Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.1177/23998083241276021
Hui Jeong Ha, Youngbin Lee, Kyusik Kim, Sohyun Park, Jinhyung Lee
This paper introduces {spnaf} (spatial network autocorrelation for flows), an R package designed for the hotspot analysis of flow (e.g., human mobility, transportation, and animal movement) datasets based on Berglund and Karlström’s G index. We demonstrate the utility of the {spnaf} package through two example analyses by data forms: 1) bike-sharing trip patterns in Columbus, Ohio, USA, using polygon data, and 2) U.S. airports’ passenger travel patterns, using point data. The {spnaf} is available for download from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN), which contains a vignette and sample data/code for immediate use. This package addresses limitations in existing spatial analysis packages and emphasizes its efficiency in detecting flow hotspots. It is highly applicable in various urban and geographic data science applications. {spnaf} is still in its early stages and we hope that interested readers can contribute to the development and enhancement of the package.
本文介绍了{spnaf}（流动的空间网络自相关性），这是一个基于 Berglund 和 Karlström 的 G 指数设计的 R 软件包，用于对流动（如人类流动、交通和动物移动）数据集进行热点分析。我们通过两个数据形式的分析示例展示了 {spnaf} 软件包的实用性：1）美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市的共享单车出行模式（使用多边形数据）；2）美国机场的旅客出行模式（使用点数据）。{spnaf}可从 R 综合存档网络（CRAN）下载，其中包含可立即使用的小节和样本数据/代码。该软件包解决了现有空间分析软件包的局限性，并强调其在检测流量热点方面的效率。它非常适用于各种城市和地理数据科学应用。{spnaf}目前仍处于早期阶段，我们希望感兴趣的读者能为软件包的开发和改进献计献策。
{"title":"Spnaf: An R package for analyzing and mapping the hotspots of flow datasets","authors":"Hui Jeong Ha, Youngbin Lee, Kyusik Kim, Sohyun Park, Jinhyung Lee","doi":"10.1177/23998083241276021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241276021","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces {spnaf} (spatial network autocorrelation for flows), an R package designed for the hotspot analysis of flow (e.g., human mobility, transportation, and animal movement) datasets based on Berglund and Karlström’s G index. We demonstrate the utility of the {spnaf} package through two example analyses by data forms: 1) bike-sharing trip patterns in Columbus, Ohio, USA, using polygon data, and 2) U.S. airports’ passenger travel patterns, using point data. The {spnaf} is available for download from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN), which contains a vignette and sample data/code for immediate use. This package addresses limitations in existing spatial analysis packages and emphasizes its efficiency in detecting flow hotspots. It is highly applicable in various urban and geographic data science applications. {spnaf} is still in its early stages and we hope that interested readers can contribute to the development and enhancement of the package.","PeriodicalId":11863,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1177/23998083241274381
Haruka Kato
Many developed countries need to plan urban policies based on multidimensional factors related to population change. However, empirical research has been inconsistent with respect to identifying these factors, including economic-, social-, and urban-planning-related factors. The purpose of this study is to clarify the nonlinear multidimensional factors that are correlated with population changes according to the city size. In the analysis, the population change rate was defined as the outcome variable, and 269 economic, social, and educational index (ESE index) were used as predictor variables. Data were stratified according to three city sizes. Using the ESE index, the XGBoost algorithm was used to analyze the nonlinear relationship between the population change rate and multidimensional data. As a key result, population changes were strongly correlated with social-related indicators, such as the population change rate among persons ages 0–14 years in small-sized cities, the natural population change rate in medium-sized cities, and the migration change rate in large-sized cities. Regarding the population decline, Japan has 1304 shrinking cities, which are primarily comprised of medium-sized and small-sized cities. In such cities, other than social-related factors, population changes correlated with the financial strength index as an economic-related factor in medium-sized cities and the designation of underpopulated areas as an urban-planning-related factor in small-sized cities. Among the multidimensional factors, cities of different sizes were characterized by factors other than social-related indicators. These multifaceted factors could provide preliminary insights for urban policymakers to explore various policy measures on which they need to focus, depending on the city’s size.
