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Quantitative characterization of bidirectional reflectance distribution of mine soil using physical models 利用物理模型对矿山土壤的双向反射率分布进行定量分析
IF 4.2 2区 农林科学 Q2 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1111/ejss.70003
Haimei Lei, Nisha Bao, Sihan Peng, Xiaoyan Yang, Zhiwei Lu
The non‐Lambertian surface features varying particle size and discrete distribution, resulting in reflectance to be unevenly distributed in different directions. Mine soil with a high content of coarse particles and non‐uniform particle distribution exhibits significant non‐Lambertian properties on its surface. Consequently, not only vertical observation of the reflectance spectra but also multi‐angle reflectance spectra are related to the physical and chemical properties (e.g. soil organic carbon, moisture content and particle size) of mine soil. Understanding the bidirectional reflectance distribution of mine soil with various particle sizes is essential for accurately estimating soil properties using spectroscopy. Current estimations of soil properties using spectroscopy mainly focus on vertical observations, overlooking the bidirectional reflectance characteristics. This study reports the bidirectional reflectance distribution of mine soil with various particle sizes. Furthermore, the performance of different bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) models in simulating the bidirectional reflectance of mine soil with various particle sizes was evaluated. Soil samples from three typical mine areas were collected and sieved into seven particle sizes ranging from 25 to 3500 μm. The bidirectional reflectance in the Vis–NIR wavelength region was measured in a laboratory using the Northeastern University bidirectional reflectance measurement system. The performance of five BRDF models (isotropic multiple scattering approximation, anisotropic multiple scattering approximation, H2008, H2012 and SOILSPECT) in modelling the bidirectional reflectance distribution of mine soil with different particle sizes was compared. Sobol's sensitivity indices were used to quantify the contributions of the parameters in the BRDF models. The results showed that (1) small mine soil particles (25 μm) exhibited greater reflectance than large particles (3500 μm). Large particles (3500 μm) exhibited backward scattering, whereas small particles (25 μm) exhibited extremely forward scattering characteristics because of the high silicon dioxide content; (2) the SOILSPECT model outperformed the other BRDF models in simulating the bidirectional reflectance of mine soil and had the smallest root mean square error (0.004–0.04); (3) the single‐scattering albedo (ɷ) parameter had the greatest contribution in the SOILSPECT model. Four parameters in the phase function (b, b′, c and c′) effectively indicated the scattering behaviour of mine soil with different particle sizes. These findings improve our understanding of the scattering characteristics of mine soil with various particle sizes and can be used to improve the accuracy of extracting particle size and other soil properties from mine soil.
非朗伯表面的特点是颗粒大小不一,分布离散,导致反射率在不同方向分布不均。粗颗粒含量高且颗粒分布不均匀的矿山土壤,其表面具有明显的非兰伯特特性。因此,不仅要垂直观测反射光谱,还要多角度观测反射光谱,这与矿山土壤的物理和化学特性(如土壤有机碳、含水量和颗粒大小)有关。了解不同粒径矿山土壤的双向反射率分布,对于利用光谱准确估算土壤特性至关重要。目前利用光谱估算土壤特性的方法主要侧重于垂直观测,忽略了双向反射特性。本研究报告了不同粒径矿山土壤的双向反射率分布。此外,还评估了不同双向反射分布函数(BRDF)模型在模拟不同粒径矿山土壤双向反射率方面的性能。研究人员从三个典型矿区采集了土壤样本,并将其筛分为 25 至 3500 μm 的七种粒径。在实验室中使用东北大学双向反射率测量系统测量了可见光-近红外波长区域的双向反射率。比较了五种 BRDF 模型(各向同性多次散射近似、各向异性多次散射近似、H2008、H2012 和 SOILSPECT)在模拟不同粒径矿山土壤双向反射率分布时的性能。Sobol 敏感度指数用于量化 BRDF 模型中各参数的贡献。结果表明:(1) 矿山土壤小颗粒(25 μm)的反射率高于大颗粒(3500 μm)。大颗粒(3500 μm)表现为后向散射,而小颗粒(25 μm)由于二氧化硅含量高,表现出极强的前向散射特性;(2) SOILSPECT 模型在模拟矿山土壤双向反射率方面优于其他 BRDF 模型,且均方根误差(0.004-0.04)最小;(3) 在 SOILSPECT 模型中,单散射反照率(ɷ)参数的作用最大。相位函数中的四个参数(b、b′、c 和 c′)有效地显示了不同粒径矿山土壤的散射行为。这些发现加深了我们对不同粒径矿山土壤散射特性的理解,可用于提高从矿山土壤中提取粒径和其他土壤特性的准确性。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of brackish water inundation on temperate coastal acid sulfate soils under different vegetation types 不同植被类型下咸水淹没对温带沿海酸性硫酸盐土壤的影响
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1111/ejss.70008
Chang Xu, Rahul Ram, Vanessa N. L. Wong

