Pub Date : 1997-06-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-199706000-00005
A. Favero, S. Salvini, A. Russo, M. Parpinel, E. Negri, A. Decarli, C. la Vecchia, A. Giacosa, S. Franceschi
The knowledge of major sources of macro- and micronutrients is essential in order to interpret differences in the diet-cancer link in various geographical areas and to provide better nutritional guidelines. For this purpose we took advantage of the control group of a case-control study on breast cancer carried out in six Italian areas. The dietary habits of 2,588 cancer-free women aged 20-74 years (median age 56) were elicited between 1991 and 1994 by means of an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that included 78 foods or food groups, in addition to several questions on general dietary pattern (e.g., fat in seasoning). Bread was the first contributor for total energy (12%), protein (8%) and starch (32%) intake, whereas, for saturated fatty acid, the first sources were different types of cheese (28%); for monounsaturated fatty acids the dressing oils of salad and tomatoes (12%); and, for sugars, apples and pears (19%). Raw vegetables and fresh fruit represented the most important source of most vitamins. The first contributors of vitamin C and beta-carotene were citrus fruits (29%) and raw carrots (17%), respectively. Thus, between 40 and 80% of specific macronutrient intake and up to 90% intake of several micronutrients were derived from the first ten foods or food groups. Often, the major contributors to the intake of a specific component were foods with a relatively low content, but eaten in large quantities. This work further highlights the specificity of nutrient sources in southern European populations.
{"title":"Sources of macro- and micronutrients in Italian women: results from a food frequency questionnaire for cancer studies.","authors":"A. Favero, S. Salvini, A. Russo, M. Parpinel, E. Negri, A. Decarli, C. la Vecchia, A. Giacosa, S. Franceschi","doi":"10.1097/00008469-199706000-00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199706000-00005","url":null,"abstract":"The knowledge of major sources of macro- and micronutrients is essential in order to interpret differences in the diet-cancer link in various geographical areas and to provide better nutritional guidelines. For this purpose we took advantage of the control group of a case-control study on breast cancer carried out in six Italian areas. The dietary habits of 2,588 cancer-free women aged 20-74 years (median age 56) were elicited between 1991 and 1994 by means of an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that included 78 foods or food groups, in addition to several questions on general dietary pattern (e.g., fat in seasoning). Bread was the first contributor for total energy (12%), protein (8%) and starch (32%) intake, whereas, for saturated fatty acid, the first sources were different types of cheese (28%); for monounsaturated fatty acids the dressing oils of salad and tomatoes (12%); and, for sugars, apples and pears (19%). Raw vegetables and fresh fruit represented the most important source of most vitamins. The first contributors of vitamin C and beta-carotene were citrus fruits (29%) and raw carrots (17%), respectively. Thus, between 40 and 80% of specific macronutrient intake and up to 90% intake of several micronutrients were derived from the first ten foods or food groups. Often, the major contributors to the intake of a specific component were foods with a relatively low content, but eaten in large quantities. This work further highlights the specificity of nutrient sources in southern European populations.","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80066192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-06-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-199706000-00004
C. Gilbert
It is proposed that the prerequisites for a low-risk to major cancers-breast, colon, lung, prostate, melanoma (as, for example in Africans, Chinese and Japanese) - include upregulated hypothalamic dopaminergic activity compared to depressed noradrenergic/thyrogenic function and raised vagal tone, and a neuroendocrine constellation that promotes improved immune efficiency and its inimical to the onset of aversive cell responses. Since the integrity of these tissues is regulated by hypothalamic-hypophyseal hormones, under tonic dopaminergic inhibition, cancers are potentially preventable as long as dopaminergic integrity is maintained, or the decline in ageing in slowed. Evidence for the impact of upregulated dopamine on tumour prevention includes: (1) a reduced (40%) rate of colonic cancer in exercised-trained ageing subjects; (2) reduced expected rates of lung/colon cancers, and skin tumours in prolonged post-menopausal oestrogen replacement; (3) the virtual suppression of all cancers during pregnancy (when dopamine synthesis increases); (4) the low rate of bronchogenic carcinoma correlates with reduced enzymatic conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline; and (5) neuroblastoma (specifically dopamine dysregulated tumour) regresses spontaneously on dopamine normalization. Similar tumour reduction is anticipated by controlling the intake of calories. The subtlety of the switch to upregulated dopamine, the speed of translation at the cellular level and the sustainability of responses as long as the initiating stimulus persists (as exposed by pregnancy), underline the plasticity of the neuroendocrine mechanism and ease of manipulation. Long exposure to environmental iodine deficiency, as seen for example in Africans and Chinese, reveals a crucial dopamine-thyroid action that slows cell timing mechanisms. The common neurohormonal basis identified for the prevention of human cancers has practical application, with reasonably assured positive results.
