Pub Date : 2019-08-18DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1648557
Werner Krutsch, Clemens Memmel, Volker Krutsch, Peter Angele, Tobias Tröß, Karen aus der Fünten, Tim Meyer
Abstract Ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) typically occur in professional football and epidemiological data about longitudinal injury development is needed. This practice-driven investigation of media-derived ACL data provides information about professional football over 10 years. Injury registration was based on “kicker” sports magazine information that have been recorded over one decade in a standardized manner. Only ACL ruptures in the first German football league were included when they could be verified by a second reliable source. Level of evidence: III. Fifty-seven primary ACL ruptures were verified in the first German football league during the seasons 2007/2008 to 2016/2017. Among them, six re-injuries were found. Mean age at the time of injury was 24.8 years (SD 3.8). 31% (n = 20) of ACL ruptures occurred at the beginning of the season in August or September (p = 0.02). Mean time of RTC after primary ACL ruptures was 226.7 days (SD: 93.5) and 245.6 days (SD: 45.4) after re-injury. Although 62 (98%) players returned to football after injury and only one player immediately finished his career, 54.9% of the affected individuals played 3 years after the ACL rupture in the same league. ACL ruptures lead to longer absence than 7 months from football but does not give reason for immediate career-ending. The decrease in playing level after 3 years illustrate the serious consequences of ACL ruptures in football. Media-based injury reports may provide interesting information.
{"title":"High return to competition rate following ACL injury – A 10-year media-based epidemiological injury study in men’s professional football","authors":"Werner Krutsch, Clemens Memmel, Volker Krutsch, Peter Angele, Tobias Tröß, Karen aus der Fünten, Tim Meyer","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1648557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1648557","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) typically occur in professional football and epidemiological data about longitudinal injury development is needed. This practice-driven investigation of media-derived ACL data provides information about professional football over 10 years. Injury registration was based on “kicker” sports magazine information that have been recorded over one decade in a standardized manner. Only ACL ruptures in the first German football league were included when they could be verified by a second reliable source. Level of evidence: III. Fifty-seven primary ACL ruptures were verified in the first German football league during the seasons 2007/2008 to 2016/2017. Among them, six re-injuries were found. Mean age at the time of injury was 24.8 years (SD 3.8). 31% (n = 20) of ACL ruptures occurred at the beginning of the season in August or September (p = 0.02). Mean time of RTC after primary ACL ruptures was 226.7 days (SD: 93.5) and 245.6 days (SD: 45.4) after re-injury. Although 62 (98%) players returned to football after injury and only one player immediately finished his career, 54.9% of the affected individuals played 3 years after the ACL rupture in the same league. ACL ruptures lead to longer absence than 7 months from football but does not give reason for immediate career-ending. The decrease in playing level after 3 years illustrate the serious consequences of ACL ruptures in football. Media-based injury reports may provide interesting information.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"682 - 690"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2019-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85283526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1249524
M. Burnley, A. Jones
Abstract The duration that exercise can be maintained decreases as the power requirements increase. In this review, we describe the power–duration (PD) relationship across the full range of attainable power outputs in humans. We show that a remarkably small range of power outputs is sustainable (power outputs below the critical power, CP). We also show that the origin of neuromuscular fatigue differs considerably depending on the exercise intensity domain in which exercise is performed. In the moderate domain (below the lactate threshold, LT), fatigue develops slowly and is predominantly of central origin (residing in the central nervous system). In the heavy domain (above LT but below CP), both central and peripheral (muscle) fatigue are observed. In this domain, fatigue is frequently correlated with the depletion of muscle glycogen. Severe-intensity exercise (above the CP) is associated with progressive derangements of muscle metabolic homeostasis and consequent peripheral fatigue. To counter these effects, muscle activity increases progressively, as does pulmonary oxygen uptake (), with task failure being associated with the attainment of max. Although the loss of homeostasis and thus fatigue develop more rapidly the higher the power output is above CP, the metabolic disturbance and the degree of peripheral fatigue reach similar values at task failure. We provide evidence that the failure to continue severe-intensity exercise is a physiological phenomenon involving multiple interacting mechanisms which indicate a mismatch between neuromuscular power demand and instantaneous power supply. Valid integrative models of fatigue must account for the PD relationship and its physiological basis.
