European Journal of Soil Science最新文献

Knowledge about the structural and functional microbial diversity influencing the biochemical properties and biological processes of soils in rice-jute based cropping systems in Eastern India is limited. In the present study, the Biolog EcoPlate technique was used to evaluate microbial metabolic diversity in long-term organically managed (OM) and conventional (CM) rice-jute based cropping systems for predicting soil quality in farmers' fields in Eastern India. The six cropping systems that were undertaken for this study were rice-lentil-jute (OM), rice-mustard-jute (OM), rice-potato-jute (OM), rice-lentil-jute (CM), rice-mustard-jute (CM), and rice-potato-jute (CM). The results of the present study revealed significant improvement in total soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), labile C or permanganate oxidizable C (KMnO₄-C), soil enzymatic activities, carbon lability index (LI), carbon management index (CMI), and Soil Quality Index (SQI) in organic production systems compared to conventionally managed cropping systems. The average well colour development, utilisation of carbon substrates, Shannon-Weaver index (H), and Mcintosh (U) indices showed a significant variation among the cropping systems. Principal component analysis revealed a clear distinction between the organic and conventional production systems, suggesting that organically managed rice-jute based cropping systems have a more significant impact on microbial diversity compared to conventionally managed rice-jute based cropping systems. Furthermore, the results indicated a clear ranking of drivers, with management having a greater influence than crop rotation on soil abiotic and biotic properties, as even the rice-potato-jute system under organic management outperformed the rice-lentil-jute system under conventional practice. Among the cropping systems, rice-lentil-jute (OM) had the largest SOC, LI, CMI, Shannon-Weaver index, and Mcintosh indices, and SQI, followed by rice-mustard-jute (OM) and rice-potato-jute (OM). The present findings suggest that adopting the organically managed rice-lentil-jute system is pivotal for maintaining soil health and promoting agricultural sustainability in rice-jute based cropping systems and is highly recommended for the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains.

Soil health is central to sustainable agriculture and a key goal of regenerative and organic farming. However, monitoring changes in soil health remains challenging due to the lack of regionally relevant benchmarks and context-specific indicators. This study assessed the impacts of long-term and combined regenerative management practices on soil health across 87 California vineyards with diverse management histories, microclimates, and soils. Three key indicators, including aggregate stability, mineralizable carbon, and soil organic carbon, were used to develop region-specific soil health scoring functions. These were adapted from Cornell's Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Health and the Soil Health Institute frameworks. Indicator values generally trended lower than existing benchmarks, emphasizing the need for crop- and region-specific scoring systems. Results from mixed-effects models and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) indicate that long-term cover cropping (≥ 10 years) was the most consistent driver of high soil health scores, especially when combined with other practices. Livestock integration improved soil organic carbon and mineralizable carbon scores in under 10 years, showing potential to accelerate soil health benefits. Our results highlight the importance of tailoring practices to local soil and climate conditions. Findings also support the development of more flexible, regionally informed soil health frameworks.

Mapping of acid sulfate soils (ASS) has in the past focused mainly on ASS probability maps, which are very useful to avoid environmental damage caused by these soils. However, these maps do not indicate the ASS subtypes, which may have different environmental impacts depending on whether they are actively releasing acidity and metals (sulfuric soils) or have the potential to do so (hypersulfidic soils) if the sulfidic material within them is disturbed (oxidized). Additionally, there is a particular type of soil that is close to being classified as an ASS, but where the pH criterion is not fulfilled. This soil is referred to as para-ASS and may have a similar negative environmental impact as ASS. In the risk assessment of ASS, it is therefore crucial to know the location of ASS subtypes as well as para-ASS. In this study, we have created for the first time a multiclass map of ASS subtypes in Finland. Furthermore, four probability maps have been generated, one for each class. For this, the suitability of two machine learning methods for multiclass classification of different ASS subtypes has been evaluated. The methods are random forest (RF) and gradient boosting (GB), which showed very high capabilities for the classification of ASS in binary classification. RF has given the best results with F1-score values between 71% and 80% for the four classes. An accurate and realistic multiclass map of the ASS subtypes has been created using the RF model.

