Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671721
Guangming Liu, Languang Lu, Jianqiu Li, M. Ouyang
Operating temperature of lithium-ion battery is an important factor strongly influencing the performance of electric vehicles. The battery temperature variation affects the remaining energy capacity, which in addition influences the remaining driving range of EV. An accurate range estimation method must take battery temperature rise into account, since the charge and discharge process leads to internal heat generation. In order to determine the battery temperature rise, we built a three-dimensional electrochemical-thermal model for a prismatic lithium-iron-phosphate/graphite cell, and calibrated its heat-transferring parameters. The accuracy of the 3-D model was verified by a series of discharge experiment, with the estimation error less than 1°C. Then a driving range estimation model was design for this battery on a pure electric vehicle. When considering or not-considering the battery temperature increase, a significant driving range estimation difference was found in Matlab/Simulink simulation, showing the importance of battery temperature prediction.
{"title":"Thermal Modeling of a LiFePO4/Graphite Battery and Research on the Influence of Battery Temperature Rise on EV Driving Range Estimation","authors":"Guangming Liu, Languang Lu, Jianqiu Li, M. Ouyang","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671721","url":null,"abstract":"Operating temperature of lithium-ion battery is an important factor strongly influencing the performance of electric vehicles. The battery temperature variation affects the remaining energy capacity, which in addition influences the remaining driving range of EV. An accurate range estimation method must take battery temperature rise into account, since the charge and discharge process leads to internal heat generation. In order to determine the battery temperature rise, we built a three-dimensional electrochemical-thermal model for a prismatic lithium-iron-phosphate/graphite cell, and calibrated its heat-transferring parameters. The accuracy of the 3-D model was verified by a series of discharge experiment, with the estimation error less than 1°C. Then a driving range estimation model was design for this battery on a pure electric vehicle. When considering or not-considering the battery temperature increase, a significant driving range estimation difference was found in Matlab/Simulink simulation, showing the importance of battery temperature prediction.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115949478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671655
Jinlei Meng, X. Wen, Yulin Zhong, Zhijie Qiu, Qi Li
The temperature effect on thermal resistance of power modules is studied in this paper by a thermal model considering the effect. Simulation Results indicate that the temperature effect can't be neglected when the ambient temperature is above 90°C. The thermal dissipation capacity of cooling system for power modules should be improved due to a increase of thermal resistance when ambient temperature and/or power loss increases, which is important for the stability and reliability of the power module within electric power propulsion system. The temperature effect is verified by experiment.
{"title":"Studies on the Temperature Effect on Thermal Resistance of Power Modules","authors":"Jinlei Meng, X. Wen, Yulin Zhong, Zhijie Qiu, Qi Li","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671655","url":null,"abstract":"The temperature effect on thermal resistance of power modules is studied in this paper by a thermal model considering the effect. Simulation Results indicate that the temperature effect can't be neglected when the ambient temperature is above 90°C. The thermal dissipation capacity of cooling system for power modules should be improved due to a increase of thermal resistance when ambient temperature and/or power loss increases, which is important for the stability and reliability of the power module within electric power propulsion system. The temperature effect is verified by experiment.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"296 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122800175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671703
Xueliang Huang, Zhechen Huang, H. Qiang, Yi Sun
To reduce the carbon emission, the renewable resources and electrical vehicles (EVs) are promoted. However, the EVs will increase demand for electricity and load of grid, and the renewable resources, especially wind power rely on the weather and cannot provide stable power supply. In this article, we propose a future infrastructure for integrated resource planning(IRP) where EVs are demand side resources and renewable power is supply side resource. Instead of complex algorithms, the infrastructure is expected to do real-time control of the demand resources. With simplified algorithms, the infrastructure gather and transmit data for intermediate process. To illustrate the effects of the infrastructure, we established a model and simulated the regulation results with the data gather from a wind farm. The wind power output was sampled by AMIs in the infrastructure. To reduce the time delay, the demand-side resources reacted to the power variation directly without the traditional link of electricity prices. The dimensionless quantities which were based on variance and peak- valley difference were computed for regulation results assessments.
