Pub Date : 2001-04-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200104000-00011
J. Faivre
International comparisons suggest important intercountry differences in survival of digestive cancers. The present study is concerned with variations in survival trends among European countries. The EUROCARE study is a European Union project to collect survival data from population-based cancer registries. We compared survival rates from 17 countries between 1985 and 1989 and investigated time trends in survival over the 1978 1989 period in 13 countries. Relative survival rates were computed using age-specific general population mortality rates to take into account the widely differing mortality backgrounds of participating countries. Mean European or regional survival rates were estimated as the weighted mean of 5-year survival rates in the corresponding countries. Five-year relative survival rates ranged from 3% to 14% for oesophageal cancer, 9% to 27% for gastric cancer, 26% to 54% for colon cancer and 25% to 54% for rectal cancer. In general, survival was lower in Eastern Europe, Denmark and the UK than in northern or continental Europe. Survival rates for digestive tract cancer increased in most European countries but most regional differences in survival persisted. The highest increase in survival rate was observed for large bowel cancers. The weighted European survival rate increased from 40% to 48% for colon cancer and 38% to 46% for rectal cancer. Improvements in survival were greater for Ž . older patients aged 65 99 at diagnosis . Differences in survival rates between the countries from northern and continental Europe decreased, particularly for colorectal cancer and partially for stomach cancer. The large geographical differences in survival rates for digestive tract cancers suggest differences in the availability of diagnostic and therapeutic facilities. The substantial improvement in survival suggests that cancers are being diagnosed earlier and that treatments are more effective but inter-country differences in survival rates have not decreased.
{"title":"Variation in survival of patients with digestive tract cancers in Europe, 1978-1989.","authors":"J. Faivre","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200104000-00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200104000-00011","url":null,"abstract":"International comparisons suggest important intercountry differences in survival of digestive cancers. The present study is concerned with variations in survival trends among European countries. The EUROCARE study is a European Union project to collect survival data from population-based cancer registries. We compared survival rates from 17 countries between 1985 and 1989 and investigated time trends in survival over the 1978 1989 period in 13 countries. Relative survival rates were computed using age-specific general population mortality rates to take into account the widely differing mortality backgrounds of participating countries. Mean European or regional survival rates were estimated as the weighted mean of 5-year survival rates in the corresponding countries. Five-year relative survival rates ranged from 3% to 14% for oesophageal cancer, 9% to 27% for gastric cancer, 26% to 54% for colon cancer and 25% to 54% for rectal cancer. In general, survival was lower in Eastern Europe, Denmark and the UK than in northern or continental Europe. Survival rates for digestive tract cancer increased in most European countries but most regional differences in survival persisted. The highest increase in survival rate was observed for large bowel cancers. The weighted European survival rate increased from 40% to 48% for colon cancer and 38% to 46% for rectal cancer. Improvements in survival were greater for Ž . older patients aged 65 99 at diagnosis . Differences in survival rates between the countries from northern and continental Europe decreased, particularly for colorectal cancer and partially for stomach cancer. The large geographical differences in survival rates for digestive tract cancers suggest differences in the availability of diagnostic and therapeutic facilities. The substantial improvement in survival suggests that cancers are being diagnosed earlier and that treatments are more effective but inter-country differences in survival rates have not decreased.","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72717558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-04-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200104000-00010
U. Armbrecht
Guidelines and recommendations regarding screening investigations and surveillance to prevent death from colorectal cancer have been released by several national medical societies and the World Health Ž Organization Winawer et al., 1995, 1997; Schmiegel . et al., 2000 . These guidelines are based on available clinical and statistical information at the time they were set up by expert panels. The strength of evidence for the recommendations given varies. There is no direct evidence from large, randomized, prospective trials for the effectiveness of endoscopic screening to prevent death from colorectal cancer. In average-risk subjects several case control studies reveal a reduction in mortality from colorectal cancer by screening sigmoidŽ oscopies Selby et al., 1992; Newcomb et al., 1992; . Muller and Sonnenberg, 1995 . In individuals at increased risk for the development of colorectal cancer it has been shown that preventive endoscopies may reduce cancer incidence by early detection and removal of precancerous lesions. Moreover, Ž cancers may be detected at an earlier stage Winawer . et al., 1993a; Thiis-Evensen et al., 1999 . The prevalence of adenomas of the colon increases with age. Adenomatous polyps can be found in almost a quarter of the population at the age of Ž . 