European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology最新文献

{"title":"The impact of total laparoscopic excision of deep endometriosis (DE) on bladder and bowel dysfunction: a prospective longitudinal study","authors":"James S. Morris ,&nbsp;Smita Rajshekhar ,&nbsp;Giulia Gremmo ,&nbsp;Katie Keane ,&nbsp;Saikat Banerjee","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep endometriosis (DE) is established to cause chronic pelvic pain (CPP), lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and altered bowel function. Although the aim of surgical excision is often to relieve CPP, evidence suggests it could also affect LUTS and bowel symptoms, especially where DE affects the bowel or urinary tract. We assessed the prevalence and improvements in CPP, LUTS and bowel symptoms in 130 patients preoperatively and 6 months following total excision of endometriosis using the British Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (BSGE) Pelvic Pain Questionnaire. Pain symptoms and LUTS are graded 0–10 whilst bowel function is scored 0–4, each using Likert scales. Patients with urinary tract DE reported median bladder pain and bladder voiding dysfunction of 7/10 (95 % CI: 3–8) and 7/10 (95 % CI: 0–9), respectively. Improvements at follow-up did not reach statistical significance at the Šidák-adjusted significance threshold, although 80.0 % and 60.0 % of patients reported clinically important improvements to these respective symptoms. There were also no cases of <em>de novo</em> LUTS following excision of urinary tract DE. Patients with bowel DE reported CPP and menstrual dyschezia of 7/10 (95 % CI: 6–8) and 8/10 (95 % CI: 4–8), respectively. Although a significant proportion of patients with bowel DE reported clinically important improvements in bowel symptoms, the difference in symptomatic severity failed to reach statistical significance. Whilst excision of DE can produce clinically important improvements in LUTS and bowel symptoms in a large proportion of patients, there is also a considerable risk of occasioning <em>de novo</em> bowel symptoms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114924"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145881264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of mediolateral or lateral episiotomy in preventing obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) in nulliparous women undergoing vacuum-assisted delivery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Giovanni Morganelli ,&nbsp;Gabriella Maria Celora ,&nbsp;Maria Chiara Bassi ,&nbsp;Andrea Dall’Asta ,&nbsp;Maurizio Di Serio ,&nbsp;Vito Andrea Capozzi ,&nbsp;Tullio Ghi ,&nbsp;Stefania Fieni","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The potential preventive effect of mediolateral and lateral episiotomy on the risk of anal sphincter injury related to vacuum delivery in nullipara has been reported by different well-designed studies in the last years.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The aim of this systematic review and <em>meta</em>-analysis is to summarize the available evidence on the protective effect of mediolateral or lateral episiotomy towards the occurrence of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) in nulliparous women who were submitted to vacuum-assisted delivery.</div><div><em>Search strategy:</em> PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases were retrospectively searched without any temporal restriction up to March 1st 2025.</div><div><em>Selection criteria:</em> Randomized controlled trials, retrospective, prospective case-control or cohort studies investigating the incidence of perineal tears involving anal sphincter muscles and/or rectal mucosa after vacuum-assisted birth with and without mediolateral/lateral episiotomy in nulliparous women were included.</div><div><em>Data collection and analysis:</em> Risk of bias assessment was conducted for each included study by applying ROB2 score for RCTs and ROBINS-I score for non-randomized studies. Data were extracted and analyzed with Review Manager 5.4.1, results were reported by means of pooled Odd-ratios (ORs) and presented as Forest plots.</div><div><em>Main results:</em> 31 studies (3 RCTs and 28 non-randomized studies) were included. Cumulative sample size consisted in 608,359 nulliparous women who were submitted to vacuum-assisted delivery. Mediolateral/lateral episiotomy was found to halve the incidence of OASI (OR 0.56 [95 % CI 0.42–0.73]) with high between-study heterogeneity reported (I² = 99 %). At sensitivity analysis, a significant reduction in OASI incidence in case of mediolateral/lateral episiotomy was confirmed (OR 0.58 [95 %CI 0.44–0.78]); this analysis was conducted on low/moderate risk of bias studies (1RCT e 5 non-randomized studies, 15,799 patients) and associated with low heterogeneity (I² = 42 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This updated meta-analysis on the role of mediolateral/lateral episiotomy in nulliparous women submitted to vacuum assisted delivery confirms its protective role from OASI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114939"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expectant management of tubal ectopic pregnancy: Updated decision tree analysis for the prediction of successful outcomes","authors":"Natasha Graham ,&nbsp;Sanem Atakan ,&nbsp;Jemma Johns ,&nbsp;Jackie A. Ross","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To re-analyse and update a decision tree developed 20 years ago to counsel women regarding the likelihood of successful expectant management of tubal ectopic pregnancies. The original model was developed using the data from 179 cases.