The release of fixed ammonium (NH₄⁺) is likely related to the concentration of exchangeable NH₄⁺ and is regulated by various microbial processes, which are affected by the changes in soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sources that are caused by straw addition. This increases the need to clarify the dose effects of straw on the release of fixed NH₄⁺ and the fate of fixed NH₄⁺-derived N. In this study, the fixed NH₄⁺ pool of an Alfisol was labelled with ¹⁵N under chloroform fumigation, and then the labelled soil (fumigated) was mixed with untreated soil (unfumigated) and incubated for 288 days with four rates of straw addition: S0 (no straw), S4 (4 t ha⁻¹), S8 (8 t ha⁻¹), and S12 (12 t ha⁻¹). The addition of a low amount of straw (4 t ha⁻¹) promoted the release of labelled fixed NH₄⁺, whereas greater amounts of straw (8 and 12 t ha⁻¹) resulted in inhibition. By the end of incubation, 63% of the fixed NH₄⁺-derived N had been transformed into nitrate-N in S0, whereas this percentage significantly decreased in straw treatments. The percentage of the fixed NH₄⁺-derived N that transformed into organic N increased from 23% to 61% with increasing straw addition. The soil total C content was the primary factor influencing the release of fixed NH₄⁺ in S0, and nitrification was responsible for this in S4. For S8 and S12, microbial immobilisation, succeeding nitrification, became the dominant driving factor for fixed NH₄⁺ release. These results indicated that there is a relay effect between soil C source, nitrification, and microbial immobilisation on fixed NH₄⁺ release with increasing straw addition. These results are helpful for improving the understanding of the relay effect of factors that drive fixed NH₄⁺ release in Alfisols with increasing straw addition and provide a basis for optimising the straw management.

Climate change is projected to intensify freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) in the peatlands of Changbai Mountain, influencing soil biogeochemistry and carbon cycling. In order to elucidate microbial regulation of carbon emissions during FTCs, we performed controlled laboratory simulations using soils from a peatland in the Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. Our findings indicate that after 15 FTCs with small (−5°C to 5°C) and large amplitudes (−10°C to 10°C), the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission rates from surface soils declined by 63.8% and 64.2%, respectively, compared to the constant-temperature control; in deeper soils, the respective declines were 27.5% and 50.9%. We found that oxidase activities were negatively correlated with CO₂ emissions during FTCs and served as the primary driver of these emissions. Methane (CH₄) was oxidized during FTCs, with oxidation rates inversely related to FTC amplitude and greater under small amplitude than large amplitude conditions. Soil hydrolase activities were negatively correlated with CH₄ oxidation rates, functioning as the primary regulators of methane oxidation. The carbon emissions were subsequently influenced by microbial phospholipid fatty acids, which modulated enzyme activities. This investigation comprehensively explores the interactive effects of soil enzymes, organic carbon fractions, and microbial community composition on carbon emissions. The results underscore the central role of soil enzymes in mediating these processes. Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the microbial mechanisms governing greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands during FTCs.

Anoxic microsites in soil may lead to oxygen limitation even in well-aerated upland soils, which consequently impedes the rate of soil carbon loss. Nonetheless, the influence of various land use types on the carbon conservation potential within anoxic microsites, which is referred to here as 'anoxic protection', remains poorly understood. This investigation categorizes four land use types on upland soil into two groups based on the level of human influence, with natural shrubland and natural grassland classified as 'natural vegetation land' and farmland and planted forest designated as 'artificially managed land'. The extent of anoxic protection (EAP), which quantifies the contribution of anoxic microsites to soil organic carbon (SOC) preservation, was determined by assessing carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux rates before and after aeration during soil incubation assays, with gas chromatography serving as the measurement technique. The EAP was 33.5% and 36% of natural shrubland and natural grassland, respectively. Planted forest exhibited a lower protection value at 15.9%, while farmland exhibited the most negligible anoxic protection at −8.9%, which is presumed to be due to agricultural practice-induced soil disruptions. In upland soils, the EAP was positively associated with anoxic bacterial activity, while methanogen DNA abundance was inversely correlated with the oxygen diffusion capacity. The findings indicate that a stable physical soil structure is essential for strong anoxic protection. Even in natural grasslands, where oxygen availability is ample, anoxic microsites enhance the activity of anoxic bacteria and reduce CO₂ emissions by over one-third compared to a fully aerobic environment, thereby offering increased protection for organic matter susceptible to decomposition under aerobic conditions.

