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ISLPED'06 Proceedings of the 2006 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design最新文献

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Low Power Design from Technology Challenge to Great Products 从技术挑战到伟大产品的低功耗设计
Barry Dennington
Each generation of semiconductor process technology enables increased levels of integration and density on a single chip, Moores Law continues to prevail and the users of portable and hand held communications and entertainment products enjoy greater functionality and features. Lifestyles and user paradigms indicate that no matter how many features are added, service providers and manufacturers think of more and users cannot wait to acquire the latest products. Features, performance, fashion and, of course, fierce competition, drive the market and thereby set the challenge for the semiconductor designer. The challenge for designers is to create systems on a single chip (SoC) to provide these features for the user and to enable service and content providers to realize new emerging market opportunities. This has been a challenge for many years but, now that nanometer process technologies form the enabling process technology, the design challenge is much greater. Nanometer design effects must be considered from the initial SoC architecture all the way through to manufacturing where design for manufacturing (DFM) effects must be overcome to enable reliable, high volume production. At the silicon level the features demanded by the users require extensive efforts to provide acceptable performance and reliability. Users of cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players will be most familiar with the need for long battery life while, to achieve this, the SoC designer worries about how to design with lower supply voltages, higher leakage currents, on chip power density and reliability. Packaging techniques which assemble multiple chips to form systems in package (SiP) also create signal integrity and power dissipation issues. At the same time designers must be able to design with EDA design tools and methodology's that are still emerging and where no standards for low power design exist today to make the task easier. This keynote will talk about the low power design techniques available to SoC designers, how they are implemented in SoCs and how they are implemented in existing and new designs. The talk will end with a view on the challenges coming up next and what needs to be done to prepare for them
每一代半导体工艺技术都能提高单个芯片的集成度和密度,摩尔定律继续盛行,便携式和手持通信和娱乐产品的用户享受更大的功能和特性。生活方式和用户模式表明,无论增加多少功能,服务提供商和制造商都会考虑更多,用户迫不及待地想要获得最新的产品。特点,性能,时尚,当然,激烈的竞争,推动市场,从而设置半导体设计师的挑战。设计人员面临的挑战是在单芯片(SoC)上创建系统,为用户提供这些功能,并使服务和内容提供商能够抓住新兴市场的机会。多年来,这一直是一个挑战,但现在纳米工艺技术形成了使能的工艺技术,设计挑战要大得多。从最初的SoC架构一直到制造,必须考虑纳米设计效应,其中必须克服制造设计(DFM)效应,以实现可靠的大批量生产。在硅级,用户所要求的特性需要大量的努力来提供可接受的性能和可靠性。手机、pda和MP3播放器的用户最熟悉的是对长电池寿命的需求,而为了实现这一目标,SoC设计者担心的是如何设计出更低的电源电压、更高的漏电流、片上功率密度和可靠性。将多个芯片组装在一起形成系统内封装(SiP)的封装技术也会产生信号完整性和功耗问题。与此同时,设计人员必须能够使用EDA设计工具和方法学进行设计,这些工具和方法学仍在兴起,目前还没有低功耗设计标准来简化这项任务。本主题演讲将讨论SoC设计人员可用的低功耗设计技术,它们如何在SoC中实现以及如何在现有和新设计中实现。演讲结束时,将讨论接下来将面临的挑战,以及需要做些什么来为这些挑战做准备
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引用次数: 6
Variation-Driven Device Sizing for Minimum Energy Sub-threshold Circuits 最小能量亚阈值电路的可变驱动器件尺寸
Joyce Kwong, A. Chandrakasan
Sub-threshold operation is a compelling approach for energy-constrained applications, but increased sensitivity to variation must be mitigated. We explore variability metrics and the variation sensitivity of stacked device topologies. We show that upsizing is necessary to achieve robustness at reduced voltages and propose a design methodology to meet yield constraints. The need for upsizing imposes an energy-overhead, influencing the optimal supply voltage to minimize energy. Finally, we characterize performance variability by summing delay distributions of each stage in an arbitrary critical path and achieve results accurate to within 10% of Monte Carlo simulation