{"title":"Multidimensional factors correlated with population changes according to city size in Japan","authors":"Haruka Kato","doi":"10.1177/23998083241274381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241274381","url":null,"abstract":"Many developed countries need to plan urban policies based on multidimensional factors related to population change. However, empirical research has been inconsistent with respect to identifying these factors, including economic-, social-, and urban-planning-related factors. The purpose of this study is to clarify the nonlinear multidimensional factors that are correlated with population changes according to the city size. In the analysis, the population change rate was defined as the outcome variable, and 269 economic, social, and educational index (ESE index) were used as predictor variables. Data were stratified according to three city sizes. Using the ESE index, the XGBoost algorithm was used to analyze the nonlinear relationship between the population change rate and multidimensional data. As a key result, population changes were strongly correlated with social-related indicators, such as the population change rate among persons ages 0–14 years in small-sized cities, the natural population change rate in medium-sized cities, and the migration change rate in large-sized cities. Regarding the population decline, Japan has 1304 shrinking cities, which are primarily comprised of medium-sized and small-sized cities. In such cities, other than social-related factors, population changes correlated with the financial strength index as an economic-related factor in medium-sized cities and the designation of underpopulated areas as an urban-planning-related factor in small-sized cities. Among the multidimensional factors, cities of different sizes were characterized by factors other than social-related indicators. These multifaceted factors could provide preliminary insights for urban policymakers to explore various policy measures on which they need to focus, depending on the city’s size.","PeriodicalId":11863,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1177/23998083241274391
Xiaojiang Li
With the rise of global temperature, many cities are suffering from more and more frequent extreme heat in hot summers. Quantitative information on the spatial distributions of urban heat has become more and more important for extreme heat mitigation and adaptation in cities. This study first investigated the fine-level heat hazard distributions at the sidewalk and building block level from the pedestrian perspective in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The urban microclimate modeling based on a high-resolution urban geometrical model was used to generate the 1m resolution outdoor heat hazard map in the study area. The sidewalk map was overlaid on the generated high-resolution heat hazard map to estimate the sidewalk level heat hazard. Based on the sidewalk level heat hazard map, this study further calculated the heat hazard level in the 400m walkshed along sidewalks for each building block. The building level hazard data were then aggregated at the census tract level to compare with the socioeconomic and racial/ethnic variables. The result shows that neighborhoods with higher proportion of African Americans have a higher heat hazard level in Philadelphia. This study would provide new insights for developing more thermally comfortable and pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods in the context of climate change.
{"title":"Mapping pedestrian network level outdoor heat hazard distributions in Philadelphia","authors":"Xiaojiang Li","doi":"10.1177/23998083241274391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241274391","url":null,"abstract":"With the rise of global temperature, many cities are suffering from more and more frequent extreme heat in hot summers. Quantitative information on the spatial distributions of urban heat has become more and more important for extreme heat mitigation and adaptation in cities. This study first investigated the fine-level heat hazard distributions at the sidewalk and building block level from the pedestrian perspective in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The urban microclimate modeling based on a high-resolution urban geometrical model was used to generate the 1m resolution outdoor heat hazard map in the study area. The sidewalk map was overlaid on the generated high-resolution heat hazard map to estimate the sidewalk level heat hazard. Based on the sidewalk level heat hazard map, this study further calculated the heat hazard level in the 400m walkshed along sidewalks for each building block. The building level hazard data were then aggregated at the census tract level to compare with the socioeconomic and racial/ethnic variables. The result shows that neighborhoods with higher proportion of African Americans have a higher heat hazard level in Philadelphia. This study would provide new insights for developing more thermally comfortable and pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods in the context of climate change.","PeriodicalId":11863,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science","volume":"124 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1177/23998083241272095
Mikhail Sirenko, Tina Comes, Alexander Verbraeck
Urban vulnerability is affected by changing patterns of hazards due to climate change, increasing inequalities, rapid urban growth and inadequate infrastructure. While we have a relatively good understanding of how urban vulnerability changes in space, we know relatively little about the temporal dynamics of urban vulnerability. This paper presents a framework to assess urban vulnerability over time and space to address this gap. We apply the framework to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague, the Netherlands. Using high-resolution, anonymised ambulance calls and socio-economic, built environment, and proximity data, we identify three temporal patterns: ’Midday Peaks’, ’Early Birds’, and ’All-Day All-Night’. Each pattern represents a unique rhythm of risk arising from the interaction of people with diverse demographic and socio-economic backgrounds and the temporal flow of their daily activities within various urban environments. Our findings also highlight the polycentric nature of modern Dutch cities, where similar rhythms emerge in areas with varying population densities. Through these case studies, we demonstrate that our framework uncovers the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban vulnerability. These insights suggest that a more nuanced approach is necessary for assessing urban vulnerability and enhancing preparedness efforts.