Precipitation intensity and nitrogen (N) deposition are projected to increase under global change scenarios, and both are expected to affect greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. However, the interactive effects of increasing precipitation intensity and N addition on GHG fluxes are still unknown. To address this gap, a mesocosm simulation experiment was conducted to investigate the individual and combined effects of changing precipitation intensity (with a constant event magnitude of 50 mm) and long-term N addition on GHG fluxes. The results revealed that precipitation application triggered a pulse effect on GHG fluxes, with increases up to 876% compared to pre-precipitation levels. The net changes in water-filled pore spaces (Δ WFPS) affected the temporal dynamics of GHG fluxes. Increasing precipitation intensity suppressed cumulative soil respiration, methane uptake, and nitrous oxide fluxes by directly reducing water availability (WFPS) and indirectly suppressing microbial biomass and substrate availability (dissolved organic carbon (DOC) or nitrate N content (NO₃⁻-N)). Furthermore, precipitation application altered the magnitude or direction of GHG flux responses to N addition. Changes in precipitation intensity and N addition had interactive effects on the Δ cumulative soil respiration and Δ cumulative N₂O fluxes, but not on Δ cumulative CH₄ fluxes. Increasing precipitation intensities decreased the Δ DOC content in the unfertilized treatment and increased Δ DOC content in the N addition treatment, thereby interactively affecting Δ cumulative soil respiration. N addition increased the Δ NO₃⁻-N content, influencing the response of Δ cumulative N₂O fluxes to increasing precipitation intensities. Our findings highlight that precipitation intensity regulates grassland GHG with N interactions, providing mechanistic insights to refine climate feedback predictions in ecosystems.

Risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) requires accurate data on their fate in the environment. Current soil studies are generally based on short-term adsorption tests in soil spiked with PFAS, with limited attention to long-term reactions after that spiking (ageing) or to differences in solid–liquid partitioning between spiked and field-contaminated soils (field to spike). This study addressed both effects with a focus on perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), thereby using carrier-free ¹⁴C-labelled PFOA to discriminate the spiked from the field-originating PFOA. Short-term (48 h) adsorption of trace ¹⁴C-labelled PFOA in soils suspended in 0.01 M CaCl₂ indicated linear sorption; the PFOA distribution (K_D) values ranged from 0.2 to 46 L kg⁻¹ (median 2.2 L kg⁻¹) in 91 soil samples and correlated (p < 0.001) mainly with soil organic carbon (r = +0.65). Three soils were incubated up to 6 months after PFOA spiking. The desorption K_D values were only 1.7–2.8-fold higher than 48 h adsorption K_D values; these factors increased by ageing but plateaued 2–4 months after spiking. Field-contaminated soils were collected (n = 21, 0.5–1100 μg PFOA kg⁻¹). The PFOA desorption K_D was almost zero in field-contaminated soils with continuous fresh deposition and in soils with exceptionally high total PFAS concentrations (21000–53,000 μg kg⁻¹), the latter suggesting the formation of micelles facilitating desorption. In most other soils, PFOA desorption K_D values were similar to or maximally 1.6 times higher than corresponding ¹⁴C-PFOA adsorption K_D values measured in the same soils. Data suggest that PFOA adsorption is generally reversible and that small PFOA ageing effects observed in laboratory conditions at trace PFOA levels do not even occur in field conditions.