{"title":"Regulation Infrastructure of Wind Farm Power Output Curve Based on ADR Methods of Electrical Vehicles","authors":"Xueliang Huang, Zhechen Huang, H. Qiang, Yi Sun","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671703","url":null,"abstract":"To reduce the carbon emission, the renewable resources and electrical vehicles (EVs) are promoted. However, the EVs will increase demand for electricity and load of grid, and the renewable resources, especially wind power rely on the weather and cannot provide stable power supply. In this article, we propose a future infrastructure for integrated resource planning(IRP) where EVs are demand side resources and renewable power is supply side resource. Instead of complex algorithms, the infrastructure is expected to do real-time control of the demand resources. With simplified algorithms, the infrastructure gather and transmit data for intermediate process. To illustrate the effects of the infrastructure, we established a model and simulated the regulation results with the data gather from a wind farm. The wind power output was sampled by AMIs in the infrastructure. To reduce the time delay, the demand-side resources reacted to the power variation directly without the traditional link of electricity prices. The dimensionless quantities which were based on variance and peak- valley difference were computed for regulation results assessments.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128971388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671698
Lulu Guo, L. Ren, Yu Xiang, B. Gao, Hong Chen
For a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle equipped with Automated Manual Transmission (AMT), a control strategy is designed to improve the energy economy of the vehicle on the premise of dynamic performance. Given a driving cycle, the optimal control sequence can be derived from Dynamic Programming algorithm. Then, obtain the energy consumption curve of the vehicle and operating points of the engine under the driving cycle to further analyze performance of this kind of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.
{"title":"Performance Analysis of a PHEV under Optimal Control Strategy","authors":"Lulu Guo, L. Ren, Yu Xiang, B. Gao, Hong Chen","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671698","url":null,"abstract":"For a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle equipped with Automated Manual Transmission (AMT), a control strategy is designed to improve the energy economy of the vehicle on the premise of dynamic performance. Given a driving cycle, the optimal control sequence can be derived from Dynamic Programming algorithm. Then, obtain the energy consumption curve of the vehicle and operating points of the engine under the driving cycle to further analyze performance of this kind of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132321816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671731
L. Lai, M. Ehsani
This paper presents a new control strategy to optimize the fuel economy of parallel configured charge sustained hybrid electric vehicles. This new approach is a constrained engine on-off strategy, which has been developed from the two extreme control strategies of maximum SOC and engine on-off, by taking their advantages and overcoming their disadvantages. A system optimization program using dynamic programming algorithm has been developed to calibrate the control parameters used in the developed control strategy, so that its performance can be as close to the optimal solution as possible. For this paper, a passenger car is simulated on a typical highway driving cycle to illustrate the strategy. The methodology developed can be used on other types of vehicles operating in different environments, such as cities, suburban areas, and their combinations.
{"title":"Dynamic Programming Optimized Constrained Engine on and off Control Strategy for Parallel HEV","authors":"L. Lai, M. Ehsani","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671731","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new control strategy to optimize the fuel economy of parallel configured charge sustained hybrid electric vehicles. This new approach is a constrained engine on-off strategy, which has been developed from the two extreme control strategies of maximum SOC and engine on-off, by taking their advantages and overcoming their disadvantages. A system optimization program using dynamic programming algorithm has been developed to calibrate the control parameters used in the developed control strategy, so that its performance can be as close to the optimal solution as possible. For this paper, a passenger car is simulated on a typical highway driving cycle to illustrate the strategy. The methodology developed can be used on other types of vehicles operating in different environments, such as cities, suburban areas, and their combinations.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132851098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671683
Zhe Zhang, H. H. Mortensen, J. Jensen, M. Andersen
A hydrogen-powered materials handling vehicle with a fuel cell combines the advantages of diesel/LPG and battery powered vehicles. Hydrogen provides the same consistent power and fast refueling capability as diesel and LPG, whilst fuel cells provide energy efficient and zero emission electric propulsion similar to batteries. In this paper, the performance of a forklift powered by PEM fuel cells and lead acid batteries as auxiliary energy source is introduced and investigated. In this electromechanical propulsion system with hybrid energy/power sources, fuel cells will deliver average power, whilst batteries will handle all the load dynamics, such as acceleration, lifting, climbing and so on. The electrical part of the whole propulsion system for forklift has been investigated in details. The energy management strategy is explained and verified through simulation. Finally, experimental results from a prototype are given to present the validity of analysis and design.