{"title":"The rhythm of risk: Exploring spatio-temporal patterns of urban vulnerability with ambulance calls data","authors":"Mikhail Sirenko, Tina Comes, Alexander Verbraeck","doi":"10.1177/23998083241272095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241272095","url":null,"abstract":"Urban vulnerability is affected by changing patterns of hazards due to climate change, increasing inequalities, rapid urban growth and inadequate infrastructure. While we have a relatively good understanding of how urban vulnerability changes in space, we know relatively little about the temporal dynamics of urban vulnerability. This paper presents a framework to assess urban vulnerability over time and space to address this gap. We apply the framework to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague, the Netherlands. Using high-resolution, anonymised ambulance calls and socio-economic, built environment, and proximity data, we identify three temporal patterns: ’Midday Peaks’, ’Early Birds’, and ’All-Day All-Night’. Each pattern represents a unique rhythm of risk arising from the interaction of people with diverse demographic and socio-economic backgrounds and the temporal flow of their daily activities within various urban environments. Our findings also highlight the polycentric nature of modern Dutch cities, where similar rhythms emerge in areas with varying population densities. Through these case studies, we demonstrate that our framework uncovers the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban vulnerability. These insights suggest that a more nuanced approach is necessary for assessing urban vulnerability and enhancing preparedness efforts.","PeriodicalId":11863,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1177/23998083241271457
Linas Fathima A, Chithra K
The mana/ illam is a courtyard house typology found in the southern Indian state of Kerala, specific to the elite Namboothiri Brahmin community, who are members of the highest caste in the Hindu hierarchy, noted for their scholarship and wealth. These are highly decorated palatial houses built using timber or exposed laterite with sloped gable roofing designed to survive the heavy monsoons, expressive of Kerala’s rich vernacular and traditional architecture. This paper describes the language of mana/illam using shape grammar. To formulate the shape grammar, 36 samples of mana/illams across Kerala were architecturally documented, analysed, and their characteristics and differences in typology were determined. Three typologies of mana/illams are identified; spatial configurations, proportions, and hierarchy are examined, from which the vocabulary and rulesets for the shape grammar are formulated. Sixty-eight shape rules are defined across 20 stages. Sixty plan typologies of mana/illam are generated to illustrate the grammar.
{"title":"Decoding Namboothiri illams of Kerala: A shape grammar approach","authors":"Linas Fathima A, Chithra K","doi":"10.1177/23998083241271457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241271457","url":null,"abstract":"The mana/ illam is a courtyard house typology found in the southern Indian state of Kerala, specific to the elite Namboothiri Brahmin community, who are members of the highest caste in the Hindu hierarchy, noted for their scholarship and wealth. These are highly decorated palatial houses built using timber or exposed laterite with sloped gable roofing designed to survive the heavy monsoons, expressive of Kerala’s rich vernacular and traditional architecture. This paper describes the language of mana/illam using shape grammar. To formulate the shape grammar, 36 samples of mana/illams across Kerala were architecturally documented, analysed, and their characteristics and differences in typology were determined. Three typologies of mana/illams are identified; spatial configurations, proportions, and hierarchy are examined, from which the vocabulary and rulesets for the shape grammar are formulated. Sixty-eight shape rules are defined across 20 stages. Sixty plan typologies of mana/illam are generated to illustrate the grammar.","PeriodicalId":11863,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.1177/23998083241272094
Shruthy Nair, Clio Andris
We mapped Facebook’s Social Connectedness Index (SCI) between adjacent counties in the Contiguous 48 U.S. States. The index is calculated as the number of Facebook friends between counties, divided by the product of active Facebook users in the two counties. The results follow regional science principles that tell us that fewer flows may occur across political (administrative) borders such as state boundaries, and between economic zones, including transition zones between metropolitan areas and hinterland boundaries. We also found low connectivity between adjacent counties that are divided by interstate highways and low connectivity within densely populated areas. High connectivity is found in rural areas, and areas of cultural significance, such as highly African American regions in the U.S. South and isolated regions in Appalachia.