Coastal wetland soils are frequently underlain by sulfidic materials. Sea level fluctuations can lead to oxidation of sulfidic materials in acid sulfate soils (ASS) and increased acidity which mobilises trace metals when water levels are low, and inundation of coastal wetland soils and reformation of sulfidic materials when water levels are high. We measured the effect of surface water level fluctuations in soils from coastal wetland sites under four different vegetation types: Apium gravedens (AG), Leptospermum lanigerum (LL), Phragmites australis (PA) and Paspalum distichum (PD) on an estuarine floodplain in southern Australia. We assessed effects of fluctuating water levels on reduced inorganic sulfur (RIS) in terms of acid volatile sulfide (AVS), chromium reducible sulfur (CRS) and trace metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Ni). Intact soil cores were incubated under dry, flooded and wet–dry cycle treatments of 14 days for a total of 56 days. The flooded treatment increased RIS concentrations in most depths in the AG, PA and PD sites. Lower CRS concentrations occurred in all sites in the dry treatment due to oxidation of sulfidic materials when the surface layer was exposed to lower water levels. CRS was positively correlated with SOC in all treatments. The highest net acidity occurred in the dry treatment and lowest occurred in the flooded treatment in most sites. Inundation with seawater caused SO42− reduction and decreased soluble Fe in the PA and PD sites. General decreases in Al, Zn and Ni concentrations in flooded treatments may have been due to adsorption onto colloids or co-precipitation with slight increases in pH. SO42− concentrations decreased in the LL, PA and PD sites in the flooded treatment due to reformation of pyrite. In general, accumulation of RIS in soils under different vegetation types following brackish water inundation varied according to vegetation type, which may be linked to differences in organic material input and particle size distribution. Geochemical characteristics reflected whether oxidation or reduction processes dominated at each site in the wet–dry cycle treatments, with oxidation dominating in the LL and PA sites and reduction dominating in the AG and PD sites. This is likely due to more readily decomposable organic matter forming sulfidic materials during short periods of inundation.

沿海湿地土壤的下层经常是硫酸盐物质。当水位较低时,海平面波动会导致酸性硫酸盐土壤(ASS)中的硫化物质氧化,酸度增加,从而释放痕量金属;当水位较高时,沿海湿地土壤被淹没,硫化物质重新形成。我们测量了地表水位波动对四种不同植被类型下沿海湿地土壤的影响:我们测量了澳大利亚南部河口冲积平原上 Apium gravedens (AG)、Leptospermum lanigerum (LL)、Phragmites australis (PA) 和 Paspalum distichum (PD) 四种不同植被类型的沿海湿地土壤的地表水位波动影响。我们评估了水位波动对还原性无机硫(RIS)的影响,包括酸性挥发性硫化物(AVS)、铬还原性硫(CRS)和痕量金属(铁、铝、锰、锌、镍)。在干燥、淹没和干湿循环处理 14 天的情况下,对完整的土壤核心进行培养,共 56 天。在 AG、PA 和 PD 地点,淹水处理增加了大部分深度的 RIS 浓度。由于表层暴露在较低水位时硫化物被氧化,因此在干燥处理中所有地点的 CRS 浓度都较低。在所有处理中,CRS 与 SOC 呈正相关。在大多数地点,干燥处理的净酸度最高,而淹没处理的净酸度最低。在 PA 和 PD 地点,海水淹没导致 SO42- 减少,可溶性铁降低。淹没处理中铝、锌和镍浓度的普遍下降可能是由于胶体吸附或共沉淀以及 pH 值的轻微升高。在淹没处理中,LL、PA 和 PD 位点的 SO42- 浓度降低,原因是黄铁矿发生了重整。总体而言,不同植被类型下的土壤在咸水淹没后的 RIS 积累因植被类型而异,这可能与有机物质输入量和颗粒大小分布的差异有关。地球化学特征反映了在干湿循环处理过程中,每个地点的氧化过程还是还原过程占主导地位,在LL和PA地点,氧化过程占主导地位,而在AG和PD地点,还原过程占主导地位。这可能是由于更容易分解的有机物在短时间淹没期间形成了硫化物。
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引用次数: 0
Overlooked biocrust impacts on surface soil thermal properties: Evidence from heat-pulse sensing on large volume samples 被忽视的生物群落对表层土壤热特性的影响:大体积样本热脉冲感应的证据
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1111/ejss.70004
Junru Chen, Bo Xiao, Joshua Heitman

Biocrusts are a critical surface cover in global drylands, but knowledge about their influences on surface soil thermal properties are still lacking because it is quite challenging to make accurate thermal property measurements for biocrust layers, which are only millimetres thick. In this study, we repacked biocrust layers (moss- and cyanobacteria-dominated, respectively) that had the same material as the original intact biocrusts but was more homogeneous and thicker. The thermal conductivity (λ), heat capacity (C) and thermal diffusivity (k) of the repacked and intact biocrusts were measured by the heat pulse (HP) technique at different mass water contents (θm) and mass ratios (Wt), and the differences between repacked and intact biocrusts were analysed. Our results show that biocrusts substantially alter the thermal properties of the soil surface. The average λ of moss (0.37 W m−1 K−1) and cyanobacteria biocrusts (0.90 W m−1 K−1) were reduced by 63.0% and 10.3% compared with bare soil (1.00 W m−1 K−1), respectively. Edge effects including heat loss and water evaporation caused the λ and k of the biocrusts to be underestimated, but the C to be overestimated. The differences in thermal properties were significant (p <0.001), except for the differences in thermal conductivity between repacked and intact cyanobacteria biocrusts, which were not significant (p = 0.379). Specifically, in the volumetric water content (θv) range of 0 to 20%, the λ and k of the repacked moss biocrusts were underestimated by 59.1% and 61.8%, respectively, and the C was overestimated by 23.9% compared with the intact moss biocrusts. The λ and k of the repacked cyanobacteria biocrusts were underestimated by 15.8% and 79.2%, respectively, and the C was overestimated by 34.8% compared with the intact cyanobacteria biocrusts at the θv range of 0 to 30%. Typically, this difference increased as the θv rises between repacked and intact biocrusts. Our new measurements provide evidence that the thermal properties of biocrusts were previously misjudged due to the measurement limitations imposed by their limited thickness when measured in situ. Biocrusts are likely more significant in regulating soil heat and temperature in drylands than was previously assumed.

