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2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)最新文献

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Investigations on the Impact of Different Electric Vehicle Traction Systems in Urban Traffic 不同电动汽车牵引系统对城市交通影响的研究
Pub Date : 2013-11-21 DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671687
S. Jeschke, H. Hirsch, M. Koppers, D. Schramm
Currently electric vehicles are introduced in e.g. public transport and individual traffic in order to reduce i.a. the green house gas emissions. The main disadvantage of electric vehicles compared to vehicles with conventional drive is the shorter operating distance. In contrast this disadvantage is partially negligible in urban usage scenarios, like e.g. taxi or delivery services. This paper focuses on the simulation of electric vehicle propulsion systems using a Hardware in the Loop (HiL) model. The model consisting of components used in actual electric vehicles is scaled using Buckingham's Pi-Theorem in order to analyze the impact of different electric traction systems on the vehicle's energy consumption. Thus the available operating distance of such vehicles can be optimized in urban traffic.
目前,电动汽车被引入公共交通和个人交通,以减少温室气体的排放。与传统驱动汽车相比,电动汽车的主要缺点是行驶距离较短。相比之下,这个缺点在城市使用场景中可以忽略不计,例如出租车或送货服务。本文采用硬件在环模型对电动汽车推进系统进行了仿真研究。该模型由实际电动汽车中使用的部件组成,使用Buckingham's pi定理进行缩放,以分析不同的电力牵引系统对车辆能耗的影响。从而优化该类车辆在城市交通中的可用行驶距离。
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引用次数: 7
Battery State Estimation Using Mixed Kalman/Hinfinity, Adaptive Luenberger and Sliding Mode Observer 基于混合卡尔曼/无限、自适应Luenberger和滑模观测器的电池状态估计
Pub Date : 2013-11-21 DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671667
C. Unterrieder, R. Priewasser, S. Marsili, M. Huemer
For electric vehicles, the improvement of the range of miles and with it the utilization of the available cell/battery capacity has become an important research focus in the community. For optimization of the same, an accurate knowledge of internal cell parameters like the state-of-charge (SoC) or the impedance is indispensable. Compared to the state-of-the-art, in this paper discrete-time Kalman and H∞ filtering based SoC estimation schemes - up to now applied to linear battery models - are applied to the nonlinear model of a Li-Ion battery. For that, a linearization method is proposed, which utilizes a prior knowledge about the predominant nonlinearities in the model together with a coarse SOC estimate to obtain a linear state estimation problem. Based on that, a mixed Kalman/H∞ filter-, a discrete-time sliding mode observer-, and an adaptive Luenberger based estimation scheme is furthermore investigated for the nonlinear battery model under test. The above-mentioned methods are compared to the state-of-the-art reduced order SoC observer and the Coulomb counting method. In order to compare the performance, an appropriate battery simulation framework is used, which includes measurement and modeling uncertainties. The evaluation is done with respect to the ability to reduce the impact of error sources present in realistic scenarios. For the simulated load current pattern, best results are achieved by the mixed Kalman/H∞ filtering approach, which achieves an average SoC estimation error of less than 1%.
对于电动汽车来说,续航里程的提高以及电池可用容量的利用率已经成为一个重要的研究热点。为了进行优化,准确了解电池内部参数,如荷电状态(SoC)或阻抗是必不可少的。与目前的最新技术相比,本文将基于离散时间卡尔曼和H∞滤波的SoC估计方案(迄今为止应用于线性电池模型)应用于锂离子电池的非线性模型。为此,提出了一种线性化方法,该方法利用模型中主要非线性的先验知识和粗糙的SOC估计来获得线性状态估计问题。在此基础上,进一步研究了混合Kalman/H∞滤波器-、离散滑模观测器-和基于Luenberger的自适应估计方案。将上述方法与目前最先进的降阶SoC观测器和库仑计数法进行了比较。为了比较性能,使用了一个适当的电池仿真框架,其中包括测量和建模的不确定性。评估是根据减少实际场景中存在的误差源的影响的能力进行的。对于模拟的负载电流模式,混合卡尔曼/H∞滤波方法效果最好,平均SoC估计误差小于1%。
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引用次数: 10
Verification of the Shifting Mechanism of Clutchless Geared Smart Transmission Using the Compact Car Size Test Bench 无离合齿轮智能变速器换挡机构的小型车尺寸试验台验证
Pub Date : 2013-11-21 DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671726
S. Kim, Sang Hun Lee, C. Song, Kyung-Soo Kim, Y. Yoon
The existing transmissions have limitations related to driving comfort, manufacturing price, or driveline efficiency. To satisfy the complex demands of users, the clutchless geared smart transmission (CGST) is proposed. The CGST has a distinctive structure combining the geared transmission and planetary gear system. Especially, its pseudo-clutch system including a planetary gear system and an electric motor acts as a clutch to change the gears smoothly. In this research, the shifting mechanism of the CGST was focused to verify their feasibility. To realize its sequential shifting steps including a speed control phase and a torque control phase of CGST operation, the compact car size test bench containing CGST as transmission was developed and tested. From the test, starting flywheel with 1st gear engaging by speed synchronization of carrier gear to output shaft was shown to be possible, and up shifting from 1st gear to 2nd gear was also performed with continuous power delivery to the flywheel. Based on the experimental result, the shifting mechanism was verified. In the future, we will quantify the shifting smoothness by using modified test bench.