{"title":"The Relative Probability of Facebook Friendship in the United States","authors":"Shruthy Nair, Clio Andris","doi":"10.1177/23998083241272094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241272094","url":null,"abstract":"We mapped Facebook’s Social Connectedness Index (SCI) between adjacent counties in the Contiguous 48 U.S. States. The index is calculated as the number of Facebook friends between counties, divided by the product of active Facebook users in the two counties. The results follow regional science principles that tell us that fewer flows may occur across political (administrative) borders such as state boundaries, and between economic zones, including transition zones between metropolitan areas and hinterland boundaries. We also found low connectivity between adjacent counties that are divided by interstate highways and low connectivity within densely populated areas. High connectivity is found in rural areas, and areas of cultural significance, such as highly African American regions in the U.S. South and isolated regions in Appalachia.","PeriodicalId":11863,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.1177/23998083241272098
Luyu Liu, Harvey J Miller
Accessibility is one of the most essential objectives of public transit systems as the transit service’s useability and service quality. The accessibility of transit systems as a whole is well understood; however, it is still unclear how each route contributes to the system-wide accessibility. Meanwhile, with a higher risk of disruptions and more uncertainties from climate change and other disruptions, there is an urgent need to systematically study the impacts of service change with the contribution of each route to general accessibility. To address this gap, we introduce the accessibility derivative, a model-agnostic measure of the contribution of each route in a transit system. We define the derivative of a route as the systemwide change in accessibility after removing the route from the system. We demonstrate how to calculate the derivative numerically from widely available public transit schedule and automated passenger count data. The measure reflects the inherent structure of a transit system and reveals the impacts of potential route-level service changes. The results provide firsthand evidence on public transit assessment and planning, including performance assessment, schedule redesign, and planning transfers.
{"title":"Accessibility derivative: Measuring the accessibility contribution of public transit routes","authors":"Luyu Liu, Harvey J Miller","doi":"10.1177/23998083241272098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241272098","url":null,"abstract":"Accessibility is one of the most essential objectives of public transit systems as the transit service’s useability and service quality. The accessibility of transit systems as a whole is well understood; however, it is still unclear how each route contributes to the system-wide accessibility. Meanwhile, with a higher risk of disruptions and more uncertainties from climate change and other disruptions, there is an urgent need to systematically study the impacts of service change with the contribution of each route to general accessibility. To address this gap, we introduce the accessibility derivative, a model-agnostic measure of the contribution of each route in a transit system. We define the derivative of a route as the systemwide change in accessibility after removing the route from the system. We demonstrate how to calculate the derivative numerically from widely available public transit schedule and automated passenger count data. The measure reflects the inherent structure of a transit system and reveals the impacts of potential route-level service changes. The results provide firsthand evidence on public transit assessment and planning, including performance assessment, schedule redesign, and planning transfers.","PeriodicalId":11863,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.1177/23998083241271453
Mingzhi Zhou, Shuyu Lei, Jiangyue Wu, Hanxi Ma, David M Levinson, Jiangping Zhou
Using multiday continuous smartcard data in 2020, we investigate group-based travel in Hong Kong metro system by identifying metro riders intentionally traveling in groups (ITGs). ITGs serve as our proxies for citywide physical social interactions. Considering ITG members are interrelated through group-based trips, we construct a social network (an ITG network) formed by ITGs to explore the network properties and structures of ITG activities. Examining ITGs both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, we measure the spatial patterns of ITGs and their dynamics across locales and over time. We find that the degree of the ITG network follows a heavy-tailed distribution. The network size and interconnections vary across time. Some ITG members are more influential vertices than others in maintaining the networks’ topological properties. We illustrate how new data and methods can be used to explore in-person interactions and social activity patterns in transit-reliant cities.
{"title":"Intentional travel group and social network: Identification and dynamics during a pandemic","authors":"Mingzhi Zhou, Shuyu Lei, Jiangyue Wu, Hanxi Ma, David M Levinson, Jiangping Zhou","doi":"10.1177/23998083241271453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241271453","url":null,"abstract":"Using multiday continuous smartcard data in 2020, we investigate group-based travel in Hong Kong metro system by identifying metro riders intentionally traveling in groups (ITGs). ITGs serve as our proxies for citywide physical social interactions. Considering ITG members are interrelated through group-based trips, we construct a social network (an ITG network) formed by ITGs to explore the network properties and structures of ITG activities. Examining ITGs both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, we measure the spatial patterns of ITGs and their dynamics across locales and over time. We find that the degree of the ITG network follows a heavy-tailed distribution. The network size and interconnections vary across time. Some ITG members are more influential vertices than others in maintaining the networks’ topological properties. We illustrate how new data and methods can be used to explore in-person interactions and social activity patterns in transit-reliant cities.","PeriodicalId":11863,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1177/23998083241272664
Rubén Cordera, Soledad Nogués, Esther González-González, José Luis Moura
Cities may undergo important changes in the coming years driven by various economic, social, and technological innovations, such as those related to autonomous mobility. Among other effects, autonomous vehicles may affect morpho-functional patterns of urban development and, especially, may reinforce or reduce dispersed development patterns, which have been relevant in many cities, particularly in the last decades. In order to offer an assessment of these possible effects, we propose a new urban sprawl index to measure the degree of dispersion/concentration of settlements in the medium-sized urban area of a Spanish city (Santander, Cantabria). Further, we explain the distribution of this index by means of a regression model, showing that variables such as average household income, trip time to the main urban centre, or the percentage of people using cars to commute to work are relevant factors that correlate positively with urban sprawl. Finally, we apply the proposed model to different scenarios to examine how the development of autonomous mobility could affect the characteristics of the analysed settlements. The results obtained suggest that, in scenarios with higher car usage and longer trip times to the urban centre because of the larger number of circulating vehicles, the form of urban settlements, especially those at an intermediate distance from the urban core, could experience an increase in sprawl. Therefore, Autonomous Vehicles could promote, under certain conditions, an urban form with more sustainability problems.
