European Journal of Cancer Prevention最新文献

Malignant melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer, though less common, significantly contributes to cancer-related mortality. In the UK, it is of growing concern with an aging population, making it crucial to analyze historical trends and forecast future burdens. We used Joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort models to analyze trends in incidence, prevalence, and mortality of malignant melanoma in the UK from 1990 to 2021. Bayesian age-period-cohort model was applied to predict the disease burden for different age groups by 2030. From 1991 to 2021, melanoma incidence and prevalence in the UK exhibited distinct temporal patterns: a significant upward trend until 2015, particularly pronounced in individuals aged 60 and older, followed by a downward trend after 2015. By 2030, incidence and prevalence are projected to decrease, particularly in younger and middle-aged populations, with incidence expected to fall from 20.78/100 000 in 2020 to 11.90/100 000, and prevalence from 167.80/100 000 to 80.13/100 000. Mortality is also expected to decrease. However, high-risk groups, especially those aged 85 and above, are predicted to maintain higher incidence and prevalence rates. Despite a historical rise, melanoma incidence, prevalence, and mortality have declined since 2015 and are projected to continue declining through 2030. However, the elderly population remains at higher risk, underscoring the need for targeted public health interventions.

Patients with gastric cancer often experience weight loss. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between weight loss and survival outcomes in gastric cancer patients. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science according to the PECOS criteria: population (gastric cancer patients), exposure (weight loss), comparator (weight stable), outcomes [overall survival (OS) or recurrence-free survival], and study design (cohort studies). The prognostic value was expressed by combing the fully adjusted hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) for weight loss versus stable weight. Eighteen studies reporting on 16 articles involving 26 080 patients were identified. The pooled adjusted relative risk showed that weight loss was associated with shorter OS (hazard ratio 1.48; 95% CI: 1.32-1.66; I2 = 71.0%) and recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio 1.59; 95% CI: 1.17-2.16; I2 = 52.0%). The pooled adjusted hazard ratio of OS was 1.39 (95% CI: 1.14-1.70; I2 = 74.6%) among the studies that defined weight loss meeting the criteria for cancer cachexia. Moreover, stratified analysis revealed that weight loss significantly predicted OS, irrespective of patients' age, study design, tumor stage, timing of sampling weight loss, or follow-up duration. Weight loss significantly predicts OS and recurrence-free survival in gastric cancer patients. Monitoring weight changes can improve risk classification of gastric cancer, particularly in those with advanced disease.

Cervical lymph node metastasis (LNM) is an important prognostic factor for hypopharynx squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients, which can be detected in a large fraction of clinically diagnosed early hypopharynx SCC patients; however, the importance of knowing the risk of LNM in the younger/older patients has not been well defined. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of age and LNM in T1-2 hypopharynx SCC patients. Patients with T1-2 hypopharynx SCC were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database between 2005 and 2014. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were produced to recognize the association between age and risk factors of LNM. A total of 1018 patients were analyzed. Older patients have a lower risk of LNM compared with their younger peers (P < 0.01). In multivariate analyses, older age was associated with a significantly lower risk of LNM. Compared with patients aged 80-93 years old, the hazard ratios for patients aged 31-49, 50-59, 60-69, and 70-79 years old were 2.464 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.338-4.537], 2.668 (95% CI: 1.638-4.346), 3.192 (95% CI: 1.957-5.205), and 1.564 (95% CI: 0.945-2.588), respectively. Subgroup analysis shows that the effect of older age was significantly associated with a higher risk of LNM in Caucasian male who harbored moderately/poorly differentiated tumors. Our study demonstrates that older patients with T1-2 hypopharynx SCC had a lower risk of LNM than their younger peers, especially males with moderately/poorly differentiated tumors. More accurate assessments of LNM and prophylactic neck dissection or prophylactic adjuvant radiation therapy to the neck will be imperative for reducing recurrence in younger T1-2 hypopharynx SCC.

Background: Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of synthetic chemicals used since the 1940s in industrial and consumer applications. These substances are known or suspected to cause cancer, particularly kidney and testicular cancer. However, their association with other types of cancer is not well understood. This review aims to investigate the link between PFAS exposure and the risks of other cancers, including gastrointestinal cancers such as esophageal, gastric, colorectal, and pancreatic cancer.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review of literature from the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry documents, and PubMed (up to January 2024) focusing on the association between PFAS exposure and gastrointestinal cancers. Four independent reviewers screened the studies, extracted the information, and evaluated the quality of the studies using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analyses were performed with random-effects models, including stratified analyses and dose-response assessments.