50 years Williams et al., 1982 . These adenomas account for the development of most cancers of the colon and rectum. Also cancer incidence increases steeply over the age of 50. In the western world about 100 new cases of colorectal cancer per 100 000 inhabitants per year can be expected in people at the age of 58 and 200 new cases in people at the age Ž . of 65 Winawer et al., 1997 . This is the basis of the recommendation to start endoscopic screening in average-risk subjects at age 50. More than half of all neoplastic lesions of the colon are confined to the distal part in the reach of the flexible sigmoidoscope. Sigmoidoscopy is a relatively inexpensive endoscopic procedure with simple bowel preparation, involving very little discomfort, inconvenience and risk for the patient. But, visualizing only about one-third of the colon, it leaves proximal polyps and cancers undetected. The chance of right-sided neoplastic polyps is one in three in patients with adenomas or carcinomas Ž . found at sigmoidoscopy Grossman et al., 1989 . Therefore, a total colonoscopy is often performed in these cases, both to rule out the presence of additional polyps more proximally and for removal of the lesions. The reduction in mortality from rectosigmoid cancer achieved by preventive sigmoidoscopies is estimated to be about 60 70%. In the most comprehensive investigation on this issue Selby and co-workers analysed data from the Kaiser Permanente Medical
若干国家医学会和世界卫生组织(Ž)发布了关于筛查调查和监测以防止结直肠癌死亡的准则和建议。Schmiegel。Et al.， 2000。这些指南是根据专家小组制定时可用的临床和统计信息制定的。这些建议的证据力度各不相同。大型、随机、前瞻性试验没有直接证据表明内镜筛查对预防结直肠癌死亡的有效性。在平均风险受试者中，几项病例对照研究显示，通过sigmoidŽ内镜筛查可降低结直肠癌死亡率Selby等人，1992;Newcomb et al.， 1992;． Muller and Sonnenberg, 1995。在患结直肠癌风险增加的个体中，已经证明预防性内窥镜检查可以通过早期发现和切除癌前病变来降低癌症发病率。此外，Ž癌症可能在早期阶段就被发现。等人，1993a;这——evensen等人，1999。结肠腺瘤的发病率随着年龄的增长而增加。在年龄为Ž的人群中，几乎有四分之一的人患有腺瘤性息肉。50 years Williams et al.， 1982。这些腺瘤导致了大多数结肠癌和直肠癌的发展。此外，癌症发病率在50岁以上急剧上升。在西方世界，预计每年每10万居民中58岁的人中约有100例结直肠癌新病例，Ž年龄的人中有200例新病例。[65] Winawer et al.， 1997。这是建议在50岁开始对平均风险受试者进行内窥镜筛查的基础。超过一半的肿瘤病变的结肠局限于远端部分在柔性乙状结肠镜的影响。乙状结肠镜检查是一种相对便宜的内镜手术，只需简单的肠道准备，对患者的不适、不便和风险很小。但是，它只能看到大约三分之一的结肠，导致近端息肉和癌症未被发现。右侧肿瘤息肉的几率是腺瘤或癌患者的三分之一Ž。Grossman et al.， 1989。因此，在这些病例中，经常进行全结肠镜检查，以排除更近端存在的其他息肉，并切除病变。通过预防性乙状结肠镜检查，估计可将直肠乙状结肠癌的死亡率降低约60 - 70%。在对这个问题最全面的调查中，塞尔比和他的同事分析了来自凯撒永久医疗机构的数据
{"title":"Endoscopic screening in the prevention of colorectal cancer.","authors":"U. Armbrecht","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200104000-00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200104000-00010","url":null,"abstract":"Guidelines and recommendations regarding screening investigations and surveillance to prevent death from colorectal cancer have been released by several national medical societies and the World Health Ž Organization Winawer et al., 1995, 1997; Schmiegel . et al., 2000 . These guidelines are based on available clinical and statistical information at the time they were set up by expert panels. The strength of evidence for the recommendations given varies. There is no direct evidence from large, randomized, prospective trials for the effectiveness of endoscopic screening to prevent death from colorectal cancer. In average-risk subjects several case control studies reveal a reduction in mortality from colorectal cancer by screening sigmoidŽ oscopies Selby et al., 1992; Newcomb et al., 1992; . Muller and Sonnenberg, 1995 . In individuals at increased risk for the development of colorectal cancer it has been shown that preventive endoscopies may reduce cancer incidence by early detection and removal of precancerous lesions. Moreover, Ž cancers may be detected at an earlier stage Winawer . et al., 1993a; Thiis-Evensen et al., 1999 . The prevalence of adenomas of the colon increases with age. Adenomatous polyps can be found in almost a quarter of the population at the age of Ž . 50 years Williams et al., 1982 . These adenomas account for the development of most cancers of the colon and rectum. Also cancer incidence increases steeply over the age of 50. In the western world about 100 new cases of colorectal cancer per 100 000 inhabitants per year can be expected in people at the age of 58 and 200 new cases in people at the age Ž . of 65 Winawer et al., 1997 . This is the basis of the recommendation to start endoscopic screening in average-risk subjects at age 50. More than half of all neoplastic lesions of the colon are confined to the distal part in the reach of the flexible sigmoidoscope. Sigmoidoscopy is a relatively inexpensive endoscopic procedure with simple bowel preparation, involving very little discomfort, inconvenience and risk for the patient. But, visualizing only about one-third of the colon, it leaves proximal polyps and cancers undetected. The chance of right-sided neoplastic polyps is one in three in patients with adenomas or carcinomas Ž . found at sigmoidoscopy Grossman et al., 1989 . Therefore, a total colonoscopy is often performed in these cases, both to rule out the presence of additional polyps more proximally and for removal of the lesions. The reduction in mortality from rectosigmoid cancer achieved by preventive sigmoidoscopies is estimated to be about 60 70%. In the most comprehensive investigation on this issue Selby and co-workers analysed data from the Kaiser Permanente Medical","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88552321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-02-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200102000-00017