生物簇是全球旱地的重要表层覆盖物,但由于生物簇层只有几毫米厚,要对其进行精确的热属性测量非常困难,因此有关生物簇对表层土壤热属性影响的知识仍然缺乏。在本研究中,我们对生物簇层(分别以苔藓和蓝藻为主)进行了重新包装,其材料与原始完整生物簇层相同,但更均匀、更厚。通过热脉冲(HP)技术测量了不同质量含水量(θm)和质量比(Wt)下重新包装的生物簇和完整生物簇的导热系数(λ)、热容量(C)和热扩散率(k),并分析了重新包装的生物簇和完整生物簇之间的差异。结果表明,生物簇极大地改变了土壤表面的热特性。与裸土(1.00 W m-1 K-1)相比,苔藓(0.37 W m-1 K-1)和蓝藻生物簇(0.90 W m-1 K-1)的平均λ分别降低了 63.0% 和 10.3%。热量损失和水分蒸发等边缘效应导致生物簇的λ和k被低估,但C被高估。除了重新包装的蓝藻生物簇与完整蓝藻生物簇之间的导热系数差异不显著(p = 0.379)外,其他热特性差异均显著(p <0.001)。具体而言,在体积含水量(θv)为0-20%的范围内,与完整的苔藓生物簇相比,重新包装的苔藓生物簇的λ和k分别被低估了59.1%和61.8%,C被高估了23.9%。与完整的蓝藻生物簇相比,在 θv 为 0 至 30% 的范围内,重新组合的蓝藻生物簇的λ 和 k 分别被低估了 15.8% 和 79.2%,C 被高估了 34.8%。通常情况下,随着重新包装的生物簇与完整生物簇之间 θv 值的增加,这一差异也会增大。我们的新测量结果提供了证据,证明生物簇的热特性以前曾被误判,这是因为在原位测量时,生物簇的厚度有限,测量受到限制。生物簇在调节旱地土壤热量和温度方面的作用可能比以前认为的更大。
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引用次数: 0
Depth-dependent soil phosphorus alteration is independent of 145-year phosphorus balances 随深度变化的土壤磷变化与 145 年磷平衡无关
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1111/ejss.70006
Suwei Xu, Yuhei Nakayama, Maia G. Rothman, Andrew J. Margenot

Agricultural management practices can profoundly influence soil phosphorus (P), with effects accumulating over time. To test the overarching hypothesis that soil P pools estimated by sequential fractionation would be altered by long-term agricultural practices, we used an experiment established in 1876 in the north-central US to quantify 145-year impacts of crop rotation (continuous maize [Zea mays L.], maize-soybean [Glycine max L. Merr.] and maize-oat [Avena sativa L.]-alfalfa [Medicago sativa L.]) and 117-year impacts of fertilization (unfertilized and fertilized) with rock phosphate, manure or synthetic fertilizer on soil P fractions at 15 cm intervals across 0–90 cm depth. Fertilization impacts on soil P were mostly limited to the surface (0–30 cm) depth, but extended to 90 cm depth under diverse rotations. Under fertilization, soil total P concentration increased by 51% at 0-30 cm while concomitantly decreasing by 30% at 60–90 cm compared to no fertilization, indicating that vertically stratified surface soil P accumulation and subsoil P depletion can co-occur even under positive P balances. Positive P balances (1222–1494 kg/ha) induced by fertilization enriched inorganic P (Pi) (+39% to 358%) and labile organic P (Po) fractions (+11%) while depleting non-labile Po fractions (−31%), with depletion increasing with the degree of crop diversification. Fertilization had minor impacts on P fractions beyond 30 cm depth, except for acid extractable Pi (HCl-Pi) depletion under continuous maize and maize-soybean rotations (−16% to −78%) and accumulation under maize-oat-alfalfa rotation (+41% to +84%) at 60–90 cm. In contrast, without fertilization, diversifying maize rotations with oat and alfalfa decreased HCl-Pi and residual P (−21% to −57%) but increased non-labile Po fractions (+54%), suggesting potential mining of non-labile Pi pools by deep-rooted legumes under nutrient limitation. The 1–2 orders of magnitude greater changes in stocks of P fractions than stocks of total P emphasize the importance of distinguishing P pools even with operational fractionation to fully capture changes in P cycling beyond total P stocks. Our study revealed that a positive P balance under 117 years of fertilization (i) enriched Pi and labile Po pools but (ii) depleted non-labile Po pools, (iii) largely at 0–30 cm, and (iv) non-labile Po depletion increased with crop diversification under 145-year rotation treatments.