现有的变速器在驾驶舒适性、制造价格或传动系统效率方面存在局限性。为满足用户的复杂需求,提出了无离合齿轮智能变速器(CGST)。CGST具有齿轮传动与行星齿轮系统相结合的独特结构。特别地,它的伪离合器系统包括行星齿轮系统和电动机作为离合器,以实现平稳换挡。在本研究中,重点研究了CGST的转移机制,以验证其可行性。为实现CGST在速度控制阶段和转矩控制阶段的连续换挡,研制了以CGST为变速器的小型车尺寸试验台并进行了试验。从测试中,通过载体齿轮到输出轴的速度同步启动飞轮的1档接合被证明是可能的,并且从1档到2档的转换也可以连续地向飞轮提供动力。在实验结果的基础上,对换挡机理进行了验证。在未来,我们将使用改进的试验台来量化换挡平稳性。
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引用次数: 1
Generator Effects on the Optimal Control of a Power Assisted Diesel-Electric Powertrain 发电机对动力辅助柴电动力系统最优控制的影响
Pub Date : 2013-11-21 DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671734
M. Sivertsson, L. Eriksson
Optimal control of a diesel-electric powertrain in transient operation is studied. The attention is on how generator limits affect the solution, as well as how the addition of a small energy storage can assist in the transients. Two different types of problems are solved, minimum fuel and minimum time, with different generator limits as well as with and without an extra energy storage. In the optimization both the output power and engine speed are free variables. For this aim a 4-state mean value engine model is used together with models for the generator and energy storage losses. The considered transients are steps from idle to target power with different amounts of freedom, defined as requirements on produced energy, before the requested power has to be met. For minimum fuel transients the energy storage remains virtually unused for all requested energies, for minimum time it does not. The generator limits are found to have the biggest impact on the fuel economy, whereas an energy storage could significantly reduce the response time.
研究了柴油机-电力传动系统暂态运行的最优控制问题。重点是发电机限制如何影响解决方案,以及如何增加一个小的能量存储可以帮助瞬态。解决了两种不同类型的问题,最小燃料和最短时间,不同的发电机限制以及有和没有额外的能量储存。在优化中,输出功率和发动机转速都是自由变量。为此,将四状态均值发动机模型与发电机和储能损失模型结合使用。所考虑的瞬态是从空闲到具有不同自由度的目标功率的步骤,定义为在必须满足所要求的功率之前对产生的能量的要求。对于最小的燃料瞬态,能量存储几乎保持未使用,以满足所有要求的能量,对于最小的时间,它不是。研究发现,发电机的限制对燃油经济性影响最大,而储能系统可以显著缩短响应时间。
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引用次数: 4
Optimal Control of Wheel Loader Operation in the Short Loading Cycle Using Two Braking Alternatives 两种制动方案下轮式装载机短加载周期运行的最优控制
Pub Date : 2013-11-21 DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671736
Vaheed Nezhadali, L. Eriksson
The optimal control of wheel loader operation is used in order to investigate the potentials for fuel cost and cycle time minimization during the short loading cycle. The wheel loader is modeled as a nonlinear system with three control inputs and four state variables where a diesel engine generates the power utilized for lifting and traction. The lifting system is modeled considering the limitations in the hydraulics and also the structural constraints. A torque converter is included in the driveline model which introduces nonlinearities into the system and operates in different modes affecting the fuel consumption. The gear shifts during the loading cycle impose a discrete variable into the system and this is taken care of by representing the loading cycle as a multi-phase optimal control problem with constant gearbox gear ratio in each phase. Minimum fuel and minimum time system transients are calculated and analyzed for two alternative cases one where the torque converter is used to stop the vehicle before reaching the reversing point and another where the service brakes are utilized. The optimal control problem is iteratively solved in order to obtain the tradeoff between fuel consumption and cycle time for both braking alternatives. It is shown that although the engine operates at lower speeds when the torque converter is used for braking, the fuel consumption increases as higher torques are demanded from the engine during braking. The increase in fuel consumption is higher in faster cycle operations as the vehicle travels at higher speeds and larger torques are required to stop the vehicle. Wheel loader operators tend to use torque converter braking alternative as it is more convenient; however, it accompanies higher fuel consumption which highlights the importance of developing intelligent and easy to use braking systems.