对于能量受限的应用,亚阈值操作是一种引人注目的方法,但必须减轻对变化增加的敏感性。我们探索可变性指标和变化敏感性的堆叠器件拓扑。我们表明,为了在降低电压下实现稳健性,放大是必要的,并提出了一种满足产量限制的设计方法。增大尺寸的需要增加了能量开销,影响了以最小化能量为目的的最佳供电电压。最后,我们通过在任意关键路径上对每个阶段的延迟分布求和来表征性能变异性,并获得精确到蒙特卡罗模拟的10%以内的结果
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引用次数: 209
A CMOS Analog Frontend for a Passive UHF RFID Tag 无源超高频RFID标签的CMOS模拟前端
A. Facen, A. Boni
The paper discusses the design of the analog frontend of a passive UHF RFID tag, compatible with ISO/IEC 18000-6b standard. An efficient ESD-protected power retrieving circuit, based on the antenna features, a rectifier bridge and a charge pump, is introduced, as well as an auto-calibrated clock generator. The chip, implemented in a 0.18mum digital CMOS technology, does not need any post-fabrication trimming or external component besides the antenna; according to simulations, a correct communication is achieved at a distance of several meters between reader and tag
本文讨论了一种符合ISO/IEC 18000-6b标准的无源超高频RFID标签的模拟前端设计。根据天线的特点,设计了一种高效的防静电功率回收电路,包括整流桥和电荷泵,以及自动校准时钟发生器。该芯片采用0.18 μ m数字CMOS技术实现,除了天线外,不需要任何后期修整或外部组件;仿真结果表明,阅读器与标签之间在几米的距离上实现了正确的通信
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引用次数: 34
Power-Efficient Pulse Width Modulation DC/DC Converters with Zero Voltage Switching Control 具有零电压开关控制的高能效脉宽调制DC/DC变换器
C. Long, S. Reddy, S. Pamarti, Lei He, T. Karnik
This paper proposes a power-efficient PWM DC/DC converter design with a novel zero voltage switching (ZVS) control technique. The ZVS control is realized by an inner feedback loop which is implemented by simple digital circuitry between the input and output of the power transistors and achieves real-time zero voltage switching (ZVS) for various loading and device parameters with power efficiencies over 90.0%. In addition, an outer feedback loop is used to ensure that the output precisely tracks a reference voltage level. We have also built the relationship between the output voltage ripple and the speed of the voltage comparators which has shown to introduce new low-frequency signals to the loops and cause significant output voltage ripples. Experiment results show that the output ripple could be reduced by 4times by carefully handling the generation and propagation of these low frequency signals
本文提出了一种采用零电压开关(ZVS)控制技术的低功耗PWM DC/DC变换器设计。ZVS控制通过在功率晶体管输入和输出之间的简单数字电路实现内反馈回路,实现各种负载和器件参数的实时零电压切换,功率效率超过90.0%。此外,外部反馈回路用于确保输出精确地跟踪参考电压电平。我们还建立了输出电压纹波和电压比较器速度之间的关系,这种关系已经证明可以向环路引入新的低频信号并引起显着的输出电压纹波。实验结果表明,通过对这些低频信号的产生和传播进行精心处理,可以使输出纹波减小4倍
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引用次数: 12
Considering Process Variations During System-Level Power Analysis 在系统级功率分析中考虑过程变化
Saumya Chandra, K. Lahiri, A. Raghunathan, S. Dey
Process variations will increasingly impact the operational characteristics of integrated circuits in nanoscale semiconductor technologies. Researchers have proposed various design techniques to address process variations at the mask, circuit, and logic levels. However, as the magnitude of process variations increases, their effects will need to be addressed earlier in the design cycle. In this paper, we propose techniques for accurately and efficiently incorporating the effects of process variations into system-level power estimation tools. To motivate our work, we first study the impact of process variations on the power consumption of an example system-on-chip (SoC). We consider simple extensions of current approaches to system-level power estimation (spreadsheet-based and simulation-based power estimation), and demonstrate their limitations in performing variation-aware power estimation. We propose a system-level power estimation methodology that can accurately and efficiently analyze the impact of process variations on SoC power. The proposed methodology combines efficient trace-based analysis, power-state based leakage modeling, and Monte Carlo sampling. The key benefit of the proposed methodology is that it captures the necessary inter-dependencies while avoiding iterative system-level simulation. Our implementation of the proposed techniques within an in-house system-level power estimation framework indicates 2-5 orders of magnitude efficiency gains, with negligible loss in accuracy, compared to direct Monte Carlo techniques that require iterative system simulation