F. Farinati, S. Gianni
{"title":"Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: is it cost-effective?","authors":"F. Farinati, S. Gianni","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200102000-00017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200102000-00017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74096244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-02-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200102000-00013
F. Carneiro, J. Machado, L. David, C. Reis, A. Nogueira, M. Sobrinho-Simões
{"title":"Current thoughts on the histopathogenesis of gastric cancer.","authors":"F. Carneiro, J. Machado, L. David, C. Reis, A. Nogueira, M. Sobrinho-Simões","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200102000-00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200102000-00013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72946863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-02-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200102000-00016
H. Inoue, H. Seitz
Ž . Hepatocellular carcinoma HCC is one of the world’s most common cancers, causing almost one million deaths per year. A major risk factor for the development of HCC is liver cirrhosis. Epidemiological studies show that over 80% of HCCs worldwide Ž . occur in a cirrhotic liver Simonetti et al., 1997 . In some areas of Asia and Africa the incidence of HCC Ž . is up to 120 per 100 000 Muir et al., 1987 . In addition to cirrhosis of the liver, major risk factors Ž . for HCC are chronic hepatitis B virus HBV infection and chronic hepatitis C virus infection, as well as chronic consumption of alcohol. HCC in these patients occurs primarily in the accompanying cirrhosis. However, both viruses may also initiate HCC without cirrhosis. Other risk factors include aflatoxin B1 exposure and a variety of metabolic liver diseases Ž . Kountouras and Lygidakis, 2000 . The purpose of this review is briefly to discuss the link between HCV and HBV infection and HCC, some pathogenic aspects and also the role of alcohol in the development of HCC.
Ž。肝细胞癌是世界上最常见的癌症之一，每年造成近100万人死亡。肝癌发生的主要危险因素是肝硬化。流行病学研究表明，全世界80%以上的hcc Ž。Simonetti et al.， 1997。在亚洲和非洲的一些地区，HCC的发病率Ž。Muir et al.， 1987。除肝硬化外，主要危险因素Ž。慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染和慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染，以及慢性饮酒。这些患者的HCC主要发生在伴随的肝硬化中。然而，这两种病毒也可能引发没有肝硬化的HCC。其他危险因素包括黄曲霉毒素B1暴露和各种代谢性肝病Ž。Kountouras和Lygidakis, 2000。本文就HCV和HBV感染与HCC的关系、一些致病因素以及酒精在HCC发生中的作用作一综述。
{"title":"Viruses and alcohol in the pathogenesis of primary hepatic carcinoma.","authors":"H. Inoue, H. Seitz","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200102000-00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200102000-00016","url":null,"abstract":"Ž . Hepatocellular carcinoma HCC is one of the world’s most common cancers, causing almost one million deaths per year. A major risk factor for the development of HCC is liver cirrhosis. Epidemiological studies show that over 80% of HCCs worldwide Ž . occur in a cirrhotic liver Simonetti et al., 1997 . In some areas of Asia and Africa the incidence of HCC Ž . is up to 120 per 100 000 Muir et al., 1987 . In addition to cirrhosis of the liver, major risk factors Ž . for HCC are chronic hepatitis B virus HBV infection and chronic hepatitis C virus infection, as well as chronic consumption of alcohol. HCC in these patients occurs primarily in the accompanying cirrhosis. However, both viruses may also initiate HCC without cirrhosis. Other risk factors include aflatoxin B1 exposure and a variety of metabolic liver diseases Ž . Kountouras and Lygidakis, 2000 . The purpose of this review is briefly to discuss the link between HCV and HBV infection and HCC, some pathogenic aspects and also the role of alcohol in the development of HCC.","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80017774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-02-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200102000-00001
M. Hill, G. Davies, A. Giacosa
{"title":"Should we change our dietary advice on cancer prevention?","authors":"M. Hill, G. Davies, A. Giacosa","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200102000-00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200102000-00001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83048700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-02-01DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84628-377-2_1
E. Negri, C. Vecchia
{"title":"Epidemiology and prevention of bladder cancer.","authors":"E. Negri, C. Vecchia","doi":"10.1007/978-1-84628-377-2_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-377-2_1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87232084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200110000-00013
L. Ovesen
{"title":"Painless dentistry.","authors":"L. Ovesen","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200110000-00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200110000-00013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84181831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200012000-00013