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>A retrospective observational analysis spanning a 14-year period was undertaken at the early pregnancy unit of an inner-city teaching hospital. Data were collected for all women who had expectant management when first diagnosed with their tubal ectopic pregnancies. Initial serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and progesterone levels, gestational age, ectopic morphology and mean diameter of the ectopic were recorded. Data were analysed using decision tree analysis on SPSS (IBM).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 798/1968 (40.5%) women with tubal ectopic pregnancies had expectant management and a new decision tree was developed using data from these 798 cases. Expectant management was successful in 512/798. This was 64% of women embarking on expectant management and 26% of all women with tubal ectopic pregnancies. Initial serum hCG level remains the best predictor of success for expectant management. Combined with progesterone level and diameter measurement, the decision tree has been updated.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Biochemical and clinical markers can be used to help counsel women about the likelihood of successful expectant management in our early pregnancy unit using decision tree analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114966"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-hormonal vaginal gel improves vaginal and sexual health in menopausal women: results from a 6-month prospective study.","authors":"Luigi Della Corte ,&nbsp;Mario Palumbo ,&nbsp;Antonisia Pollio ,&nbsp;Ilenia Nobile ,&nbsp;Lara Cuomo ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Bifulco","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a prevalent, progressive condition affecting more than half of postmenopausal women, often compromising vaginal and sexual health. While local estrogen therapy remains the mainstay of treatment, non-hormonal alternatives are increasingly required, particularly for women with contraindications to hormonal therapy.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a non-hormonal, Aloe-vera-based vaginal gel enriched with cellulose derivatives and plant extract and sugar complex in improving vaginal health and sexual function in postmenopausal women, as assessed by changes in vaginal pH, Vaginal Health Index (VHI), and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) over a six-month period. In this prospective observational study, 52 postmenopausal women were evaluated at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Vaginal pH was measured clinically, while the VHI and FSFI were assessed using instruments with established evidence of validity and reliability. Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were applied for within-subject comparisons, and linear mixed-effects models were fitted to evaluate the impact of time, age, and BMI.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All parameters significantly improved over time (p &lt; 0.0001). Mean vaginal pH decreased from 5.51 ± 0.39 at baseline to 4.75 ± 0.33 at 6 months, indicating partial restoration of vaginal acidity. VHI increased by + 5.89 ± 2.34 points, and FSFI improved by + 6.80 ± 3.15. At 6 months, 40.4 % of participants achieved FSFI scores ≥ 26.55. Linear mixed models confirmed time as a significant predictor, while age and BMI had no significant effect. No adverse events were reported.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Aloe-vera-based non-hormonal vaginal gel therapy significantly improved vaginal health and sexual function in postmenopausal women, independently of age and BMI. The formulation’s moisturizing, soothing, and protective properties likely underlie these benefits, offering a safe and effective non-hormonal option for the management of GSM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114902"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145833471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of maternal characteristics and outcomes associated with COVID-19-linked HELLP-like syndrome","authors":"Lucy F. Harvey ,&nbsp;Fay F. Pon ,&nbsp;Zaira N. Chavez Jimenez ,&nbsp;Yadira L. Bribiesca Leon ,&nbsp;Carolyn N. Rocha ,&nbsp;Shinya Matsuzaki ,&nbsp;Rachel S. Mandelbaum ,&nbsp;Joseph G. Ouzounian ,&nbsp;Koji Matsuo","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114959","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114959"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental kinetics distinguish meiotic from mitotic chromosomal defects: Day-5 blastocyst achievement as age-independent predictor of euploid embryo yield","authors":"Mai Vuong Hung ,&nbsp;Pham Thi Hai Ha ,&nbsp;Nguyen Khac Han Hoan ,&nbsp;Nguyen Thanh Luan","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>While maternal age is established as a dominant reproductive risk factor, the mechanistic distinction between age-dependent meiotic errors and age-independent mitotic errors remains uncharacterized. These divergent pathways have profound implications for patient counseling and treatment stratification but are rarely differentiated clinically.