{"title":"Modelling sprawl in a medium-sized urban area considering the future arrival of autonomous vehicles","authors":"Rubén Cordera, Soledad Nogués, Esther González-González, José Luis Moura","doi":"10.1177/23998083241272664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241272664","url":null,"abstract":"Cities may undergo important changes in the coming years driven by various economic, social, and technological innovations, such as those related to autonomous mobility. Among other effects, autonomous vehicles may affect morpho-functional patterns of urban development and, especially, may reinforce or reduce dispersed development patterns, which have been relevant in many cities, particularly in the last decades. In order to offer an assessment of these possible effects, we propose a new urban sprawl index to measure the degree of dispersion/concentration of settlements in the medium-sized urban area of a Spanish city (Santander, Cantabria). Further, we explain the distribution of this index by means of a regression model, showing that variables such as average household income, trip time to the main urban centre, or the percentage of people using cars to commute to work are relevant factors that correlate positively with urban sprawl. Finally, we apply the proposed model to different scenarios to examine how the development of autonomous mobility could affect the characteristics of the analysed settlements. The results obtained suggest that, in scenarios with higher car usage and longer trip times to the urban centre because of the larger number of circulating vehicles, the form of urban settlements, especially those at an intermediate distance from the urban core, could experience an increase in sprawl. Therefore, Autonomous Vehicles could promote, under certain conditions, an urban form with more sustainability problems.","PeriodicalId":11863,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141969778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1177/23998083241271460
Anna Kajosaari, Martina Schorn, Kamyar Hasanzadeh, Tiina Rinne, Saana Rossi, Marketta Kyttä
Despite the emergence of virtual spaces as arenas for public participation, the geographies of digital participation have gained relatively little attention. Besides considering who participates and why, there is an evident gap in research considering the spatial relationships between the participants of digital urban planning processes and the spaces that are the subject of their participation. This paper proposes a working concept of the spatiality of participation that distinguishes between the spaces in which participation occurs, the spatial realities of the participants, and the spaces as objects of participatory planning. Relationships between these dimensions are investigated empirically with a Public Participation GIS study set in Espoo, Finland, involving 1,731 citizens and over 6,800 future planning and development ideas mapped across the city. The results of the study support prior research observing that e-participation has the potential to spatially expand participation processes both in terms of the involved public and the spatial knowledge they produce. However, our results also show that online participation may capture spatial ties between people and places that differ from those of traditional participation modes, ranging from place-protective behaviors close to the residential location to more casual spatial attachments.
{"title":"Beyond the backyard: Unraveling the geographies of citizens’ engagement in digital participatory planning","authors":"Anna Kajosaari, Martina Schorn, Kamyar Hasanzadeh, Tiina Rinne, Saana Rossi, Marketta Kyttä","doi":"10.1177/23998083241271460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241271460","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the emergence of virtual spaces as arenas for public participation, the geographies of digital participation have gained relatively little attention. Besides considering who participates and why, there is an evident gap in research considering the spatial relationships between the participants of digital urban planning processes and the spaces that are the subject of their participation. This paper proposes a working concept of the spatiality of participation that distinguishes between the spaces in which participation occurs, the spatial realities of the participants, and the spaces as objects of participatory planning. Relationships between these dimensions are investigated empirically with a Public Participation GIS study set in Espoo, Finland, involving 1,731 citizens and over 6,800 future planning and development ideas mapped across the city. The results of the study support prior research observing that e-participation has the potential to spatially expand participation processes both in terms of the involved public and the spatial knowledge they produce. However, our results also show that online participation may capture spatial ties between people and places that differ from those of traditional participation modes, ranging from place-protective behaviors close to the residential location to more casual spatial attachments.","PeriodicalId":11863,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141948803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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