农业管理方法会对土壤中的磷(P)产生深远的影响,这种影响会随着时间的推移而不断累积。为了验证通过顺序分馏法估算的土壤磷库会因长期农业实践而改变这一重要假设,我们使用了 1876 年在美国中北部进行的一项实验,以量化轮作(连作玉米[Zea mays L. ]、玉米-大豆[Glybine max L. Merr. ]和玉米-山羊[Avena mays L. ])145 年的影响。玉米-大豆[Glycine max L. Merr.]和玉米-山羊[Avena sativa L.]-紫花苜蓿[Medicago sativa L.])145 年的轮作影响,以及用磷矿石、粪肥或合成肥料施肥(未施肥和施肥)117 年对 0-90 厘米深度每隔 15 厘米土壤 P 分量的影响。施肥对土壤钾的影响主要局限于表层(0-30 厘米),但在不同的轮作条件下,施肥对土壤钾的影响扩展到 90 厘米深。与不施肥相比,施肥后 0-30 厘米处的土壤总磷浓度增加了 51%,而 60-90 厘米处的土壤总磷浓度同时减少了 30%,这表明即使在正磷平衡的情况下,垂直分层的表层土壤磷积累和底层土壤磷耗竭也会同时发生。施肥引起的正钾平衡(1222-1494 千克/公顷)富集了无机钾(Pi)(+39%-358%)和可溶性有机钾(Po)组分(+11%),同时消耗了非可溶性有机钾组分(-31%),消耗量随作物多样化程度而增加。施肥对 30 厘米深度以外的钾组分影响较小,但在连续玉米和玉米-大豆轮作下,酸提取钾(HCl-Pi)消耗(-16% 至 -78%),而在玉米-山羊-紫花苜蓿轮作下,钾在 60-90 厘米处积累(+41% 至 +84%)。相比之下,在不施肥的情况下,玉米与燕麦和苜蓿的多样化轮作减少了 HCl-Pi 和残余 P(-21% 至 -57%),但增加了非可吸收的 Po 部分(+54%),这表明在养分限制条件下,深根豆科植物可能会开采非可吸收的 Pi 池。钾馏分储量的变化比总钾储量的变化大 1-2 个数量级,这强调了即使进行操作分馏也要区分钾池的重要性,以全面捕捉总钾量以外的钾循环变化。我们的研究表明,在 117 年的施肥条件下,正 P 平衡(i)富集了 Pi 和可溶性 Po 池,但(ii)消耗了非可溶性 Po 池;(iii)主要在 0-30 厘米处;(iv)在 145 年的轮作处理下,非可溶性 Po 的消耗随着作物多样化而增加。
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引用次数: 0
Ecosystem compartment stoichiometry drives the secondary succession processes of zokor-disturbed grassland 鼢鼠扰动草地的次生演替过程受生态系统分区生物量的影响
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1111/ejss.70000
Chunping Zhang, Qi Li, Runqiu Feng, Ping Li, Jie Liu, Yunfeng Yang

In terrestrial ecosystems, resource availability and soil microbial biomass are substantially changed with ecological recovery. However, the shifts in resource stoichiometry and microbial biomass stoichiometry often do not align, leading to stoichiometric imbalance that constrains microbial growth and, consequently, affects plant community succession. The mechanisms by which soil microbes acclimate to these imbalances and how such adjustments influence plant community dynamics remain largely unexplored in alpine grasslands. To address these processes, we examined ecological stoichiometry during the secondary succession of zokor-disturbed grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China, utilizing a space-for-time substitution approach. Carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents across plant–soil–microbe and soil ecoenzymatic activities involved in soil microbial nutrient acquisition were measured. The results indicated that C:P and N:P imbalances between microbes and their plant resources intensified with the recovery of zokor-disturbed grassland. This led to phosphorus limitation in microbial growth, as indicated by the mean vector angles exceeding 45° and decreased threshold element ratio of C:P. In response, soil microbes increased their production of P-acquiring enzymes to mitigate P limitation. Through structural equation modelling (SEM), we found that the C:N:P ratios within the plant–soil–microbe systems explained 74.5% of the total variance in plant aboveground biomass. We concluded that maintaining balanced C:N:P stoichiometric ratios in plant–soil–microbe systems, facilitated by soil ecoenzymatic activities, enhances plant diversity and net primary productivity during the recovery of zokor-disturbed grassland.