在纳米级半导体技术中,工艺变化将越来越多地影响集成电路的工作特性。研究人员提出了各种设计技术来解决掩模、电路和逻辑级别的工艺变化。然而,随着工艺变化幅度的增加,它们的影响需要在设计周期的早期得到解决。在本文中,我们提出了准确和有效地将过程变化的影响纳入系统级功率估计工具的技术。为了激励我们的工作,我们首先研究了工艺变化对片上系统(SoC)示例功耗的影响。我们考虑了当前系统级功率估计方法的简单扩展(基于电子表格和基于仿真的功率估计),并展示了它们在执行变化感知功率估计方面的局限性。我们提出了一种系统级功耗估计方法,可以准确有效地分析工艺变化对SoC功耗的影响。提出的方法结合了高效的基于跟踪的分析、基于功率状态的泄漏建模和蒙特卡罗采样。所提出的方法的主要好处是它捕获了必要的相互依赖关系,同时避免了迭代的系统级模拟。与需要迭代系统模拟的直接蒙特卡罗技术相比,我们在内部系统级功率估计框架中实现的所提出的技术表明了2-5个数量级的效率增益,精度损失可以忽略不计
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引用次数: 32
Time-Borrowing Multi-Cycle On-Chip Interconnects for Delay Variation Tolerance 延时容差的借时多周期片上互连
K. Bowman, J. Tschanz, M. Khellah, M. Ghoneima, Y. Ismail, V. De
Insertion of time-borrowing (TB) flip-flops in multi-cycle repeater-based on-chip interconnects enables significant improvements in mean performance and energy by averaging systematic and random within-die (WID) delay variations across multiple interconnect segments. A statistically-based analytical model is derived to design a TB N-cycle interconnects with optimal delay variation tolerance. The model elucidates the dependency of the transparency window required to achieve data delay averaging on the delay variation mismatch between interconnect segments. Statistical circuit simulations and analyses in a 65nm process technology demonstrate that TB multi-cycle interconnects enable a 4-6% mean maximum clock frequency (FMAX) improvement and a corresponding 10% average energy savings over optimally designed multi-cycle interconnects with conventional master-slave flip-flops. The maximum mean FMAX benefit ranges from 4.0-7.5%, corresponding to approximately a bin-split shift in the FMAX distribution. For 1.41X larger WID delay variations, the maximum mean FMAX gain rises to 5-10%
在基于多周期中继器的片上互连中插入借时(TB)触发器,通过平均多个互连段的系统和随机模内(WID)延迟变化,可以显著提高平均性能和能量。推导了一种基于统计的分析模型,用于设计具有最优延迟变化容限的TB n环互连。该模型阐明了实现数据延迟平均所需的透明窗口依赖于互连段之间的延迟变化不匹配。基于65nm工艺技术的统计电路仿真和分析表明,与采用传统主从触发器的优化设计的多周期互连相比,TB多周期互连可使平均最大时钟频率(FMAX)提高4-6%,相应的平均节能10%。最大平均FMAX收益范围为4.0-7.5%,大约对应于FMAX分布中的bin-split移位。对于1.41倍较大的WID延迟变化,最大平均FMAX增益上升到5-10%
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引用次数: 13
Everlast: Long-life, Supercapacitor-operated Wireless Sensor Node Everlast:长寿命,超级电容操作的无线传感器节点
Farhan Simjee, Pai H. Chou
This paper describes a supercapacitor-operated, solar-powered wireless sensor node called Everlast. Unlike traditional wireless sensors that store energy in batteries, Everlast's use of supercapacitors enables the system to operate for an estimated lifetime of 20 years without any maintenance. The novelty of this system lies in the feedforward, PFM (pulse frequency modulated) converter and open-circuit solar voltage method for maximum power point tracking, enabling the solar cell to efficiently charge the supercapacitor and power the node. Experimental results show that Everlast can achieve low power consumption, long operational lifetime, and high transmission rates, something that traditional sensor nodes cannot achieve simultaneously and must trade-off
这篇论文描述了一种名为Everlast的超级电容器驱动的太阳能无线传感器节点。与传统的将能量储存在电池中的无线传感器不同,Everlast使用的超级电容器使该系统的使用寿命估计为20年,无需任何维护。该系统的新颖之处在于采用前馈、PFM(脉冲调频)变换器和开路太阳能电压法进行最大功率点跟踪,使太阳能电池能够有效地为超级电容器充电并为节点供电。实验结果表明,Everlast可以实现低功耗、长工作寿命和高传输速率,这是传统传感器节点无法同时实现的,必须权衡
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引用次数: 289
Reducing Power through Compiler-Directed Barrier Synchronization Elimination 通过编译器导向的屏障同步消除降低功率
M. Kandemir, S. Son