{"title":"Fuel Cell and Battery Powered Forklifts","authors":"Zhe Zhang, H. H. Mortensen, J. Jensen, M. Andersen","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671683","url":null,"abstract":"A hydrogen-powered materials handling vehicle with a fuel cell combines the advantages of diesel/LPG and battery powered vehicles. Hydrogen provides the same consistent power and fast refueling capability as diesel and LPG, whilst fuel cells provide energy efficient and zero emission electric propulsion similar to batteries. In this paper, the performance of a forklift powered by PEM fuel cells and lead acid batteries as auxiliary energy source is introduced and investigated. In this electromechanical propulsion system with hybrid energy/power sources, fuel cells will deliver average power, whilst batteries will handle all the load dynamics, such as acceleration, lifting, climbing and so on. The electrical part of the whole propulsion system for forklift has been investigated in details. The energy management strategy is explained and verified through simulation. Finally, experimental results from a prototype are given to present the validity of analysis and design.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130457920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671738
Lihong Mo, L. Quan, Yunyun Chen, Hai Qiu
Conventional flux-switching permanent-magnet (FSPM) brushless machines have emerged as an attractive machine type by virtue of their high torque densities, simple and robust rotor structure, and the fact that permanent magnets and coils are both located on the stator. In order to improve the torque density, the sandwiched FSPM (SFSPM) machine has been proposed in which two PM pieces are sandwiched in one stator pole, and V-shape magnet is adopted to enhance the PMs usage efficiency. Finite element method is employed to compare the performance of a conventional 12/10-pole FSPM machine topology with that of V-shape magnet SFSPM machine topologies, in terms of field distribution, flux-linkage, back EMF, and output torque. It shows that the average torque of V-shape SSFPM is increased about 25% compared with conventional FSPM machine, and meanwhile, the magnet usage efficiency has been increased by 29.4%. A variation in stator and rotor pole combination of the proposed topology is analyzed in order to maintain a sinusoidal back- EMF waveform and reduce the torque ripple. Finally, efficiency of the machine is simulated to evaluate the proposed system.
{"title":"Sandwiched Flux-Switching Permanent-Magnet Brushless AC Machines Using V-Shape Magnets","authors":"Lihong Mo, L. Quan, Yunyun Chen, Hai Qiu","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671738","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional flux-switching permanent-magnet (FSPM) brushless machines have emerged as an attractive machine type by virtue of their high torque densities, simple and robust rotor structure, and the fact that permanent magnets and coils are both located on the stator. In order to improve the torque density, the sandwiched FSPM (SFSPM) machine has been proposed in which two PM pieces are sandwiched in one stator pole, and V-shape magnet is adopted to enhance the PMs usage efficiency. Finite element method is employed to compare the performance of a conventional 12/10-pole FSPM machine topology with that of V-shape magnet SFSPM machine topologies, in terms of field distribution, flux-linkage, back EMF, and output torque. It shows that the average torque of V-shape SSFPM is increased about 25% compared with conventional FSPM machine, and meanwhile, the magnet usage efficiency has been increased by 29.4%. A variation in stator and rotor pole combination of the proposed topology is analyzed in order to maintain a sinusoidal back- EMF waveform and reduce the torque ripple. Finally, efficiency of the machine is simulated to evaluate the proposed system.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131717294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671690
Lina Huang, Zhe Zhang, M. Andersen, R. Sarban
DEAP (Dielectric Electro Active Polymer) is a new type of smart material. The actuator based on DEAP material tends to be applied in a variety of occasions. It will have prosperous future when employed in automotive field. This paper is focused on the design and implementation of a low input voltage and high output voltage bidirectional converter for driving the DEAP actuator. The detailed design and implemented parameters have been summarized, especially for the high voltage transformer. The experiments have been performed to validate the design and implementation.
