermo-oxidative aging stems from its ability to form stable chelates with metal ions, reducing their catalytic activity and mitigating oxidative degradation. Consequently, TA chelation treatment is proposed as an effective method to enhance the thermo-oxidative aging resistance of NR.
金属离子对新鲜天然胶乳的生产和保存至关重要。然而，它们也会催化橡胶制品的热氧化老化，导致产品过早降解。本研究调查了单宁酸（TA）对金属离子的螯合作用，从而提高天然橡胶（NR）的耐热氧化老化性。研究结果表明，使用 1.5 g-L-1 TA 溶液处理的天然橡胶在热氧化老化后的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和交联密度均优于未处理的样品。对紫外可见吸收光谱、傅立叶变换红外光谱和 X 射线光电子能谱的分析证实，TA 的抗热氧化老化能力源于它能与金属离子形成稳定的螯合物，从而降低金属离子的催化活性并减轻氧化降解。因此，TA 螯合处理被认为是提高 NR 耐热氧化老化性的一种有效方法。
{"title":"Effect of tannic acid chelating treatment on thermo-oxidative aging property of natural rubber","authors":"Chuanyu Wei, Tingting Zheng, Yuhang Luo, Changjin Yang, Yanchan Wei, Shuangquan Liao","doi":"10.1515/epoly-2024-0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2024-0036","url":null,"abstract":"Metal ions are crucial in the production and preservation of fresh natural rubber latex. However, they also catalyze the thermo-oxidative aging of rubber products, leading to premature product degradation. This study investigates the use of tannic acid (TA) to chelate metal ions, thereby enhancing the thermo-oxidative aging resistance of natural rubber (NR). The findings indicate that NR treated with a 1.5 g·L<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> TA solution exhibits superior tensile strength, elongation at break, and crosslink density post-thermo-oxidative aging compared to untreated samples. Analysis of ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms that TA’s resistance to thermo-oxidative aging stems from its ability to form stable chelates with metal ions, reducing their catalytic activity and mitigating oxidative degradation. Consequently, TA chelation treatment is proposed as an effective method to enhance the thermo-oxidative aging resistance of NR.","PeriodicalId":11806,"journal":{"name":"e-Polymers","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Woo Seok Cho, Joon Hyuk Lee, Da Yun Na, Sang Sun Choi
The global increase in polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based waste fiber poses a persistent environmental risk. While efforts have been made to repurpose waste fibers into bags, clothing, and building materials, the depolymerization process to extract pure raw materials for recycling remains underdeveloped. This study investigates the impact of normal hexane treatment on the purity of terephthalic acid (TPA) recovered from wastewater containing sodium terephthalate, ethylene glycol, and impurities generated during polyester fabric weight reduction or waste fiber recycling processes. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the recovered TPA (rTPA) revealed a maximum purity of 99.81%, suggesting the effective removal of diverse contaminants such as adhesives and surfactants present in waste fibers through normal hexane and activated carbon treatments. This research contributes to the development of efficient and sustainable PET waste fiber recycling processes, highlighting the potential of normal hexane treatment in enhancing the purity of rTPA.
