European Journal of Cancer Prevention最新文献

Malignant melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer, though less common, significantly contributes to cancer-related mortality. In the UK, it is of growing concern with an aging population, making it crucial to analyze historical trends and forecast future burdens. We used Joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort models to analyze trends in incidence, prevalence, and mortality of malignant melanoma in the UK from 1990 to 2021. Bayesian age-period-cohort model was applied to predict the disease burden for different age groups by 2030. From 1991 to 2021, melanoma incidence and prevalence in the UK exhibited distinct temporal patterns: a significant upward trend until 2015, particularly pronounced in individuals aged 60 and older, followed by a downward trend after 2015. By 2030, incidence and prevalence are projected to decrease, particularly in younger and middle-aged populations, with incidence expected to fall from 20.78/100 000 in 2020 to 11.90/100 000, and prevalence from 167.80/100 000 to 80.13/100 000. Mortality is also expected to decrease. However, high-risk groups, especially those aged 85 and above, are predicted to maintain higher incidence and prevalence rates. Despite a historical rise, melanoma incidence, prevalence, and mortality have declined since 2015 and are projected to continue declining through 2030. However, the elderly population remains at higher risk, underscoring the need for targeted public health interventions.

Male breast cancer (MBC) contributes to approximately 1% of total breast cancer diagnoses, with rapidly rising incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Since most breast cancer research has focused on women, this study intended to report the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of MBC to aid in its control and prevention. The data on the incidence, DALYs, deaths, and age-standardized rates of MBC between 1990 and 2021 in different countries and territories were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. In 1990 and 2021, Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest incidence, DALYs, and mortality rates. Countries in the middle socio-demographic index quintile showed the fastest growth in age-standardized incidence rate, ASDR, and ASMR. From 1990 to 2021, the incidence, mortality rate, and DALYs of MBC increased worldwide. Alcohol use, dietary risks, and tobacco use were risk factors for ASMR, with dietary risks ranking first in all GBD regions. The rise in the number of cases of breast cancer in men places substantial stress on humans. Hence, policymakers should establish effective interventions and strategies for patients with MBC in accordance with the local situation.

The objective of this retrospective observational study was to investigate the impact of fecal occult blood test (FOBT) as colorectal cancer (CRC) screening by primary tumor location. We compared the risk of requiring treatment for advanced disease and total medical costs per patient between CRC patients who underwent FOBT within 1 year before initial treatment for CRC and those who did not, using the JMDC Claims database, large-scale health insurance claims and checkup data in Japan. Treatment for advanced disease was defined as (1) nonendoscopic therapy or (2) chemotherapy or radiotherapy, performed during the follow-up period. A total of 1194 participants with CRC (right-sided, 22.2%; left-sided, 60.4%) who initiated treatment between 2010 and 2016 and underwent health checkups within 1 year before the initial treatment were enrolled and followed up for an average of 46.1 months. A significantly lowered risk ratio (RR) of chemotherapy or radiotherapy and total medical costs were observed in FOBT group for left-sided CRC [RR = 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.97), mean and median costs = 4.1 vs. 5.6 and 2.4 vs. 2.9 million JPY; P  = 0.018], while they were not observed for right-sided CRC [RR = 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.61-1.28), mean and median costs = 4.0 vs. 4.1 and 2.7 vs. 2.9 million JPY; P  = 0.995]. This study demonstrated the improved outcomes by FOBT for left-sided CRC, whereas its impact was limited for right-sided CRC.

Patients with gastric cancer often experience weight loss. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between weight loss and survival outcomes in gastric cancer patients. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science according to the PECOS criteria: population (gastric cancer patients), exposure (weight loss), comparator (weight stable), outcomes [overall survival (OS) or recurrence-free survival], and study design (cohort studies). The prognostic value was expressed by combing the fully adjusted hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) for weight loss versus stable weight. Eighteen studies reporting on 16 articles involving 26 080 patients were identified. The pooled adjusted relative risk showed that weight loss was associated with shorter OS (hazard ratio 1.48; 95% CI: 1.32-1.66; I2  = 71.0%) and recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio 1.59; 95% CI: 1.17-2.16; I2  = 52.0%). The pooled adjusted hazard ratio of OS was 1.39 (95% CI: 1.14-1.70; I2  = 74.6%) among the studies that defined weight loss meeting the criteria for cancer cachexia. Moreover, stratified analysis revealed that weight loss significantly predicted OS, irrespective of patients' age, study design, tumor stage, timing of sampling weight loss, or follow-up duration. Weight loss significantly predicts OS and recurrence-free survival in gastric cancer patients. Monitoring weight changes can improve risk classification of gastric cancer, particularly in those with advanced disease.