{"title":"High Voltage Bidirectional Flyback Converter Driving DEAP Actuator for Automotive Applications","authors":"Lina Huang, Zhe Zhang, M. Andersen, R. Sarban","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671690","url":null,"abstract":"DEAP (Dielectric Electro Active Polymer) is a new type of smart material. The actuator based on DEAP material tends to be applied in a variety of occasions. It will have prosperous future when employed in automotive field. This paper is focused on the design and implementation of a low input voltage and high output voltage bidirectional converter for driving the DEAP actuator. The detailed design and implemented parameters have been summarized, especially for the high voltage transformer. The experiments have been performed to validate the design and implementation.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133916434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671724
Ziyou Song, Jianqiu Li, Liangfei Xu, M. Ouyang
Traction control system (TCS) of electric vehicles (EVs) without detecting vehicle velocity is drawing more and more attention. The most challenging problem in TCS is controlling the drive wheel with indirect control inputs. The maximum transmissible torque estimation (MTTE) method which is effective in terms of antiskid control has been proposed, however, this method is conservative because it cannot take sufficient advantage of adhesive force under constant torque condition even if the road is slippery. Therefore, a modified maximum transmissible torque estimation (M-MTTE) algorithm with a various relaxation factor is proposed in this paper. By analyzing and comparing the simulation results with prior control method, it is validated that M-MTTE is robust on antiskid control and achieves a better acceleration control effect.
{"title":"Traction Control System for EV Based on Modified Maximum Transmissible Torque Estimation","authors":"Ziyou Song, Jianqiu Li, Liangfei Xu, M. Ouyang","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671724","url":null,"abstract":"Traction control system (TCS) of electric vehicles (EVs) without detecting vehicle velocity is drawing more and more attention. The most challenging problem in TCS is controlling the drive wheel with indirect control inputs. The maximum transmissible torque estimation (MTTE) method which is effective in terms of antiskid control has been proposed, however, this method is conservative because it cannot take sufficient advantage of adhesive force under constant torque condition even if the road is slippery. Therefore, a modified maximum transmissible torque estimation (M-MTTE) algorithm with a various relaxation factor is proposed in this paper. By analyzing and comparing the simulation results with prior control method, it is validated that M-MTTE is robust on antiskid control and achieves a better acceleration control effect.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126972399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671716
Xiaogang Wu, Jiuyu Du, Chen Hu, Nannan Ding
This paper establishes the system model of a plug-in series hybrid electric vehicle, chooses typical city driving cycle of Chinese passenger vehicle as driving cycle and daily trip mileage of 150km. Two basic energy management strategies of CD-CS and Blended are used to compare the economic indicators of power and fuel consumption. On that basis, this paper summarizes up the fuel economy potential of the plug-in series hybrid vehicles. The simulation results show that, compared with the conventional fuel vehicle, in the driving cycle used in this paper, using CD-CS strategy and APU thermostat control method has the maximum efficiency. If not considering power consumption, the fuel saving ratio can reach 72.98%.
{"title":"The Economic Analysis of a Plug-In Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle in Different Energy Management Strategy","authors":"Xiaogang Wu, Jiuyu Du, Chen Hu, Nannan Ding","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671716","url":null,"abstract":"This paper establishes the system model of a plug-in series hybrid electric vehicle, chooses typical city driving cycle of Chinese passenger vehicle as driving cycle and daily trip mileage of 150km. Two basic energy management strategies of CD-CS and Blended are used to compare the economic indicators of power and fuel consumption. On that basis, this paper summarizes up the fuel economy potential of the plug-in series hybrid vehicles. The simulation results show that, compared with the conventional fuel vehicle, in the driving cycle used in this paper, using CD-CS strategy and APU thermostat control method has the maximum efficiency. If not considering power consumption, the fuel saving ratio can reach 72.98%.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125928200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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