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To establish distinct etiological pathways underlying chromosomal abnormalities by quantifying the differential age-sensitivity of whole-chromosome aneuploidies (meiotic origin) versus mosaic abnormalities (mitotic origin), determining whether developmental timing serves as an age-independent biomarker of genomic competence, and enabling practitioners to provide pathway-specific counseling and treatment recommendations.</div></div><div><h3>Search strategy</h3><div>PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for relevant studies.</div></div><div><h3>Selection criteria</h3><div>Retrospective cohort of 490 IVF patients (2,472 embryos) stratified by maternal age (≤35, 35–40, ≥40 years) with complete extended culture and next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy.</div></div><div><h3>Data collection and analysis</h3><div>Age-stratified analysis of developmental kinetics and comprehensive chromosomal classification. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of aneuploidy, adjusting for maternal age and day-5 blastocyst count.</div></div><div><h3>Main results</h3><div>Whole-chromosome aneuploidies demonstrated striking age-sensitivity (14.0 % to 36.5 %, 2.6-fold increase, p &lt; 0.001), reflecting progressive cohesin complex degradation, spindle checkpoint decline, and mitochondrial bioenergetic insufficiency. Mosaicism remained age-independent (∼41 %, p = 0.383), arising from post-meiotic mitotic errors. Day-5 blastocyst formation declined 30 % with age (p = 0.0154), yet day-6 formation remained age-independent (p = 0.106), indicating developmental delay rather than failure. Day-5 blastocyst count independently protected against aneuploidy (OR 0.965, 95 % CI: 0.944–0.987, p = 0.002), persisting after multivariate adjustment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Mechanistic differentiation between age-dependent meiotic and age-independent mitotic chromosomal abnormalities reveals fundamentally distinct etiological pathways with profound implications for clinical decision-making. In particular, day-5 blastocyst achievement emerges as an independent biomarker of oocyte quality, enabling precise within-age-group risk stratification regardless of chronological age. These findings translate developmental kinetics into quantitative clinical algorithms that substantially improve reproductive counseling accuracy and patient-specific prognostication beyond traditional age-based approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114935"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the ovarian function and gyneco-obstetrical profile of patients with an HNF1B abnormality","authors":"Audrey Cartault ,&nbsp;Camille Paret ,&nbsp;Charlotte Garczynski ,&nbsp;Sabrina Da Costa ,&nbsp;Zeina Chakhtoura ,&nbsp;Perrine Ernoult ,&nbsp;Dominique Chauveau ,&nbsp;Stéphane Decramer ,&nbsp;Stanislas Faguer ,&nbsp;Magali Viaud ,&nbsp;Céline Mercier ,&nbsp;Vanessa Rousseau ,&nbsp;Claire Thalamas ,&nbsp;Nicolas Gatimel ,&nbsp;Catherine Pienkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.114961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>HNF1B variant is a rare autosomal dominant disease that affects the embryonic development of the urogenital system, the mullerian development, the liver, the exocrine and endocrine pancreas functions responsible for MODY 5 diabetes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ovarian reserve and the gyneco-obstetric profile of patients with an HNF1B anomaly.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>This was a pilot study coordinated by the Reference Centre of Rare Gynecological Pathologies (RGP). It was conducted in 3 hospital sites after agreement of the Reference Centres of Rare Renal Diseases. The primary endpoint was the serum AMH concentration, the secondary endpoint was the gyneco-obstetric characteristics of the patients.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>26 of the 54 patients aged 29 ± 13 years agreed to participate. All are carriers of the HNF1 pathogenic variant with a deletion in 50% of cases. 38% of patients had an AMH level &lt;25th percentile adjusted for age. No statistical significant association was observed with genetic, renal abnormality, or Mody diabetes. Their gynecological profile was comparable to general population. 42% had uterine malformation. Obstetric complications of threatened premature delivery, cholestasis of pregnancy were noted.