在陆地生态系统中,资源可用性和土壤微生物生物量会随着生态恢复而发生重大变化。然而,资源化学计量和微生物生物量化学计量的变化往往并不一致,从而导致化学计量失衡,制约微生物的生长,进而影响植物群落的演替。土壤微生物适应这些失衡的机制,以及这种调整如何影响植物群落动态,在高寒草地上基本上仍未得到探索。为了解决这些问题,我们采用空间-时间替代法研究了中国青藏高原鼢鼠干扰草地次生演替过程中的生态化学计量。研究测量了植物-土壤-微生物之间的碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)含量,以及参与土壤微生物养分获取的土壤生态酶活性。结果表明,随着鼢鼠干扰草地的恢复,微生物及其植物资源之间的碳:磷和氮:磷失衡加剧。这导致微生物生长受到磷的限制,表现为平均矢量角超过 45°,C:P 的阈值元素比下降。作为回应,土壤微生物增加了获取磷的酶的产量,以缓解磷的限制。通过结构方程建模(SEM),我们发现植物-土壤-微生物系统中的碳氮磷比解释了植物地上生物量总变异的 74.5%。我们的结论是,在土壤生态酶活动的促进下,在植物-土壤-微生物系统中保持平衡的 C:N:P 化学计量比,可在鼢鼠干扰草地的恢复过程中提高植物多样性和净初级生产力。
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引用次数: 0
Progress towards the identification and improvement of dispersive soils: A review 在识别和改良弥散土壤方面取得的进展:综述
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-27 DOI: 10.1111/ejss.70002
Xudong Zhang, Zhongxu Liu, Yan Han

Dispersive soils, characterized by their poor resistance to water erosion and high sodium ion concentrations, pose a significant threat to both engineering and agricultural activities. Thus, the identification and improvement of dispersive soils are of paramount importance. There are several theories regarding the causes of soil dispersion, with the prevailing view attributing it to the expansion of the electrical double layer induced by sodium ions, which subsequently reduces the cohesion between soil particles. As a result, sodium indicators such as exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), percentage sodium (PS), and sodium adsorption rate (SAR) are commonly employed in the identification of dispersive soils. Currently, in efforts to improve dispersive soils for both engineering and agricultural purposes, chemical and biological agents are being added to enhance the soil's erosion resistance and regulate the concentration of sodium ions. Although numerous reviews have been conducted on the identification and improvement of dispersive soils, they tend to focus on the identification methods and the types of improvers, often overlooking the applicability of identification methods, the economic costs and environmental impacts of improvers. In practical improvement, the accuracy of soil identification must be ensured first and foremost. The selection of improvers should not only prioritise efficacy but also undergo thorough analysis and evaluation from multiple perspectives. This paper, therefore, reviews the advantages and disadvantages of various identification methods and assesses the differences among improvers from economic and environmental standpoints, providing a comprehensive theoretical basis for the improvement of dispersive soils.

分散性土壤的特点是抗水蚀能力差和钠离子浓度高,对工程和农业活动都构成了重大威胁。因此,识别和改良弥散性土壤至关重要。关于土壤弥散的原因有几种理论,主流观点认为这是由于钠离子引起的双电层膨胀,从而降低了土壤颗粒之间的内聚力。因此,钠指标(如可交换钠百分比 (ESP)、钠百分比 (PS) 和钠吸附率 (SAR) 等)通常被用于识别分散性土壤。目前,为了改善分散性土壤的工程和农业用途,人们正在添加化学和生物制剂,以增强土壤的抗侵蚀性并调节钠离子的浓度。尽管对分散性土壤的识别和改良进行了大量综述,但这些综述往往侧重于识别方法和改良剂的类型,往往忽视了识别方法的适用性、改良剂的经济成本和环境影响。在实际改良中,首先必须确保土壤鉴定的准确性。改良剂的选择不仅要优先考虑功效,还要从多个角度进行全面分析和评估。因此,本文评述了各种识别方法的优缺点,并从经济和环境角度评估了改良剂之间的差异,为分散性土壤的改良提供了全面的理论依据。
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引用次数: 0
Optimal organic fertilization enhances the phytoavailability of phosphorus in the root zone of rice 优化有机施肥可提高水稻根区对磷的植物利用率
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1111/ejss.13588
Wenbin Zhu, Hongmeng Zhao, Yu Wang, Clayton R. Butterly, Hao Chen, Jiahui Yuan, Mingqing Liu, Qiuhui Chen, Longjiang Zhang, Lei Wang

Organic fertilization is considered an effective approach in promoting agricultural green development, dramatically affecting soil phosphorus (P) availability. Nonetheless, limited information is available on the comprehensive impact of full substitution of organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer on P speciation, phytoavailability, and apparent balance throughout different rice-growth stages. To address this gap, a 5-year field experiment was conducted, implementing five organic P gradients ranging from 0 (P0), 70 (P70), 140 (P140), 210 (P210) to 280 (P280) kg P2O5 ha−1 of organic fertilizer. To assess P phytoavailability in the root zone with submillimetre spatial resolutions, this study employed techniques such as the one- and two-dimensional diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique and the high-resolution soil solution sampling technology (HR-Peeper). The findings revealed that increasing P rates enhanced soil Olsen-P and biological-based P fractions across rice-growth stages, primarily driven by variation in mineral-associated P. Notably, the P140 treatment demonstrated the highest P uptake efficiency among the different rice-growth stages, with a significant increase in soil DGT-P, particularly in the 0–60 mm soil layer (p <0.05), providing tangible evidence for enhanced P uptake. Moreover, compared with higher P treatments (P210 and P280), the P140 treatment markedly increased P use efficiency by 31.7% and 99.0%, respectively (p <0.05). Further, with a high ratio of DGT-P to Peeper-P and a low apparent balance of P, organic fertilization at the rate of 140 kg P2O5 ha−1 effectively struck a balance between ensuring adequate P supply for yield stability and mitigating potential P loss risks. These results underscore the significance of optimal organic fertilization in enhancing agronomic benefits while reducing environmental risks. They offer valuable insights to support field P management strategies and government decision-making processes.