{"title":"Power–duration relationship: Physiology, fatigue, and the limits of human performance","authors":"M. Burnley, A. Jones","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2016.1249524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1249524","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The duration that exercise can be maintained decreases as the power requirements increase. In this review, we describe the power–duration (PD) relationship across the full range of attainable power outputs in humans. We show that a remarkably small range of power outputs is sustainable (power outputs below the critical power, CP). We also show that the origin of neuromuscular fatigue differs considerably depending on the exercise intensity domain in which exercise is performed. In the moderate domain (below the lactate threshold, LT), fatigue develops slowly and is predominantly of central origin (residing in the central nervous system). In the heavy domain (above LT but below CP), both central and peripheral (muscle) fatigue are observed. In this domain, fatigue is frequently correlated with the depletion of muscle glycogen. Severe-intensity exercise (above the CP) is associated with progressive derangements of muscle metabolic homeostasis and consequent peripheral fatigue. To counter these effects, muscle activity increases progressively, as does pulmonary oxygen uptake (), with task failure being associated with the attainment of max. Although the loss of homeostasis and thus fatigue develop more rapidly the higher the power output is above CP, the metabolic disturbance and the degree of peripheral fatigue reach similar values at task failure. We provide evidence that the failure to continue severe-intensity exercise is a physiological phenomenon involving multiple interacting mechanisms which indicate a mismatch between neuromuscular power demand and instantaneous power supply. Valid integrative models of fatigue must account for the PD relationship and its physiological basis.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"1 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74702824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1252428
T. Hureau, L. Romer, M. Amann
Abstract Neuromuscular fatigue compromises exercise performance and is determined by central and peripheral mechanisms. Interactions between the two components of fatigue can occur via neural pathways, including feedback and feedforward processes. This brief review discusses the influence of feedback and feedforward mechanisms on exercise limitation. In terms of feedback mechanisms, particular attention is given to group III/IV sensory neurons which link limb muscle with the central nervous system. Central corollary discharge, a copy of the neural drive from the brain to the working muscles, provides a signal from the motor system to sensory systems and is considered a feedforward mechanism that might influence fatigue and consequently exercise performance. We highlight findings from studies supporting the existence of a ‘critical threshold of peripheral fatigue’, a previously proposed hypothesis based on the idea that a negative feedback loop operates to protect the exercising limb muscle from severe threats to homeostasis during whole-body exercise. While the threshold theory remains to be disproven within a given task, it is not generalisable across different exercise modalities. The ‘sensory tolerance limit’, a more theoretical concept, may address this issue and explain exercise tolerance in more global terms and across exercise modalities. The ‘sensory tolerance limit’ can be viewed as a negative feedback loop which accounts for the sum of all feedback (locomotor muscles, respiratory muscles, organs, and muscles not directly involved in exercise) and feedforward signals processed within the central nervous system with the purpose of regulating the intensity of exercise to ensure that voluntary activity remains tolerable.
{"title":"The ‘sensory tolerance limit’: A hypothetical construct determining exercise performance?","authors":"T. Hureau, L. Romer, M. Amann","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2016.1252428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1252428","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Neuromuscular fatigue compromises exercise performance and is determined by central and peripheral mechanisms. Interactions between the two components of fatigue can occur via neural pathways, including feedback and feedforward processes. This brief review discusses the influence of feedback and feedforward mechanisms on exercise limitation. In terms of feedback mechanisms, particular attention is given to group III/IV sensory neurons which link limb muscle with the central nervous system. Central corollary discharge, a copy of the neural drive from the brain to the working muscles, provides a signal from the motor system to sensory systems and is considered a feedforward mechanism that might influence fatigue and consequently exercise performance. We highlight findings from studies supporting the existence of a ‘critical threshold of peripheral fatigue’, a previously proposed hypothesis based on the idea that a negative feedback loop operates to protect the exercising limb muscle from severe threats to homeostasis during whole-body exercise. While the threshold theory remains to be disproven within a given task, it is not generalisable across different exercise modalities. The ‘sensory tolerance limit’, a more theoretical concept, may address this issue and explain exercise tolerance in more global terms and across exercise modalities. The ‘sensory tolerance limit’ can be viewed as a negative feedback loop which accounts for the sum of all feedback (locomotor muscles, respiratory muscles, organs, and muscles not directly involved in exercise) and feedforward signals processed within the central nervous system with the purpose of regulating the intensity of exercise to ensure that voluntary activity remains tolerable.