Results: The meta-analysis included 17 studies. The summary relative risks (RR) of esophageal cancer for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure was 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35-1.60; n = 2), and for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was 1.76 (95% CI, 0.32-9.68; n = 1). The RR for gastric cancer and PFOA was 0.59 (95% CI, 0.28-1.21; n = 2) and PFAS was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.83-1.12; n = 2). The RR for colorectal cancer and PFOA was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.65-1.06; n = 6) and PFOS was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.22-2.27; n = 4). The RR for pancreatic cancer was 1.02 (95% CI, 0.90-1.15; n = 9) and PFOS was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.76-1.11; n = 2). Stratified analyses by geographical region, study design, quality score, year of publication, gender, and outcome revealed no associations for colorectal and pancreatic cancers. No dose-response trends were identified. Publication bias was suggested for gastric cancer.

Conclusion: Our study suggested no association between PFAS exposure and esophageal, gastric, colorectal, or pancreatic cancer. More rigorous research is needed to investigate this relationship in different settings, with precise PFAS quantification, a wider range of compounds, larger sample sizes for specific cancers, and better control for potential confounders. Our meta-analysis suggests inconclusive evidence, highlighting the need for further research.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are fatty acids, containing more than one double bond and have both anti-inflammatory properties and inhibit tumor progression effects as well as carcinogenic properties. There is inconclusive evidence regarding the effect of PUFA intake on gastric cancer in diverse populations. We, therefore, aimed to determine the association between PUFA intake and risk of gastric cancer in a hospital-based case-control study comprising 1182 incident cases of gastric cancer and 2965 controls in Vietnam. A semiquantitative validated food frequency questionnaire was used to derive PUFA intake. Unconditional logistic regression model was applied to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of gastric cancer in relation to PUFA intake. Overall, there was a dose-response inverse association between PUFA intake and gastric cancer risk (ORper-SD increment = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.65-0.79; Ptrend < 0.001). Compared with quintile 1 (the lowest quintile), the ORs and respective 95% CIs of gastric cancer for quintiles 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the PUFA intake were 0.65 (0.52-0.80), 0.51 (0.41-0.64), 0.47 (0.37-0.59), and 0.37 (0.28-0.48), respectively. A similar pattern was observed in both sexes and individuals aged <60 years and those aged 60 years or older. In summary, we found a risk reduction of gastric cancer in individuals with a higher intake of PUFA in the Vietnamese population, regardless of sex or age. Our findings have great implications for the prevention and control programs against gastric cancer in low-middle-income countries and similar limited-resource settings.

Early noninvasive and rapid screening for colorectal cancer critically influences treatment outcomes. Breath testing, as an emerging screening technology, allows for noninvasive and convenient screening for different biomarkers and is a reliable screening method for various diseases. In this study, a meta-analysis of the accuracy and current status of volatile organic compounds present in exhaled breath for colorectal cancer detection was performed. PubMed, Cochrane Library, and CNKI were searched for relevant studies. The quality of the studies was assessed using the QUADAS-2 criteria, and meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 and Stata 16. The pooled sensitivity is 90% [95% confidence interval (CI), 85-94%], the pooled specificity is 86% (95% CI, 72-93%), the pooled positive likelihood ratio is 6.3 (95% CI, 3.1-12.6), the negative likelihood ratio is 0.11 (95% CI, 0.07-0.17), and the diagnostic odds ratio is 56 (95% CI, 23-133). Summary receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91-0.95). The alteration of specific components of exhaled breath is associated with colorectal cancer development, and the selection of biomarkers and detection instruments influence the diagnostic value. What this paper adds to the literature: this meta-analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of volatile organic compounds in breath tests for colorectal cancer, highlighting the influence of biomarker selection and detection methods on screening efficacy.

This study examines the global burden of pancreatic cancer from 1990 to 2021 and projects future trends, aiming to provide insights for health policy and resource allocation to mitigate the disease's impact. We assessed the pancreatic cancer burden globally and by subgroups, employing linear regression models to analyze trends from 1990 to 2021. Cluster analysis was used to evaluate burden patterns across Global Burden of Disease regions. Forecasting was conducted using the age-period-cohort model and its Bayesian variant. Additionally, we evaluated risk factor contributions to the pancreatic cancer burden and used frontier analysis to explore the relationship between sociodemographic advancements and cancer rates. In 2021, pancreatic cancer accounted for 508 533 new cases, 439 001 prevalent cases, 505 752 deaths, and 11 316 963 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). High-risk groups included males and middle-aged to older adults, with high-risk areas identified in regions with higher sociodemographic index (SDI). From 1990 to 2021, both pancreatic cancer cases and age-standardized rates (ASR) increased. Notably, high fasting plasma glucose surpassed tobacco as a leading risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Frontier analysis revealed an inverse relationship between SDI and pancreatic cancer ASR, plateauing at an SDI of 0.60. The global burden of pancreatic cancer continues to rise, with significant disparities across demographic and geographic segments. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions and resource allocations to address this growing public health challenge.