为了研究轮式装载机在短装载机周期内实现燃料成本和周期时间最小化的可能性,提出了轮式装载机运行的最优控制方法。将轮式装载机建模为一个具有3个控制输入和4个状态变量的非线性系统,其中柴油发动机产生用于提升和牵引的动力。考虑了液压系统的局限性和结构约束,对提升系统进行了建模。在传动系统模型中加入了变矩器,它将非线性引入系统,并在不同的模式下运行,影响燃油消耗。加载周期中的换挡给系统施加了一个离散变量,这是通过将加载周期表示为每个阶段具有恒定齿轮箱传动比的多相最优控制问题来处理的。计算和分析了两种备选情况下的最小燃料和最小时间系统瞬变,一种是使用变矩器在车辆到达换向点之前停止车辆,另一种是使用工作制动器。迭代求解最优控制问题,以求得两种制动方案的油耗和循环时间的平衡点。结果表明,当使用变矩器进行制动时,虽然发动机以较低的速度运行,但在制动过程中,由于发动机需要更高的扭矩,燃油消耗增加。在更快的循环操作中,由于车辆以更高的速度行驶,并且需要更大的扭矩来停止车辆,因此燃料消耗的增加更高。装载机操作员倾向于使用变矩器制动替代,因为它更方便;然而,它伴随着更高的油耗,这突出了开发智能和易于使用的制动系统的重要性。
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引用次数: 11
Temperature Characteristics Improvement of Power Battery Module for Electric Vehicles 电动汽车动力电池模块温度特性的改进
Pub Date : 2013-11-21 DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671714
Jian Wang, Zhengbin Wu, X. Deng, Song Quan, Xiaoping Yang
Power battery module under high-rate discharge conditions produces thermal aggregation phenomena. Generated heat during charging and discharging that distributes in battery module inconsistently affects performance of battery and so that shortens its life. In this paper, a battery module temperature equalization method is proposed with finite element analysis. The temperature field of discharging battery module with different separators between cells is simulated. Theoretical analysis result shows that thin aluminum separators between cells inside battery module can effectively cool the battery module and improve the battery module temperature uniformity, which enhance the cycle life of power battery for electric vehicle applications.
动力电池模块在高倍率放电条件下会产生热聚集现象。电池在充放电过程中产生的热量分布不均匀,会影响电池的性能,从而缩短电池的使用寿命。本文提出了一种基于有限元分析的电池模块温度均衡方法。模拟了电池芯间不同隔板放电时的温度场。理论分析结果表明,电池模块内部单元间的薄铝隔板可以有效地冷却电池模块,提高电池模块温度均匀性,提高电动汽车用动力电池的循环寿命。
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引用次数: 5
A Simulation of Lithium-Ion Battery Ohmic Resistance Identification 锂离子电池欧姆电阻辨识的仿真研究
Pub Date : 2013-11-21 DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671661
Rirong Liang, Xuezhe Wei, Haifeng Dai, Bei Sun
In electric vehicle applications, it is necessary to estimate the internal resistance of Lithium-ion battery, which is feasible through internal resistance identification based on equivalent circuit model. But in the actual battery management system, current sampling tends to lag behind the voltage sampling, which affects the identification accuracy apparently. In this article, the ohmic resistance of the lithium-ion battery is evaluated based on equivalent circuit model and least squares identification algorithm. Influence by desynchronized sampling of current and voltage is simulated. And a reasonable value of sampling step is introduced.