{"title":"Major human cancers are preventable: physiological stimuli induce a dopamine-thyroid-immune efficient mechanism.","authors":"C. Gilbert","doi":"10.1097/00008469-199706000-00004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199706000-00004","url":null,"abstract":"It is proposed that the prerequisites for a low-risk to major cancers-breast, colon, lung, prostate, melanoma (as, for example in Africans, Chinese and Japanese) - include upregulated hypothalamic dopaminergic activity compared to depressed noradrenergic/thyrogenic function and raised vagal tone, and a neuroendocrine constellation that promotes improved immune efficiency and its inimical to the onset of aversive cell responses. Since the integrity of these tissues is regulated by hypothalamic-hypophyseal hormones, under tonic dopaminergic inhibition, cancers are potentially preventable as long as dopaminergic integrity is maintained, or the decline in ageing in slowed. Evidence for the impact of upregulated dopamine on tumour prevention includes: (1) a reduced (40%) rate of colonic cancer in exercised-trained ageing subjects; (2) reduced expected rates of lung/colon cancers, and skin tumours in prolonged post-menopausal oestrogen replacement; (3) the virtual suppression of all cancers during pregnancy (when dopamine synthesis increases); (4) the low rate of bronchogenic carcinoma correlates with reduced enzymatic conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline; and (5) neuroblastoma (specifically dopamine dysregulated tumour) regresses spontaneously on dopamine normalization. Similar tumour reduction is anticipated by controlling the intake of calories. The subtlety of the switch to upregulated dopamine, the speed of translation at the cellular level and the sustainability of responses as long as the initiating stimulus persists (as exposed by pregnancy), underline the plasticity of the neuroendocrine mechanism and ease of manipulation. Long exposure to environmental iodine deficiency, as seen for example in Africans and Chinese, reveals a crucial dopamine-thyroid action that slows cell timing mechanisms. The common neurohormonal basis identified for the prevention of human cancers has practical application, with reasonably assured positive results.","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85498001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-199710000-00027
L. Dragsted, M. Strube, T. Leth
Several non-nutritive components in fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices have been found to inhibit tumour formation in experimental animals exposed to carcinogens. The active non-nutritive components vary with respect to their chemical structures, and may be classed as phenols, terpenes, indoles, isothiocyanates, allyl sulphides or others. They also seem to work by different mechanisms, being inducers or inhibitors of various enzymes, antioxidants, scavengers of reactive metabolites, or inducers of apoptosis. The dietary levels are generally in the order of 1-100 mg/day for most classes of compounds in the Danish population, and similar levels are expected in most northern European countries. These levels are very low compared with the levels used in most animal experiments, where non-nutritive factors have individually been shown to have inhibitory actions on tumorigenesis. Human long-term intervention trials with antioxidants have generally been discouraging. In human short-term intervention studies, where increased dietary levels of specific vegetables or fruits are studied, doses are also comparatively low. Effects on important enzymes have been reported in several such studies, indicating that low levels of non-nutritive factors could influence carcinogenesis by specific mechanisms. Meta-analyses of cohort studies on specific food items rich in specific non-nutritive components, indicate that carotenoid- or glucosinolate-rich foods protect against some cancers, while flavonoid rich food items do not uniformly show protective effects.