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"34 1","pages":"13 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85406604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-21DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1268210
R. Buchardt, J. Bay, J. Bojsen-Møller, N. Nordsborg
Abstract The hypothesis, that sailing upwind in wind speeds above 12 knots causes fatigue, which manifests as a reduction in exerted hiking strap force and/or maximal isometric voluntary contraction force (MVC) of the knee extensors, was evaluated. Additionally, it was investigated if a relationship exists between maximal exerted hiking force (hMVC) and sailing performance. In part 1 of the study, 12 national level athletes sailed upwind for 2 × 10 min while hiking strap forces were continuously acquired. Before, in between and after sailing periods, the MVC of the knee extensors was measured. In part 2 of the study, hMVC was measured dry land in a hiking bench and correlated with the overall results at a national championship. Hiking strap force decreased from the first to the last minute in both 10 min sailing periods (430 ± 131 vs. 285 ± 130 N, P < .001 and 369 ± 74 vs. 267 ± 97 N, P < .001, respectively), but MVC was similar before, between and after the two 10 min sailing periods (878 ± 215 vs. 852 ± 202 vs. 844 ± 211 130 N). In part 2, a significant positive correlation (r2 = 0.619, P < .01) was observed between hMVC and regatta results. In conclusion, upwind sailing in wind speeds above 12 knots causes sailing-specific fatigue as evidenced by a marked reduction in exerted hiking strap force. However, MVC of the knee extensors was not compromised ∼45 s after hiking was terminated. Additionally, sailing performance is related to maximal hiking force.
摘要:本文对风速超过12节的逆风航行会导致疲劳的假设进行了评估，这表现为施加的远足带力和/或膝关节伸肌的最大等距自主收缩力(MVC)的减少。此外，研究了最大远足力(hMVC)与帆船运动成绩之间的关系。在第一部分的研究中，12名国家级运动员逆风航行2 × 10分钟，同时持续获取登山带力。在航行前、航行期间和航行后，测量膝关节伸肌的MVC。在研究的第二部分中，研究人员在旱地徒步旅行的长凳上测量了hMVC，并将其与全国锦标赛的总体结果相关联。在两个10分钟的航行期间，登山带力从开始到最后一分钟都有所下降(430±131 vs 285±130 N, P <。0.001和369±74比267±97 N, P <。(878±215 N / 852±202 N / 844±211 N / 130 N)，但两个10 min航行前、之间和之后的MVC相似。在第2部分中，hMVC与赛艇比赛结果呈显著正相关(r2 = 0.619, P < 0.01)。总之，风速超过12节的逆风航行会导致航行特异性疲劳，这一点可以从远足带施加的力明显减少中得到证明。然而，在徒步结束后45秒内，膝关节伸肌的MVC并未受损。此外，帆船表现与最大徒步力有关。
{"title":"Hiking strap force decreases during sustained upwind sailing","authors":"R. Buchardt, J. Bay, J. Bojsen-Møller, N. Nordsborg","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2016.1268210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1268210","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The hypothesis, that sailing upwind in wind speeds above 12 knots causes fatigue, which manifests as a reduction in exerted hiking strap force and/or maximal isometric voluntary contraction force (MVC) of the knee extensors, was evaluated. Additionally, it was investigated if a relationship exists between maximal exerted hiking force (hMVC) and sailing performance. In part 1 of the study, 12 national level athletes sailed upwind for 2 × 10 min while hiking strap forces were continuously acquired. Before, in between and after sailing periods, the MVC of the knee extensors was measured. In part 2 of the study, hMVC was measured dry land in a hiking bench and correlated with the overall results at a national championship. Hiking strap force decreased from the first to the last minute in both 10 min sailing periods (430 ± 131 vs. 285 ± 130 N, P < .001 and 369 ± 74 vs. 267 ± 97 N, P < .001, respectively), but MVC was similar before, between and after the two 10 min sailing periods (878 ± 215 vs. 852 ± 202 vs. 844 ± 211 130 N). In part 2, a significant positive correlation (r2 = 0.619, P < .01) was observed between hMVC and regatta results. In conclusion, upwind sailing in wind speeds above 12 knots causes sailing-specific fatigue as evidenced by a marked reduction in exerted hiking strap force. However, MVC of the knee extensors was not compromised ∼45 s after hiking was terminated. Additionally, sailing performance is related to maximal hiking force.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"393 - 399"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2017-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78363801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-21DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1248499
Espen Hermans, V. Andersen, A. Saeterbakken