Poor oral hygiene is a well-established risk factor for oral cavity cancer. However, the specific association between oral hygiene practices and oral cancer risk remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between oral hygiene habits and the risk of oral cavity cancer. A case-control study was conducted involving 231 participants: 94 oral cavity cancer patients (case group) and 137 controls with other head and neck cancers. Oral health status was assessed using the Revised Oral Assessment Guide - Jönköping (ROAG-J), and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data on oral hygiene practices and lifestyle factors. The case group exhibited poorer oral hygiene practices, including lower rates of toothbrushing (68.1 vs. 90.5%) and food debris removal (38.3 vs. 63.5%), higher rates of smoking (66 vs. 11.7%) and alcohol consumption (58.5 vs. 14.6%), and poorer oral health (ROAG-J grade 2 or 3: 94.7 vs. 40.2%) compared with the control group. Multivariable logistic regression model has three independent risk factors for oral cavity cancer: smoking [odds ratio (OR): 9.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.21-22.61], alcohol consumption (OR: 3.47, 95% CI: 1.48-8.10), and the presence of chronic diseases (OR: 2.90, 95% CI: 1.37-6.12), whereas food debris removal (OR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.12-0.51) was a protective factor. Our findings highlight the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene practices in preventing oral cavity cancer. Future studies with larger sample sizes and collection of potential confounding factors are needed to confirm our findings.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of marital status on the survival outcomes of women diagnosed with vaginal cancer, considering the potential role of sociodemographic factors in patient prognosis. Utilizing data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, the study included 6046 women with primary vaginal cancer diagnosed between 2000 and 2020. The propensity score matching (PSM) method was employed to balance comparison groups and account for confounding factors. The primary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS), with Cox proportional-hazards regression models used for statistical analysis. Married patients exhibited better survival outcomes than their unmarried counterparts [OS: hazard ratio = 1.520, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.430-1.630, P  < 0.001; CSS: hazard ratio = 1.380, 95% CI = 1.270-1.490, P  < 0.001]. Subgroup analyses stratified by age and race highlighted a significant survival benefit for married individuals, particularly those aged 50-69 years and white patients. After PSM, the widowed subgroup within the unmarried category showed worse survival outcomes (OS: hazard ratio = 1.580, 95% CI = 1.430-1.750, P  < 0.001; CSS: hazard ratio = 1.360, 95% CI = 1.200-1.530, P  < 0.001). This study demonstrates that marital status serves as an independent prognostic factor for OS and CSS among patients with primary vaginal cancer, which supports that unmarried people need more individualized care strategies.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are fatty acids, containing more than one double bond and have both anti-inflammatory properties and inhibit tumor progression effects as well as carcinogenic properties. There is inconclusive evidence regarding the effect of PUFA intake on gastric cancer in diverse populations. We, therefore, aimed to determine the association between PUFA intake and risk of gastric cancer in a hospital-based case-control study comprising 1182 incident cases of gastric cancer and 2965 controls in Vietnam. A semiquantitative validated food frequency questionnaire was used to derive PUFA intake. Unconditional logistic regression model was applied to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of gastric cancer in relation to PUFA intake. Overall, there was a dose-response inverse association between PUFA intake and gastric cancer risk (OR per-SD increment  = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.65-0.79; Ptrend  < 0.001). Compared with quintile 1 (the lowest quintile), the ORs and respective 95% CIs of gastric cancer for quintiles 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the PUFA intake were 0.65 (0.52-0.80), 0.51 (0.41-0.64), 0.47 (0.37-0.59), and 0.37 (0.28-0.48), respectively. A similar pattern was observed in both sexes and individuals aged <60 years and those aged 60 years or older. In summary, we found a risk reduction of gastric cancer in individuals with a higher intake of PUFA in the Vietnamese population, regardless of sex or age. Our findings have great implications for the prevention and control programs against gastric cancer in low-middle-income countries and similar limited-resource settings.