{"title":"Dietary levels of plant phenols and other non-nutritive components: could they prevent cancer?","authors":"L. Dragsted, M. Strube, T. Leth","doi":"10.1097/00008469-199710000-00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199710000-00027","url":null,"abstract":"Several non-nutritive components in fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices have been found to inhibit tumour formation in experimental animals exposed to carcinogens. The active non-nutritive components vary with respect to their chemical structures, and may be classed as phenols, terpenes, indoles, isothiocyanates, allyl sulphides or others. They also seem to work by different mechanisms, being inducers or inhibitors of various enzymes, antioxidants, scavengers of reactive metabolites, or inducers of apoptosis. The dietary levels are generally in the order of 1-100 mg/day for most classes of compounds in the Danish population, and similar levels are expected in most northern European countries. These levels are very low compared with the levels used in most animal experiments, where non-nutritive factors have individually been shown to have inhibitory actions on tumorigenesis. Human long-term intervention trials with antioxidants have generally been discouraging. In human short-term intervention studies, where increased dietary levels of specific vegetables or fruits are studied, doses are also comparatively low. Effects on important enzymes have been reported in several such studies, indicating that low levels of non-nutritive factors could influence carcinogenesis by specific mechanisms. Meta-analyses of cohort studies on specific food items rich in specific non-nutritive components, indicate that carotenoid- or glucosinolate-rich foods protect against some cancers, while flavonoid rich food items do not uniformly show protective effects.","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80192846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-199710000-00042
S. Franceschi
A large part of the epidemiological debate on diet and breast cancer has been dominated by the issue of whether fat, particularly animal fat, increases risk. Lately, the possible protective effect of various dietary constituents has received more attention. Vitamins C and E, and beta-carotene have antioxidant activity and may thus provide a cellular defence against reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Dietary fibre may influence oestrogen metabolism. A large case-control study (2,569 breast cancer and 2,588 hospital controls) conducted in six Italian areas between 1991 and 1994 suggested that a diet rich in several micronutrients was associated with significantly lowered risk. After allowance for non-dietary risk correlates, energy intake and the mutual confounding effect of the various micronutrients, beta-carotene, vitamin E and calcium were associated with odds ratios in the highest intake quintile compared to the lowest one of 0.84, 0.75 and 0.81, respectively. Among different types of fibre, only cellulose intake showed a moderate inverse association. Evidence from other studies suggests that a favourable role of some micronutrients is possible, albeit probably less important than for cancers of the stomach and colon-rectum. Indeed, the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake is also less marked/consistent for breast cancer than for other sites. Among agents that have only recently been investigated, isoflavones, which are weak oestrogens, are of particular interest.
{"title":"Micronutrients and breast cancer.","authors":"S. Franceschi","doi":"10.1097/00008469-199710000-00042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199710000-00042","url":null,"abstract":"A large part of the epidemiological debate on diet and breast cancer has been dominated by the issue of whether fat, particularly animal fat, increases risk. Lately, the possible protective effect of various dietary constituents has received more attention. Vitamins C and E, and beta-carotene have antioxidant activity and may thus provide a cellular defence against reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Dietary fibre may influence oestrogen metabolism. A large case-control study (2,569 breast cancer and 2,588 hospital controls) conducted in six Italian areas between 1991 and 1994 suggested that a diet rich in several micronutrients was associated with significantly lowered risk. After allowance for non-dietary risk correlates, energy intake and the mutual confounding effect of the various micronutrients, beta-carotene, vitamin E and calcium were associated with odds ratios in the highest intake quintile compared to the lowest one of 0.84, 0.75 and 0.81, respectively. Among different types of fibre, only cellulose intake showed a moderate inverse association. Evidence from other studies suggests that a favourable role of some micronutrients is possible, albeit probably less important than for cancers of the stomach and colon-rectum. Indeed, the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake is also less marked/consistent for breast cancer than for other sites. Among agents that have only recently been investigated, isoflavones, which are weak oestrogens, are of particular interest.","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76538879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-199702000-00018
A. Gjorgov
{"title":"AIDS turnaround: first remedy the adverse effects of the condom policy.","authors":"A. Gjorgov","doi":"10.1097/00008469-199702000-00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199702000-00018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76356636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-01DOI: 10.1017/9781316995747.003
Luciano Fonda
{"title":"Synchrotron radiation sources.","authors":"Luciano Fonda","doi":"10.1017/9781316995747.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316995747.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86011242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-09-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-199609000-00010
M. Hill
{"title":"Endogenous N-nitrosation.","authors":"M. Hill","doi":"10.1097/00008469-199609000-00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199609000-00010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80682909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-09-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-199609000-00020
I. Rowland
{"title":"Endogenous production by N-nitroso compounds.","authors":"I. Rowland","doi":"10.1097/00008469-199609000-00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199609000-00020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89331267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-31DOI: 10.4324/9780203168929_chapter_1
M. Hill
{"title":"General background on diet and cancer.","authors":"M. Hill","doi":"10.4324/9780203168929_chapter_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203168929_chapter_1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83688427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-01DOI: 10.1097/00006205-200507000-00014
C. la Vecchia
{"title":"Hormone replacement therapy, breast and endometrial cancer.","authors":"C. la Vecchia","doi":"10.1097/00006205-200507000-00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00006205-200507000-00014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87370822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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