Lack of efficient biomarkers and clinical translation of molecular typing impedes the implementation of targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). High-throughput sequencing techniques represented by next-generation sequencing (NGS) are tools for detecting targetable genes. The objective of this study is to explore the genetic alterations associated with clinicopathological features and the risk of recurrence/metastasis in HCC. NGS analysis was conducted on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 164 resected liver samples obtained from Chinese patients. Morphologic subtypes were reviewed based on hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry staining, Correlation to the acquired molecular features were analyzed with clinicopathological information. We also retrieved follow-up information of the 123 transplanted cases from 2017 to 2019 to screen recurrence/metastasis-associated factors by univariate analysis. Generally, the most frequently mutated genes include TP53 and CTNNB1 which showed a trend of mutually exclusive mutation. Copy-number variant with the highest frequency was detected in TAF1 and CCND1 in 11q13.3 loci. Correlation analysis showed that various genetic alterations were associated with morphologic subtypes and other pathologic features. While gene signatures of proliferation/nonproliferation class were correlated with differentiation, satellite foci and other invasive morphological features. Macrotrabecular-massive subtype, TSC2 (tuberous sclerosis complex 2) mutation, Ki-67 expression, and other six factors were found to be associated with recurrence/metastasis after liver transplantation. Genetic alterations detected by NGS show correlation with not only pathological and clinical features, but also with recurrence/metastasis after liver transplantation. Further gene-level molecular typing will be practical for targeted therapy and individual recurrence risk assessment in HCC patients.

The objective of this retrospective observational study was to investigate the impact of fecal occult blood test (FOBT) as colorectal cancer (CRC) screening by primary tumor location. We compared the risk of requiring treatment for advanced disease and total medical costs per patient between CRC patients who underwent FOBT within 1 year before initial treatment for CRC and those who did not, using the JMDC Claims database, large-scale health insurance claims and checkup data in Japan. Treatment for advanced disease was defined as (1) nonendoscopic therapy or (2) chemotherapy or radiotherapy, performed during the follow-up period. A total of 1194 participants with CRC (right-sided, 22.2%; left-sided, 60.4%) who initiated treatment between 2010 and 2016 and underwent health checkups within 1 year before the initial treatment were enrolled and followed up for an average of 46.1 months. A significantly lowered risk ratio (RR) of chemotherapy or radiotherapy and total medical costs were observed in FOBT group for left-sided CRC [RR = 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.97), mean and median costs = 4.1 vs. 5.6 and 2.4 vs. 2.9 million JPY; P = 0.018], while they were not observed for right-sided CRC [RR = 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.61-1.28), mean and median costs = 4.0 vs. 4.1 and 2.7 vs. 2.9 million JPY; P = 0.995]. This study demonstrated the improved outcomes by FOBT for left-sided CRC, whereas its impact was limited for right-sided CRC.

This study examined the characteristics of tumors, treatments, and survival outcomes, with a particular focus on the survival-related factors of second primary triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in comparison to first primary TNBC. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was utilized to identify and enroll patients diagnosed with TNBC between the years 2010 and 2015. The outcomes of this study were 3-year and 5-year breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS). The multivariate competing risk model was conducted to explore the association between the second primary cancer and BCSS and to estimate risk factors for BCSS of both first and second primary TNBC. The hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) were evaluation indices. Our study demonstrated that age, histological grade III/IV, high T stage, high N stage, and TNBC were associated with a decreased 3-year and 5-year BCSS in both first and second primary TNBC. Family income ≥$60 000 per year (hazard ratio: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.48-0.95, P = 0.026) correlated with better 3-year BCSS in patients with second primary TNBC. Breast-conserving surgery, mastectomy, and the interval between two cancer diagnoses >3 years were associated with increased 3-year and 5-year BCSS in patients with second primary TNBC (all P < 0.05). This paper reveals a worse survival of second primary TNBC. Great attention should be paid to the prognosis of patients with second primary TNBC.