This study examines the global burden of pancreatic cancer from 1990 to 2021 and projects future trends, aiming to provide insights for health policy and resource allocation to mitigate the disease's impact. We assessed the pancreatic cancer burden globally and by subgroups, employing linear regression models to analyze trends from 1990 to 2021. Cluster analysis was used to evaluate burden patterns across Global Burden of Disease regions. Forecasting was conducted using the age-period-cohort model and its Bayesian variant. Additionally, we evaluated risk factor contributions to the pancreatic cancer burden and used frontier analysis to explore the relationship between sociodemographic advancements and cancer rates. In 2021, pancreatic cancer accounted for 508 533 new cases, 439 001 prevalent cases, 505 752 deaths, and 11 316 963 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). High-risk groups included males and middle-aged to older adults, with high-risk areas identified in regions with higher sociodemographic index (SDI). From 1990 to 2021, both pancreatic cancer cases and age-standardized rates (ASR) increased. Notably, high fasting plasma glucose surpassed tobacco as a leading risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Frontier analysis revealed an inverse relationship between SDI and pancreatic cancer ASR, plateauing at an SDI of 0.60. The global burden of pancreatic cancer continues to rise, with significant disparities across demographic and geographic segments. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions and resource allocations to address this growing public health challenge.

Physical activity plays a crucial role in cancer prevention and management, reducing the risk of colorectal, breast, lung, bladder, and gastric cancers by 10-20%. In patients with cancer, regular exercise not only alleviates treatment-related side effects such as fatigue, nausea, and muscle loss but also enhances overall survival, with studies showing a 40-50% reduction in cancer-specific mortality, particularly in breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers. These benefits are achieved through multiple biological mechanisms. Exercise modulates inflammation by reducing proinflammatory cytokines and inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B signaling, enhances antitumor immunity via activation of natural killer cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and improves metabolic regulation by increasing insulin sensitivity and lowering circulating insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels. It also inhibits key oncogenic pathways, such as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin axis, which is crucial for tumor growth and survival. Additionally, exercise supports genomic stability by upregulating DNA repair enzymes and further strengthens antitumor immunity, potentially promoting M1 macrophage polarization and limiting immune evasion by tumors. These mechanisms may also synergize with immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, to improve treatment responses. Despite strong evidence supporting the beneficial effects of exercise in oncology, further research is needed to determine optimal exercise types, intensities, and timing, as well as their interactions with emerging therapies. This review will explore the role of exercise in cancer prevention and treatment, emphasizing its molecular mechanisms to improve clinical outcomes based on current evidence.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a complex and diverse group of malignancies. Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is the predominant pathological subtype and is closely linked to the ominous potential for distant metastasis, a pivotal factor that significantly influences patient outcomes. In light of these considerations, the present study was conceived with the objective of developing a nomogram model. This model was designed to predict the prognosis observed in IDC with distant metastasis in TNBC. This was a retrospective study based on the SEER database. Data of 9739 IDC-TNBC patients diagnosed from 2010 to 2020 were included in our study. Independent risk factors were screened by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses successively, which were used to develop a nomogram model predicting for prognosis. Cox multivariable analysis showed statistical significance in bone metastasis, liver metastasis, surgery, and chemotherapy. Incorporating statistically significant variables, as well as clinically significant age, lung metastasis, and brain metastasis into the construction of the prediction model, the C-indexes of the training group and validation group were 0.702 (0.663-0.741) and 0.667 (0.600-0.734), respectively, while the calibration curves were all close to the eideal 45° reference line, and decision curve analysis curves show excellent net benefit in the predictive model. The prognostic prediction model developed in this study demonstrated enhanced predictive accuracy, enabling a more precise evaluation of mortality risks associated with IDC with distant metastasis in TNBC.