有机施肥被认为是促进农业绿色发展的有效方法,能显著影响土壤中磷(P)的供应。然而,关于有机肥完全替代化肥对水稻不同生长阶段磷的种类、植物可利用性和表观平衡的综合影响的信息还很有限。为了填补这一空白,我们开展了一项为期 5 年的田间试验,实施了五种有机钾梯度,有机肥从 0(P0)、70(P70)、140(P140)、210(P210)到 280(P280)千克 P2O5 ha-1。为了以亚毫米空间分辨率评估根区的钾植物利用率,本研究采用了一维和二维薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)技术以及高分辨率土壤溶液取样技术(HR-Peeper)。研究结果表明,在不同的水稻生长阶段,增加钾的比率会提高土壤中的奥尔森钾和生物钾组分,这主要是由矿质钾的变化驱动的。值得注意的是,在不同的水稻生长阶段,P140 处理的钾吸收效率最高,土壤中的 DGT-P 显著增加,尤其是在 0-60 毫米的土层中(p <0.05),为钾吸收的提高提供了切实的证据。此外,与高磷处理(P210 和 P280)相比,P140 处理明显提高了磷的利用率,分别提高了 31.7% 和 99.0% (p <0.05)。此外,由于 DGT-P 与 Peeper-P 的比率较高,而 P 的表观平衡较低,以 140 kg P2O5 ha-1 的施肥量进行有机施肥可有效地在确保充足的 P 供给以保证产量稳定与降低潜在的 P 损失风险之间取得平衡。这些结果凸显了优化有机施肥在提高农艺效益和降低环境风险方面的重要意义。它们为支持田间钾肥管理战略和政府决策过程提供了宝贵的见解。
{"title":"Optimal organic fertilization enhances the phytoavailability of phosphorus in the root zone of rice","authors":"Wenbin Zhu,&nbsp;Hongmeng Zhao,&nbsp;Yu Wang,&nbsp;Clayton R. Butterly,&nbsp;Hao Chen,&nbsp;Jiahui Yuan,&nbsp;Mingqing Liu,&nbsp;Qiuhui Chen,&nbsp;Longjiang Zhang,&nbsp;Lei Wang","doi":"10.1111/ejss.13588","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.13588","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organic fertilization is considered an effective approach in promoting agricultural green development, dramatically affecting soil phosphorus (P) availability. Nonetheless, limited information is available on the comprehensive impact of full substitution of organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer on P speciation, phytoavailability, and apparent balance throughout different rice-growth stages. To address this gap, a 5-year field experiment was conducted, implementing five organic P gradients ranging from 0 (P<sub>0</sub>), 70 (P<sub>70</sub>), 140 (P<sub>140</sub>), 210 (P<sub>210</sub>) to 280 (P<sub>280</sub>) kg P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> ha<sup>−1</sup> of organic fertilizer. To assess P phytoavailability in the root zone with submillimetre spatial resolutions, this study employed techniques such as the one- and two-dimensional diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique and the high-resolution soil solution sampling technology (HR-Peeper). The findings revealed that increasing P rates enhanced soil Olsen-P and biological-based P fractions across rice-growth stages, primarily driven by variation in mineral-associated P. Notably, the P<sub>140</sub> treatment demonstrated the highest P uptake efficiency among the different rice-growth stages, with a significant increase in soil DGT-P, particularly in the 0–60 mm soil layer (<i>p</i> &lt;0.05), providing tangible evidence for enhanced P uptake. Moreover, compared with higher P treatments (P<sub>210</sub> and P<sub>280</sub>), the P<sub>140</sub> treatment markedly increased P use efficiency by 31.7% and 99.0%, respectively (<i>p</i> &lt;0.05). Further, with a high ratio of DGT-P to Peeper-P and a low apparent balance of P, organic fertilization at the rate of 140 kg P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> ha<sup>−1</sup> effectively struck a balance between ensuring adequate P supply for yield stability and mitigating potential P loss risks. These results underscore the significance of optimal organic fertilization in enhancing agronomic benefits while reducing environmental risks. They offer valuable insights to support field P management strategies and government decision-making processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142489475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lateral migration differs between phytolith morphotypes on sand dune surfaces 沙丘表面不同植物形态的侧向迁移不同
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1111/ejss.13579
Guihua Zhang, Dongmei Jie, Guizai Gao, Dehui Li, Nannan Li, Jiangyong Wang, Honghao Niu, Meng Meng, Ying Liu