M. Hill
{"title":"Meat and nutrition, Hamburg: 17-18 October 2000.","authors":"M. Hill","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200012000-00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200012000-00013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73410165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200012000-00003
I. Thune
The assessment of physical activity is one of the most important methodological issues in research into physical activity and cancer risk. A sedentary Western lifestyle has been observed to influence biological mechanisms promoting development of certain types of cancer. At present the totality of evidence supports a protective effect against cancers of the colon and probably the breast, while further data concerning carcinoma of other cancers are required. Thus, physical activity represents a powerful public health measure for reducing cancer risk. Studies of the association between physical activity and cancer risk have used a great variety of methods, but have most often included work and/or leisure time activity. Questionnaires are the method most often used and various components of physical activity such as type, frequency, intensity and lifetime physical activity have been recorded. However, the measurements used when assessing physical activity have been hampered by lack of accuracy as regards validity and reliability, missing information on the various components of physical activity and sparse information of lifetime exposure, and often no repeat assessments in cohort studies. Discrepancies between studies elaborating the association between physical activity and site-specific cancer risk may be explained through real differences or lack of information on the various components of physical activity (type, intensity, duration) and incomplete information about the cancer type studied (localization, histological type). The complicated nature of the variable physical activity, combined with incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of most cancer and lack of knowledge regarding possible biological mechanisms operating between physical activity and cancer, warrants further studies. In these studies methodological improvements in measuring physical activity, combined with inclusion of physiological markers (heart rate, energy balance, hormonal levels, etc.) reflecting the variety of physical activities performed are of particular interest. Assessing biomarkers and intermediate steps for site-specific cancer risk may give us further insight into the relation between physical activity and cancer that will be of enormous interest for public health recommendations.
{"title":"Assessments of physical activity and cancer risk.","authors":"I. Thune","doi":"10.1097/00008469-200012000-00003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200012000-00003","url":null,"abstract":"The assessment of physical activity is one of the most important methodological issues in research into physical activity and cancer risk. A sedentary Western lifestyle has been observed to influence biological mechanisms promoting development of certain types of cancer. At present the totality of evidence supports a protective effect against cancers of the colon and probably the breast, while further data concerning carcinoma of other cancers are required. Thus, physical activity represents a powerful public health measure for reducing cancer risk. Studies of the association between physical activity and cancer risk have used a great variety of methods, but have most often included work and/or leisure time activity. Questionnaires are the method most often used and various components of physical activity such as type, frequency, intensity and lifetime physical activity have been recorded. However, the measurements used when assessing physical activity have been hampered by lack of accuracy as regards validity and reliability, missing information on the various components of physical activity and sparse information of lifetime exposure, and often no repeat assessments in cohort studies. Discrepancies between studies elaborating the association between physical activity and site-specific cancer risk may be explained through real differences or lack of information on the various components of physical activity (type, intensity, duration) and incomplete information about the cancer type studied (localization, histological type). The complicated nature of the variable physical activity, combined with incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of most cancer and lack of knowledge regarding possible biological mechanisms operating between physical activity and cancer, warrants further studies. In these studies methodological improvements in measuring physical activity, combined with inclusion of physiological markers (heart rate, energy balance, hormonal levels, etc.) reflecting the variety of physical activities performed are of particular interest. Assessing biomarkers and intermediate steps for site-specific cancer risk may give us further insight into the relation between physical activity and cancer that will be of enormous interest for public health recommendations.","PeriodicalId":11950,"journal":{"name":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82876798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：