全球范围内以聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PET）为基础的废纤维的增加带来了持续的环境风险。虽然人们一直在努力将废纤维重新用于制造箱包、服装和建筑材料，但提取纯原料进行回收利用的解聚工艺仍不发达。本研究调查了正己烷处理对从含有对苯二甲酸钠、乙二醇以及聚酯织物减重或废纤维回收过程中产生的杂质的废水中回收的对苯二甲酸（TPA）纯度的影响。对回收的 TPA（rTPA）进行的核磁共振分析表明，其纯度最高可达 99.81%，这表明通过普通正己烷和活性炭处理，可有效去除废纤维中的各种污染物，如粘合剂和表面活性剂。这项研究有助于开发高效、可持续的 PET 废旧纤维回收工艺，突出了正己烷处理在提高 rTPA 纯度方面的潜力。
{"title":"Normal-hexane treatment on PET-based waste fiber depolymerization process","authors":"Woo Seok Cho, Joon Hyuk Lee, Da Yun Na, Sang Sun Choi","doi":"10.1515/epoly-2024-0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2024-0054","url":null,"abstract":"The global increase in polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based waste fiber poses a persistent environmental risk. While efforts have been made to repurpose waste fibers into bags, clothing, and building materials, the depolymerization process to extract pure raw materials for recycling remains underdeveloped. This study investigates the impact of normal hexane treatment on the purity of terephthalic acid (TPA) recovered from wastewater containing sodium terephthalate, ethylene glycol, and impurities generated during polyester fabric weight reduction or waste fiber recycling processes. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the recovered TPA (rTPA) revealed a maximum purity of 99.81%, suggesting the effective removal of diverse contaminants such as adhesives and surfactants present in waste fibers through normal hexane and activated carbon treatments. This research contributes to the development of efficient and sustainable PET waste fiber recycling processes, highlighting the potential of normal hexane treatment in enhancing the purity of rTPA.","PeriodicalId":11806,"journal":{"name":"e-Polymers","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wafa M. Al-Saleh, Haifa M. Almutairi, Khalid Alsafi, Islam M. Nabil, Mohamed Elsafi
Based on the experimental and theoretical radiation attenuation, this study produced and tested a composite material made of polyester reinforced with SnO at varied concentrations and abbreviated as Pol-SnOx, where x = 0–60% with steps of 20 wt% Also, the polyester samples were doped with SnO of different particle sizes: Micro, Nano, and 50% Micro/50% Nano mix to investigate the effect of the particle size on the radiation attenuation performance. In the photon energy range of 0.015–15 MeV, their radiation shielding properties were empirically determined using an HPGe detector and theoretically determined using Phy-X/PSD software. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) values dropped from 1.361 to 0.022 cm−1 for Pol-SnO0, from 13.611 to 0.033 cm−1 for Pol-SnO20, from 31.700 to 0.049 cm−1 for Pol-SnO40, and from 61.076 to 0.076 cm−1 for Pol-SnO60 in the photon energy (Eγ) range from 0.015 to 15 MeV. The LAC values of the fabricated Pol-SnOx samples increased as the SnO concentrations increased. Also, the addition of 50% Micro/50% Nano mix particle size of the SnO to the polyester significantly increased the values of the LAC. The percentages of LAC improvement of SnO nano-particles were 16.625%, 13.236%, 8.714%, and 7.935% at the Eγ values of 0.059, 0.661, 1.173, and 1.332 MeV, respectively. Also, the LAC values were enhanced by adding SnO containing 50% Micro/50% Nano mix particles by 19.097%, 15.271%, 9.854%, and 9.071% at the Eγ values of 0.059, 0.661, 1.173, and 1.332 MeV, respectively, when compared to microparticles. The addition of 50% Micro/50% Nano Mix of SnO with 60% content to the polyester showed the highest LAC and radiation protection efficiency and lowest half-value layer and transmission factor among the other samples due to increased SnO doping and interparticle distances of the Micro and Nano mix.
{"title":"Gamma-ray shielding investigation of nano- and microstructures of SnO on polyester resin composites: Experimental and theoretical study","authors":"Wafa M. Al-Saleh, Haifa M. Almutairi, Khalid Alsafi, Islam M. Nabil, Mohamed Elsafi","doi":"10.1515/epoly-2024-0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2024-0039","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the experimental and theoretical radiation attenuation, this study produced and tested a composite material made of polyester reinforced with SnO at varied concentrations and abbreviated as Pol-SnO<jats:italic>x</jats:italic>, where <jats:italic>x</jats:italic> = 0–60% with steps of 20 wt% Also, the polyester samples were doped with SnO of different particle sizes: Micro, Nano, and 50% Micro/50% Nano mix to investigate the effect of the particle size on the radiation attenuation performance. In the photon energy range of 0.015–15 MeV, their radiation shielding properties were empirically determined using an HPGe detector and theoretically determined using Phy-X/PSD software. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) values dropped from 1.361 to 0.022 cm<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for Pol-SnO0, from 13.611 to 0.033 cm<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for Pol-SnO20, from 31.700 to 0.049 cm<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for Pol-SnO40, and from 61.076 to 0.076 cm<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for Pol-SnO60 in the photon energy (Eγ) range from 0.015 to 15 MeV. The LAC values of the fabricated Pol-SnOx samples increased as the SnO concentrations increased. Also, the addition of 50% Micro/50% Nano mix particle size of the SnO to the polyester significantly increased the values of the LAC. The percentages of LAC improvement of SnO nano-particles were 16.625%, 13.236%, 8.714%, and 7.935% at the Eγ values of 0.059, 0.661, 1.173, and 1.332 MeV, respectively. Also, the LAC values were enhanced by adding SnO containing 50% Micro/50% Nano mix particles by 19.097%, 15.271%, 9.854%, and 9.071% at the Eγ values of 0.059, 0.661, 1.173, and 1.332 MeV, respectively, when compared to microparticles. The addition of 50% Micro/50% Nano Mix of SnO with 60% content to the polyester showed the highest LAC and radiation protection efficiency and lowest half-value layer and transmission factor among the other samples due to increased SnO doping and interparticle distances of the Micro and Nano mix.","PeriodicalId":11806,"journal":{"name":"e-Polymers","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shicheng Zhao, Xuan Gao, Jiajun Lou, Cuilong Liu, Youping Liu, Ye Wu
To investigate the impact and flexure behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymers/aluminum-honeycomb sandwich panel, low-velocity impact, compression-after-impact (CAI), and three-point flexure tests are conducted carefully. Four kinds of carbon fiber prepregs are selected to make face sheets by hot press preparation. Further, the digital image correlation technique is employed to record the damage evolution under the compression and flexure loads. The results show that the sandwich structure has two stages of impact response, first, the brittle behavior of the upper panel, and then the resistance of both sandwich and lower panel to absorb energy. In the CAI test, the failure position shifts from the ends to the impact cross section, and the compressive strength can be reduced by 40% only by 1 J impact. The strength of in-plane flexure is at least twice greater than that of out-of-plane flexure. The damage and deformation of in-plane flexure are found mainly in the upper panel and sandwich core, and the lower panel bends significantly.
为了研究碳纤维增强聚合物/铝蜂窝夹芯板的冲击和弯曲行为，我们仔细进行了低速冲击、压缩后冲击（CAI）和三点弯曲试验。选用四种碳纤维预浸料，通过热压制备工艺制成面板。此外，还采用数字图像相关技术记录了压缩和弯曲载荷下的损伤演变过程。结果表明，夹层结构的冲击响应分为两个阶段，首先是上面板的脆性行为，然后是夹层和下面板的吸能阻力。在 CAI 试验中，破坏位置从两端转移到了冲击截面上，1 J 的冲击力只能使抗压强度降低 40%。平面内抗弯强度至少是平面外抗弯强度的两倍。平面内弯曲的破坏和变形主要出现在上面板和夹芯上，下面板弯曲明显。
{"title":"Experimental study on impact and flexural behaviors of CFRP/aluminum-honeycomb sandwich panel","authors":"Shicheng Zhao, Xuan Gao, Jiajun Lou, Cuilong Liu, Youping Liu, Ye Wu","doi":"10.1515/epoly-2024-0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2024-0044","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the impact and flexure behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymers/aluminum-honeycomb sandwich panel, low-velocity impact, compression-after-impact (CAI), and three-point flexure tests are conducted carefully. Four kinds of carbon fiber prepregs are selected to make face sheets by hot press preparation. Further, the digital image correlation technique is employed to record the damage evolution under the compression and flexure loads. The results show that the sandwich structure has two stages of impact response, first, the brittle behavior of the upper panel, and then the resistance of both sandwich and lower panel to absorb energy. In the CAI test, the failure position shifts from the ends to the impact cross section, and the compressive strength can be reduced by 40% only by 1 J impact. The strength of in-plane flexure is at least twice greater than that of out-of-plane flexure. The damage and deformation of in-plane flexure are found mainly in the upper panel and sandwich core, and the lower panel bends significantly.","PeriodicalId":11806,"journal":{"name":"e-Polymers","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiangbin Xu, Jinfu Xing, Mei Luo, Tingyu Li, Bujin Liu, Xiangbu Zeng, Tuanhui Jiang, Xian Wu, Li He
Lightweight and highly tough polymer foams play a crucial role in resource conservation and environmental protection. One such biodegradable material that has garnered attention for its excellent processability and mechanical properties is polybutylene succinate (PBS). However, achieving PBS foams with superior mechanical properties remains a significant challenge. In this study, we prepared PBS foams with higher ductility and impact toughness using foam injection molding. The improved ductility of these foams can be attributed to the highly oriented cellular structure along the direction of the tensile load, transforming from regular circular shapes to tubular ones. This cellular structure effectively blunts crack tips, thereby enhancing impact performance. When the mold-opening distance is 0.4 mm, the fracture elongation of PBS foams is 486%, the tensile toughness is 4,586 MJ·cm−3, and the impact strength is 12.73 kJ·m−2. These values are 98%, 53%, and 29% higher than those of unfoamed PBS, respectively. As the mold-opening distance increases, the relative density of PBS foams decreases, leading to a reduction in fracture elongation, tensile toughness, and impact strength. Interestingly, the specific impact strength of PBS foams consistently surpasses that of unfoamed PBS, and increases proportionally to the mold-opening distance.