在电动汽车应用中,需要对锂离子电池的内阻进行估算,通过基于等效电路模型的内阻识别是可行的。但在实际的电池管理系统中,电流采样往往滞后于电压采样,这明显影响了识别的准确性。本文基于等效电路模型和最小二乘辨识算法对锂离子电池的欧姆电阻进行了评估。模拟了电流和电压非同步采样对系统的影响。并给出了合理的采样步长。
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引用次数: 1
Influence of Motor Power and Efficiency on Fuel Consumption of Retrofit-Conversion Split-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle 电机功率和效率对改装型分并联混合动力汽车油耗的影响
Pub Date : 2013-11-21 DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671715
S. Zulkifli, S. Mohd, N. Saad, A. Aziz
A split-axle parallel hybrid drivetrain with in- wheel motors allows for existing fuel-powered vehicles to be converted into a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) with minor mechanical modification, to result in a retrofit-conversion HEV. This is achieved by placing electric motors in the hubs of the otherwise non-driven wheels. Due to the small design space of the wheel hub, the size and power of the in-wheel motor that can be installed is severely restricted to less than 10kW per wheel, raising the concern of actual performance in improvement in the converted hybrid vehicle. This work analyzes the impact of motor size and efficiency on fuel economy of three different converted hybrid vehicles, through simulation using rule-based control strategy. Results provide insight into the sensitivity of different-sized vehicles to the size and efficiency of the retrofitted electric motor.
一种带内轮电机的分轴并联混合动力传动系统允许现有的燃料动力车辆通过微小的机械修改转换成混合动力汽车(HEV),从而产生改装转换的混合动力汽车。这是通过在非驱动轮的轮毂上安装电动机来实现的。由于轮毂设计空间小,可安装的轮内电机的尺寸和功率被严格限制在每轮10kW以下,这引起了改装混合动力汽车实际性能提升的担忧。本文采用基于规则的控制策略,通过仿真分析了电机尺寸和效率对三种不同改进型混合动力汽车燃油经济性的影响。研究结果揭示了不同尺寸车辆对改装后的电动机的尺寸和效率的敏感性。
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引用次数: 12
Three-Level PWM Rectifier Based High Efficiency Batteries Charger for EV 基于三电平PWM整流器的电动汽车高效电池充电器
Pub Date : 2013-11-21 DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671722
Yingchao Zhang, Liping Jin, Y. Jing, Zhengming Zhao, T. Lu
This paper describes a new type charger for electric vehicle (EV) batteries. The three-level PWM rectifier used Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Field-Transistor (MOSFET) with direct power control based on space vector PWM (DPC-SVM) is adopted in the front-end PWM rectifier to achieve high power factor as well as reduce system cost, and full-bridge (FB) converter with phase-shifted zero-voltage zero-current-switching (ZVZCS) is applied to the back-end DC/DC converter to improve system efficiency. Decoupling control for instantaneous active and reactive powers of the grid is realized. Experimental results in 8kW prototype show that during the whole charging process, the system efficiency is higher than 85.1% and the input power factor is higher than 99.9%.
介绍了一种新型电动汽车电池充电器。前端PWM整流器采用基于空间矢量PWM (DPC-SVM)直接功率控制的MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Field-Transistor, MOSFET)三电平PWM整流器,实现高功率因数的同时降低系统成本,后端DC/DC变换器采用移相零电压零电流开关(ZVZCS)全桥(FB)变换器,提高系统效率。实现了电网瞬时有功与无功的解耦控制。在8kW样机上的实验结果表明,在整个充电过程中,系统效率高于85.1%,输入功率因数高于99.9%。
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引用次数: 10
A Novel State-of-Charge Estimation Algorithm of EV Battery Based on Bilinear Interpolation 一种基于双线性插值的电动汽车电池电量状态估计算法
Pub Date : 2013-11-21 DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671658
Wang Liye, Wang Lifang, Li Yong
Accurate SOC estimation is the key function of a electric vehicle battery management system. The characteristics of EV battery in constant charge and discharge working conditions is investigated. And the the relationships between the battery SOC, terminal voltage and input/output current are established in the form of 3D lookup table. Then the basic principles of bilinear interpolation method are introduced. Finally, on the basis of the 3D lookup table, the bilinear interpolation method based battery SOC estimation algorithm is proposed. Computer simulation and real electric vehicle test tesults show that SOC estimation algorithm can obtain high estimation accuracy, and has high practical value in real-world electric vehicle working conditions.
准确的荷电状态估计是电动汽车电池管理系统的关键功能。研究了电动汽车电池在恒充放电工况下的特性。并以3D查找表的形式建立了电池SOC、端子电压和输入/输出电流之间的关系。然后介绍了双线性插值法的基本原理。最后,在三维查找表的基础上,提出了基于双线性插值法的电池荷电状态估计算法。计算机仿真和真实电动汽车测试结果表明,SOC估计算法能够获得较高的估计精度,在实际电动汽车工况中具有较高的实用价值。
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引用次数: 8
期刊
2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)
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