Abstract The aim of the study was to compare the effects of different strength training intensities on climbing performance, climbing-specific tests and a general strength test. Thirty lower grade and intermediate-level climbers participated in a 10-week training programme. The participants were randomized into three groups: high resistance–few repetitions training groups (HR-FR), low resistance–high repetitions training groups (LR-HR) and a control group (CON) which continued climbing/training as usual. Post-testing results demonstrated statistical tendencies for climbing performance improvements in the HR-FR and LR-HR (p = 0.088–0.090, effect size = 0.55–0.73), but no differences were observed between the groups (p = 0.950). For the climbing-specific tests, no differences were observed between the groups (p = 0.507–1.000), but the HR-FR and LR-HR improved their time in both Dead-hang (p = 0.004–0.026) and Bent-arm hang (p < 0.001–0.002). The HR-FR and LR-HR improved their 12RM strength in pull-down (p ≤ 0.001), but not the CON group (p = 0.250). No differences were observed in the CON group in any of the tests (p = 0.190–0.596) with the exception of improvement in Bent-arm Hang (p = 0.018). The training groups reduced their climbing sessions during the intervention compared to the CON group (p = 0.057–0.074). In conclusion, HR-FR and LR-HR training programmes demonstrated an 11% and 12% non-significant improvement in climbing performance despite a 50% reduction in climbing sessions, but improved the results in strength and climbing-specific tests. None of the training intensities was superior compared to the others.
{"title":"The effects of high resistance–few repetitions and low resistance–high repetitions resistance training on climbing performance","authors":"Espen Hermans, V. Andersen, A. Saeterbakken","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2016.1248499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1248499","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the study was to compare the effects of different strength training intensities on climbing performance, climbing-specific tests and a general strength test. Thirty lower grade and intermediate-level climbers participated in a 10-week training programme. The participants were randomized into three groups: high resistance–few repetitions training groups (HR-FR), low resistance–high repetitions training groups (LR-HR) and a control group (CON) which continued climbing/training as usual. Post-testing results demonstrated statistical tendencies for climbing performance improvements in the HR-FR and LR-HR (p = 0.088–0.090, effect size = 0.55–0.73), but no differences were observed between the groups (p = 0.950). For the climbing-specific tests, no differences were observed between the groups (p = 0.507–1.000), but the HR-FR and LR-HR improved their time in both Dead-hang (p = 0.004–0.026) and Bent-arm hang (p < 0.001–0.002). The HR-FR and LR-HR improved their 12RM strength in pull-down (p ≤ 0.001), but not the CON group (p = 0.250). No differences were observed in the CON group in any of the tests (p = 0.190–0.596) with the exception of improvement in Bent-arm Hang (p = 0.018). The training groups reduced their climbing sessions during the intervention compared to the CON group (p = 0.057–0.074). In conclusion, HR-FR and LR-HR training programmes demonstrated an 11% and 12% non-significant improvement in climbing performance despite a 50% reduction in climbing sessions, but improved the results in strength and climbing-specific tests. None of the training intensities was superior compared to the others.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"86 1","pages":"378 - 385"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2017-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88782077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-21DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1251497
Georgina Rowlatt, Lindsay Bottoms, Caroline J. Edmonds, R. Buscombe
Abstract This study investigated the impact that mouth rinsing carbohydrate solution has on skill-specific performance and reaction time following a fatigue-inducing bout of fencing in epee fencers. Nine healthy, national-level epee fencers visited a laboratory on two occasions, separated by a minimum of five days, to complete a 1-minute lunge test and Stroop test pre- and post-fatigue. Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during completion of the fatiguing protocol. Between fights the participant’s mouth rinsed for 10 seconds, either 25 ml of 6.7% maltodextrin solution (MALT) or water (PLAC). Blood lactate and glucose were recorded at baseline, pre- and post-testing. Results showed an increase in heart rate and overall RPE over time in both conditions. There were no differences in blood glucose (F(1,8) = .63, P = .4, ηp = .07) or blood lactate levels (F(1,8) = .12, P = .70, ηp = .01) between conditions as a function of time. There was a significant improvement in lunge test accuracy during the MALT trial (F(1,8) = 5.21, P = .05, ηp = .40) with an increase from pre (81.2 ± 8.3%) to post (87.6 ± 9.4%), whereas there was no significant change during the placebo (pre 82.1 ± 8.8%, post 78.8 ± 6.4%). There were no recorded differences between conditions in response time to congruent (F(1,8) = .33, P = .58, ηp = .04) or incongruent stimuli (F(1,8) = .19, P = .68, ηp = .02). The study indicates that when fatigued mouth rinsing MALT significantly improves accuracy of skill-specific fencing performance but no corresponding influence on reaction time was observed.