{"title":"Preparation of lightweight PBS foams with high ductility and impact toughness by foam injection molding","authors":"Jiangbin Xu, Jinfu Xing, Mei Luo, Tingyu Li, Bujin Liu, Xiangbu Zeng, Tuanhui Jiang, Xian Wu, Li He","doi":"10.1515/epoly-2024-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2024-0034","url":null,"abstract":"Lightweight and highly tough polymer foams play a crucial role in resource conservation and environmental protection. One such biodegradable material that has garnered attention for its excellent processability and mechanical properties is polybutylene succinate (PBS). However, achieving PBS foams with superior mechanical properties remains a significant challenge. In this study, we prepared PBS foams with higher ductility and impact toughness using foam injection molding. The improved ductility of these foams can be attributed to the highly oriented cellular structure along the direction of the tensile load, transforming from regular circular shapes to tubular ones. This cellular structure effectively blunts crack tips, thereby enhancing impact performance. When the mold-opening distance is 0.4 mm, the fracture elongation of PBS foams is 486%, the tensile toughness is 4,586 MJ·cm<jats:sup>−3</jats:sup>, and the impact strength is 12.73 kJ·m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>. These values are 98%, 53%, and 29% higher than those of unfoamed PBS, respectively. As the mold-opening distance increases, the relative density of PBS foams decreases, leading to a reduction in fracture elongation, tensile toughness, and impact strength. Interestingly, the specific impact strength of PBS foams consistently surpasses that of unfoamed PBS, and increases proportionally to the mold-opening distance.","PeriodicalId":11806,"journal":{"name":"e-Polymers","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141515276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Li, Guoqing Wang, Yali Guo, Ning Fang, Jingxiang Li, Zheng Li, Junhan Li
The underwater curing agents have demonstrated promising potential in various applications, especially in underwater repair engineering, yet have proven considerable challenging. Here, we report a cardanol-based curing agent for epoxy resin that achieves robust adhesion to steel and concrete substrates both in air and underwater. Cardanol, paraformaldehyde, and m-phenyldimethylamine are selected as the polymeric monomers to synthesize curing agent by Mannich reaction in the absence of chemical cross-linker agents. The coating is completely cured within 46 ± 1 min in air and 54 ± 2 min under water with an adhesion of 0 or 1 and a hardness of 5H. The impact strength, shear strength, and tensile strength of coating on underwater concrete were 9.58 ± 0.41 kJ·m−2, 13.1 ± 0.3, and 10.5 ± 0.2 MPa, respectively, demonstrating exceptional flexibility and mechanical strength as well as favorable hydrophobicity. This work paves the way for the rehabilitation of underwater drainage network for urban infrastructure and water conservancy projects.