Arid and semi-arid lands are exceptionally sensitive to climate change. However, the application of phytolith analysis to these environments is hindered by the potential for lateral migration of phytoliths during wind erosion, which may affect the reliability of phytolith-based paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Moreover, there is a lack of quantitative studies of the dispersion and deposition of phytoliths by wind erosion. Here we apply Sutton's equation and theoretical models from the field of blown sand physics and engineering to quantify the lateral migration of various phytolith morphotypes in the surface soil of sand dunes in the Horqin Sandy Land in China. Phytolith morphotypes and concentrations were determined in addition to sedimentary organic matter content and grain size. Combined with the analysis of plant communities, these measurements were used to quantify the lateral migration of phytolith morphotypes, and the results were compared with theoretical models. We found that phytolith concentrations decreased exponentially under an annual average wind speed with distance from the surface source; specifically, a large proportion of lateral phytolith migration occurred within the distance of ~3–5 m. There were significant linear correlations between the phytolith concentration and other environmental factors. A comprehensive form of Sutton's equation was used to estimate that a relatively large proportion (8.35%) of short-cell phytoliths may migrate laterally on dunes that are vulnerable to wind erosion. However, large phytoliths are deposited almost in situ, and relatively limited lateral migration of wind-transported phytoliths occurs in the Horqin Sandy Land overall. Our results provide a theoretical model and practice template for the application of phytolith analysis to soil and sediments, especially as a proxy of past vegetation and ecological change in the Horqin Sandy Land, and other areas affected by wind erosion. Additionally, short-cell phytoliths in palaeoenvironmental contexts satisfy the criteria necessary to investigate the extent with frequent aeolian activity.

干旱和半干旱地区对气候变化异常敏感。然而,由于风蚀过程中植物残片可能发生横向迁移,这可能会影响基于植物残片的古环境重建的可靠性,因此植物残片分析在这些环境中的应用受到了阻碍。此外,目前还缺乏对风蚀作用下植物残片的分散和沉积的定量研究。在此,我们应用萨顿方程和吹沙物理学与工程学领域的理论模型,对中国科尔沁沙地沙丘表层土壤中各种植物形态石的横向迁移进行了定量研究。除沉积有机质含量和粒度外,还测定了植被形态和浓度。结合对植物群落的分析,这些测量结果被用于量化植生石形态的横向迁移,并与理论模型进行了比较。我们发现,在年平均风速下,植生石浓度随着与地表源的距离呈指数下降;具体而言,大部分植生石的横向迁移发生在 ~3-5 米的距离内。根据萨顿方程的综合形式估算,在易受风蚀的沙丘上,相对较大比例(8.35%)的短细胞植生石可能会横向迁移。然而,大块植生碎屑几乎是在原地沉积的,科尔沁沙地风移植生碎屑的横向迁移总体上相对有限。我们的研究结果为土壤和沉积物的植化石分析应用提供了理论模型和实践模板,特别是作为科尔沁沙地和其他受风蚀影响地区过去植被和生态变化的替代物。此外,古环境背景下的短细胞植物岩石符合研究风化活动频繁地区的必要标准。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of salt concentration on osmotic potential in drying soils—Measurement and models 盐浓度对干燥土壤渗透势的影响--测量与模型
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1111/ejss.70001
Jannis Bosse, Wolfgang Durner, Andre Peters

The water potential in drying soils, comprising both matric potential and osmotic potential components, can be measured using the dew point method (DPM). By combining DPM data with retention curve data acquired from techniques such as the suction plate method or the simplified evaporation method (SEM), it becomes possible to determine the soil water retention curve across the entire moisture spectrum. However, as the latter methods only determine the matric potential, the osmotic potential component in DPM data must either be negligible or known so that osmotic and matric potential components can be separated. This study aims to critically analyse common approaches for calculating the osmotic potential. To achieve this, we measured the water retention properties of a silt loam, a sandy loam and a sand across the entire moisture range by combining SEM and DPM. By using almost salt-free soil material, we characterized reference water retention curves with negligible osmotic potential components. The impact of salt on water potential was analysed by conditioning soils with MgCl2 solutions of different concentrations, drying them, and measuring the water potential at different water contents using the DPM. The resulting water potentials were compared to the reference potentials and differences were interpreted as the osmotic potential component. The DPM-measured water potentials in drying soils can be significantly affected by osmotic potential, especially at higher matric potentials (low suctions). Two models accounting for ideal and one model accounting for non-ideal electrolyte behaviour were used to compare osmotic potential predictions with measurements. At low to medium salt concentrations, all models performed fairly well. At high concentrations, only the model accounting for non-ideal behaviour predicted the osmotic potential satisfactorily, whereas at very high concentrations, all models underestimated the impact of osmotic potential on water potential. This suggests that the surface properties of the soil matrix, such as the specific surface area and surface charges, may lead to a decrease in osmotic potential beyond what is expected in pure solutions.