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>We have, for the first time, described the ovarian function and gyneco-obstetric profile of patients with an HNF1 variant. We highlighted the value of monitoring their ovarian reserve. Fertility preservation should be discussed on an individual basis. These data need to be confirmed by a larger study and a longitudinal follow up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114961"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Value of triglyceride-glucose index in diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Binze Chen ,&nbsp;Teng Ma ,&nbsp;Ying Liu ,&nbsp;Mengting Wang ,&nbsp;Tingting Yin ,&nbsp;Yanxia Han","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114931","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114931","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To assess the accuracy of triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched up to April 18, 2025 for English-language clinical studies using TyG for GDM prediction. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool was utilized for quality assessment, and the final results were presented by RevMan5.3. The overall accuracy of TyG in GDM diagnosis was identified using Stata15.0 and Meta-DiSc1.4. We also performed subgroup analyses by the sample size, prevalence, cutoff, and trimester of pregnancy.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Sixteen studies with 480,402 participants were included. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio of TyG in GDM diagnosis were 0.63 (95 % CI 0.56–0.70), 0.64 (95 % CI 0.60–0.68), 1.80 (95 % CI 1.60–1.90), 0.57 (95 % CI 0.49–0.67), and 3.00 (95 % CI 2.00–4.00), respectively. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve of TyG was 0.68 (95 % CI 0.64–0.72). Subgroup analyses revealed that small sample sizes, high prevalence, cutoff &lt; 8.5, and the second trimester corresponded to the high accuracy of TyG in GDM diagnosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>TyG demonstrates moderate diagnostic accuracy for GDM, with an area under the SROC curve of 0.68. Considering the limitations of the available studies, more prospective studies are still required to clarify the diagnostic value of TyG in actual clinical practice and offer a stronger basis for clinical decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114931"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145881268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound assessment of the perineal body: A scoping review","authors":"Ivo Vukasović ,&nbsp;Držislav Kalafatić ,&nbsp;Maja Banović ,&nbsp;Vladimir Banović","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The perineal body (PB) is a pyramidal fibromuscular structure located in the anterior part of the perineum, between the rectum and the vagina. It serves as a crucial component of the pelvic floor support system, particularly at levels II and III. Current understanding of pelvic floor anatomy is largely derived from cadaveric dissection and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, ultrasound offers a promising alternative due to its ability to provide dynamic, non-invasive assessment, along with broad availability and cost-effectiveness. Importantly, ultrasound has the potential to reveal new insights into the anatomy of the perineal body and its functional role in both the static and dynamic support of the female pelvic floor.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>This review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature sources. Eligible studies included English-language publications involving ultrasound visualization or measurement of the PB in women. Data extraction and screening were conducted independently by two reviewers, with discrepancies resolved through consensus. Data extraction encompassed a comprehensive set of variables, including study number, study design, total sample size, subgroup sample sizes, ultrasound approach, probe type, parameters measured, imaging position, and main findings.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 22 studies were included in the scoping review, with publications ranging from 1997 to 2025. The majority of studies were observational, and sample sizes varied from 22 to 1340 (mean 154) participants. In most studies published before 2012, endoanal ultrasound (EAUS) was the most commonly used modality. With advances in transvaginal ultrasound technology and the introduction of transperineal ultrasound, detecting and measuring the perineal body has become more accessible and precise. The perineal body can now be measured in three dimensions—depth, height, and width—rather than relying solely on the traditional measurement of perineal body thickness.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In conclusion, the perineal body is an important anatomical structure that can be clearly visualized and measured using ultrasound; however, significant heterogeneity in imaging approaches, probe types, and anatomical definitions underscores the need for standardized methodologies to improve reproducibility and support future clinical application in the diagnosis and management of pelvic organ prolapse.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114904"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confirming age before MTP in minors: reconciling POCSO mandates with adolescent reproductive rights","authors":"Pragnesh Parmar ,&nbsp;Gunvanti Rathod","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114920","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11975,"journal":{"name":"European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 114920"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}