{"title":"Preparation of cardanol-based curing agent for underwater drainage pipeline repairs","authors":"Yu Li, Guoqing Wang, Yali Guo, Ning Fang, Jingxiang Li, Zheng Li, Junhan Li","doi":"10.1515/epoly-2023-0190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2023-0190","url":null,"abstract":"The underwater curing agents have demonstrated promising potential in various applications, especially in underwater repair engineering, yet have proven considerable challenging. Here, we report a cardanol-based curing agent for epoxy resin that achieves robust adhesion to steel and concrete substrates both in air and underwater. Cardanol, paraformaldehyde, and <jats:italic>m</jats:italic>-phenyldimethylamine are selected as the polymeric monomers to synthesize curing agent by Mannich reaction in the absence of chemical cross-linker agents. The coating is completely cured within 46 ± 1 min in air and 54 ± 2 min under water with an adhesion of 0 or 1 and a hardness of 5H. The impact strength, shear strength, and tensile strength of coating on underwater concrete were 9.58 ± 0.41 kJ·m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>, 13.1 ± 0.3, and 10.5 ± 0.2 MPa, respectively, demonstrating exceptional flexibility and mechanical strength as well as favorable hydrophobicity. This work paves the way for the rehabilitation of underwater drainage network for urban infrastructure and water conservancy projects.","PeriodicalId":11806,"journal":{"name":"e-Polymers","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141515277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yongqi Yang, Yongxin Liu, Sisi Zhang, Zhu Cheng, Youjun Yan, Jun Liu, Meng Lian, Fangfang Liu
Novel superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were synthesized by performing aqueous solution graft copolymerization of potato starch xanthate and partially hydrolyzed acrylamide using N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide as a crosslinker and potassium persulfate as an oxidant at 35–45°C. Various factors that influence the water absorption of SAPs were studied in detail, and the optimum formulation ratio was determined via orthogonal experiments. Several spectroscopic techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy, were used to determine the structure of the SAPs. In addition, adsorption experiments were carried out with various heavy metal ions, including divalent copper ions, zinc ions, nickel ions, cobalt ions, cadmium ions, and lead ions. Experiments showed that the prepared SAP has a high adsorption performance (>48 mg·g−1). Thus, these materials are expected to have important applications in the removal of heavy metal ions and the separation of dyes in aquatic environments.
以 N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂，过硫酸钾为氧化剂，在 35-45°C 温度条件下，通过水溶液接枝共聚马铃薯淀粉黄原酸盐和部分水解丙烯酰胺，合成了新型超吸水性聚合物（SAP）。详细研究了影响 SAP 吸水性的各种因素，并通过正交实验确定了最佳配方比例。为了确定 SAP 的结构，使用了多种光谱技术，包括扫描电子显微镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱、热重分析和透射电子显微镜。此外，还进行了各种重金属离子的吸附实验，包括二价铜离子、锌离子、镍离子、钴离子、镉离子和铅离子。实验表明，制备的 SAP 具有很高的吸附性能（48 mg-g-1）。因此，这些材料有望在去除重金属离子和分离水生环境中的染料方面得到重要应用。
{"title":"Design, synthesis, characterization, and adsorption capacities of novel superabsorbent polymers derived from poly (potato starch xanthate-graft-acrylamide)","authors":"Yongqi Yang, Yongxin Liu, Sisi Zhang, Zhu Cheng, Youjun Yan, Jun Liu, Meng Lian, Fangfang Liu","doi":"10.1515/epoly-2024-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2024-0040","url":null,"abstract":"Novel superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were synthesized by performing aqueous solution graft copolymerization of potato starch xanthate and partially hydrolyzed acrylamide using <jats:italic>N</jats:italic>,<jats:italic>N</jats:italic>′-methylene-bis-acrylamide as a crosslinker and potassium persulfate as an oxidant at 35–45°C. Various factors that influence the water absorption of SAPs were studied in detail, and the optimum formulation ratio was determined via orthogonal experiments. Several spectroscopic techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy, were used to determine the structure of the SAPs. In addition, adsorption experiments were carried out with various heavy metal ions, including divalent copper ions, zinc ions, nickel ions, cobalt ions, cadmium ions, and lead ions. Experiments showed that the prepared SAP has a high adsorption performance (>48 mg·g<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>). Thus, these materials are expected to have important applications in the removal of heavy metal ions and the separation of dyes in aquatic environments.","PeriodicalId":11806,"journal":{"name":"e-Polymers","volume":"175 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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