Interprocessor synchronization, while extremely important for ensuring execution correctness, can be very costly in terms of both power and performance overheads. Unfortunately, many parallelizing compilers are very conservative in inserting barrier synchronizations at the end of each and every parallel loop. This can lead to significant power consumption in chip multiprocessor based execution environments. This paper proposes a compiler-directed approach for eliminating such synchronization calls between neighboring parallel loops. It achieves its goal by partitioning loop iterations across processors such that each processor executes iterations from both the loops that access the same set of array elements. We implemented the proposed approach using an experimental compilation framework and made experiments with ten SPEC benchmark codes. Our experiments clearly show that the proposed compiler-directed approach is very effective and reduces energy overheads due to synchronizations by about 75.5%, and this corresponds to around 5.48% saving on average in overall energy consumption
处理器间同步虽然对确保执行正确性极其重要,但在功耗和性能开销方面可能非常昂贵。不幸的是,许多并行编译器在每个并行循环的末尾插入屏障同步时非常保守。在基于芯片多处理器的执行环境中,这可能导致显著的功耗。本文提出了一种编译器导向的方法来消除相邻并行循环之间的同步调用。它通过跨处理器划分循环迭代来实现其目标,这样每个处理器都可以从访问同一组数组元素的两个循环中执行迭代。我们使用一个实验性编译框架实现了所提出的方法,并对十个SPEC基准代码进行了实验。我们的实验清楚地表明,所提出的编译器导向的方法非常有效,并且由于同步而减少了大约75.5%的能源开销,这相当于在总体能耗中平均节省了大约5.48%
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引用次数: 3
Design Challenges for Mobile Communication Devices 移动通信设备的设计挑战
C. Kutter
Summary form only given. System on chips (SoC) for mobile devices, such as GSM/EDGE/UMTS, have strongly conflicting requirements. On one hand the demand for processing performance is steadily increasing with every new standard and on the other hand extremely low power dissipation is demanded. The performance demands vary strongly, depending on the phone modes and activities e.g. stand-by mode vs. talk mode vs. high performance application modes such as video processing and gaming. Next to the development of new telecommunication standards the silicon technologies develop according to the shrink path. Scaling of physical structures, especially the gate thickness, induces larger leakage in DSM technologies. The shrink is accompanied with a further reduction of supply voltage that helps to reduce the dynamic power dissipation but also reduces the leverage of performance improvement. To reduce the leakage and to reach the targets of design projects new low power measures have to be defined and implemented by integration into technology, libraries, design tools, and the design flow. In recent years several low power features have been developed to address both the static leakage power consumption and the dynamic active power consumption. These features, or a combination of them, can be tailored to dynamically varying performance needs of the SoC in different modes meaning different use cases
只提供摘要形式。用于移动设备的系统芯片(SoC),如GSM/EDGE/UMTS,具有强烈的冲突要求。一方面,随着每一个新标准的推出,对处理性能的要求也在稳步提高,另一方面,又要求极低的功耗。性能需求变化很大,取决于手机模式和活动,如待机模式、通话模式和高性能应用模式,如视频处理和游戏。随着新电信标准的不断发展,硅技术也沿着收缩路径发展。在DSM技术中,物理结构的缩放,尤其是栅极厚度的缩放,会导致更大的泄漏。这种收缩伴随着电源电压的进一步降低,这有助于减少动态功耗,但也降低了性能改进的杠杆作用。为了减少泄漏并达到设计项目的目标,必须通过集成技术、库、设计工具和设计流程来定义和实施新的低功耗措施。近年来,为了解决静态泄漏功耗和动态有功功耗问题,开发了几种低功耗特性。这些功能,或者它们的组合,可以根据SoC在不同模式下的动态变化的性能需求进行定制,这意味着不同的用例
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引用次数: 3
Synergistic Temperature and Energy Management in GALS Processor Architectures GALS处理器架构中的协同温度和能量管理
Yongkang Zhu, D. Albonesi
We propose a synergistic temperature and energy management scheme for GALS processors. Localized DVS is applied in domains that contain hotspots, permitting other critical domains to run unabated, thereby reducing performance cost relative to global DVS, and also creating execution slack in peripheral cooler domains that can be exploited to save energy. The reduction in energy in turn creates a steeper temperature gradient between the domains, permitting heat to flow more easily out of the hotspot domain. This symbiotic cyclical relationship between temperature and energy management leads to both significantly better performance, and lower energy, than the use of DTM alone
我们提出了一种用于GALS处理器的协同温度和能量管理方案。局部分布式交换机应用于包含热点的域中,允许其他关键域不受影响地运行,从而降低相对于全局分布式交换机的性能成本,并且在外围较冷的域中产生执行松弛,可以利用这一点来节省能源。能量的减少反过来又在区域之间产生了更陡峭的温度梯度,使得热量更容易流出热点区域。与单独使用DTM相比,温度和能量管理之间的这种共生循环关系显著提高了性能,降低了能耗
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引用次数: 2
期刊
ISLPED'06 Proceedings of the 2006 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design
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