干燥土壤中的水势包括母势和渗透势两个部分,可以使用露点法(DPM)进行测量。通过将露点法数据与吸水板法或简化蒸发法 (SEM) 等技术获得的保水曲线数据相结合,可以确定整个湿度范围内的土壤保水曲线。不过,由于后一种方法只能确定母质势,因此 DPM 数据中的渗透势成分必须可以忽略不计或已知,这样才能将渗透势和母质势成分分开。本研究旨在对计算渗透势的常用方法进行批判性分析。为此,我们结合扫描电镜和 DPM 测量了淤泥质壤土、砂质壤土和砂土在整个湿度范围内的保水特性。通过使用几乎不含盐的土壤材料,我们确定了渗透势成分可忽略不计的参考保水曲线。通过用不同浓度的氯化镁溶液调节土壤、干燥土壤并使用 DPM 测量不同含水量下的水势,分析了盐对水势的影响。将得到的水势与参考水势进行比较,并将差异解释为渗透势成分。DPM 测量的干燥土壤中的水势会受到渗透势的显著影响,尤其是在较高的母势(低吸力)下。我们使用了两个理想电解质行为模型和一个非理想电解质行为模型来比较渗透电位预测值和测量值。在中低盐浓度下,所有模型的表现都相当不错。在高浓度时,只有考虑非理想行为的模型对渗透电位的预测令人满意,而在极高浓度时,所有模型都低估了渗透电位对水势的影响。这表明,土壤基质的表面特性,如比表面积和表面电荷,可能会导致渗透势的降低,超出纯溶液的预期。
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引用次数: 0
Spruce and pine utilization of phosphorus in soil amended with 33P-labelled hydroxylapatite 云杉和松树利用用 33P 标记的羟基磷灰石改良的土壤中的磷
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1111/ejss.13587
Louise Rütting, Diana Hofmann, Thomas Pütz, Matthias Konrad-Schmolke, Roland Bol

Mined rock phosphate is expected to become a scarce resource within the next few decades as global phosphorus (P) deposits are declining. As a result, mineral P fertilizer will be less available and more expensive. Therefore, improved knowledge is needed on other P resources, for example, apatite fertilizers derived from the by-products of iron mining. Forestry is a potential future consumer of apatite-rich products with the aim of obtaining more wood per hectare. The actual P availability in apatite to plants has so far been barely quantified. We therefore examined tree P uptake using 33P apatite under chamber-grown and outdoor conditions. We examined the P uptake for the two main conifer species spruce (Picea abies) and pine (Pinus sylvestris) used in Fenno-Scandinavian forestry. We synthesized 33P-enriched apatite and applied it to mesocosms with growing seedlings of spruce and pine. The P uptake from 33P-labelled hydroxylapatite was subsequently traced by (bio)imaging of radioactivity in the plants and by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) upon destructive harvest in all plant fractions (leaves, stem and roots) and rhizosphere soil. Two climatic conditions were compared, one at natural outdoor conditions and one set as 5°C warmer than the climate record from the previous years. Plant P uptake from 33P-labelled hydroxylapatite was enhanced in chamber-grown compared with outdoor seedlings for both tree species. This uptake was manifested in the clear radioactive images obtained over ca. 1 month after soil apatite application. Furthermore, all aboveground plant fractions of both spruce and pine seedlings showed a higher P uptake in warmer than colder daytime environments. The observed quantities and rates of P uptake from 33P-labelled hydroxylapatite by spruce (18 Bq g−1 hour−1) and pine (83 Bq g−1 hour−1; averages in chamber condition) are as to our knowledge unique observations. Natural forest soils in Sweden are often P-poor. Our research suggests that apatite-based P fertilization of spruce and pine forests can increase wood production by overcoming any existing P limitation.

随着全球磷(P)矿藏的减少,预计在未来几十年内,开采的磷矿石将成为稀缺资源。因此,矿物磷肥将越来越少,价格也将越来越高。因此,需要进一步了解其他磷资源,例如从铁矿副产品中提取的磷灰石肥料。林业是未来富磷灰石产品的潜在消费者,目的是每公顷获得更多木材。迄今为止,植物对磷灰石中钾的实际利用率几乎没有量化。因此,我们使用 33P 磷灰石在室内和室外条件下研究了树木对磷的吸收。我们研究了芬诺-斯堪的纳维亚林业中使用的两种主要针叶树种云杉(Picea abies)和松树(Pinus sylvestris)的钾吸收情况。我们合成了富含 33P 的磷灰石,并将其应用于云杉和松树幼苗生长的中置池中。随后,通过对植物体内的放射性进行(生物)成像,并在破坏性采收后对所有植物部分(叶、茎和根)和根瘤土壤进行液体闪烁计数(LSC),追踪 33P 标记羟基磷灰石对 P 的吸收情况。比较了两种气候条件,一种是室外自然条件,另一种是比前几年的气候记录温度高 5°C。与室外幼苗相比,两种树种在室内生长的幼苗从 33P 标记的羟基磷灰石中吸收的植物钾都有所增加。这种吸收表现在土壤施用磷灰石后约 1 个月内获得的清晰放射性图像上。在土壤中施用磷灰石约 1 个月后获得的清晰放射性图像中可以看出这种吸收。此外,云杉和松树幼苗的所有地上部分在温暖的白天环境中都比在寒冷的白天环境中吸收更多的磷。据我们所知,云杉(18 Bq g-1 小时-1)和松树(83 Bq g-1 小时-1;试验室条件下的平均值)从 33P 标记的羟基磷灰石中吸收钾的数量和速率都是独一无二的。瑞典的天然林土壤通常缺乏钾。我们的研究表明,对云杉和松树林进行磷灰石施肥可以克服任何现有的钾限制,从而提高木材产量。
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European Journal of Soil Science
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