摘要本研究探讨了漱口碳水化合物溶液对重剑运动员疲劳击剑比赛后技能特异性表现和反应时间的影响。9名健康的国家级重剑运动员两次前往实验室，至少间隔5天，完成1分钟弓步测试和疲劳前后的Stroop测试。在完成疲劳方案期间记录心率和感知运动评分(RPE)。在两场比赛之间，参与者用25毫升6.7%的麦芽糊精溶液(MALT)或水(placc)漱口10秒。在基线、测试前和测试后分别记录血乳酸和血糖。结果显示，随着时间的推移，两种情况下的心率和总体RPE都有所增加。两组血糖无差异(F(1,8) =。63, p =。4， ηp = .07)或血乳酸水平(F(1,8) =。12, p =。70， ηp = 0.01)作为时间的函数。在MALT试验期间，弓步测试的准确性有显著提高(F(1,8) = 5.21, P =。0.05， ηp = 0.40)，从治疗前(81.2±8.3%)增加到治疗后(87.6±9.4%)，而在安慰剂治疗期间无显著变化(治疗前82.1±8.8%，治疗后78.8±6.4%)。不同条件对一致性的反应时间没有记录差异(F(1,8) =)。33, p =。58， ηp = .04)或不一致刺激(F(1,8) =。19、p =。68， ηp = .02)。研究表明，疲劳漱口时，MALT显著提高了技能特异性击剑表现的准确性，但对反应时间没有相应的影响。
{"title":"The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on fencing performance and cognitive function following fatigue-inducing fencing","authors":"Georgina Rowlatt, Lindsay Bottoms, Caroline J. Edmonds, R. Buscombe","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2016.1251497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1251497","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigated the impact that mouth rinsing carbohydrate solution has on skill-specific performance and reaction time following a fatigue-inducing bout of fencing in epee fencers. Nine healthy, national-level epee fencers visited a laboratory on two occasions, separated by a minimum of five days, to complete a 1-minute lunge test and Stroop test pre- and post-fatigue. Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during completion of the fatiguing protocol. Between fights the participant’s mouth rinsed for 10 seconds, either 25 ml of 6.7% maltodextrin solution (MALT) or water (PLAC). Blood lactate and glucose were recorded at baseline, pre- and post-testing. Results showed an increase in heart rate and overall RPE over time in both conditions. There were no differences in blood glucose (F(1,8) = .63, P = .4, ηp = .07) or blood lactate levels (F(1,8) = .12, P = .70, ηp = .01) between conditions as a function of time. There was a significant improvement in lunge test accuracy during the MALT trial (F(1,8) = 5.21, P = .05, ηp = .40) with an increase from pre (81.2 ± 8.3%) to post (87.6 ± 9.4%), whereas there was no significant change during the placebo (pre 82.1 ± 8.8%, post 78.8 ± 6.4%). There were no recorded differences between conditions in response time to congruent (F(1,8) = .33, P = .58, ηp = .04) or incongruent stimuli (F(1,8) = .19, P = .68, ηp = .02). The study indicates that when fatigued mouth rinsing MALT significantly improves accuracy of skill-specific fencing performance but no corresponding influence on reaction time was observed.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"33 1","pages":"433 - 440"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2017-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81958829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-21DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1253775
V. Clemente-Suárez, Athanasios Dalamitros, J. Ribeiro, A. Sousa, R. Fernandes, J. Vilas-Boas
Abstract This study analysed the effects of two different periodization strategies on physiological parameters at various exercise intensities in competitive swimmers. Seventeen athletes of both sexes were divided to two groups, the traditional periodization (TPG, n = 7) and the reverse periodization group (RPG, n = 10). Each group followed a 10-week training period based on the two different periodization strategies. Before and after training, swimming velocity (SV), energy expenditure (EE), energy cost (EC) and percentage of aerobic (%Aer) and anaerobic (%An) energy contribution to the swimming intensities corresponding to the aerobic threshold (AerT), the anaerobic threshold (AnT) and the velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (vVO2max) were measured. Both groups increased the %An at the AerT and AnT intensity (P ≤ .05). In contrast, at the AnT intensity, EE and EC were only increased in TPG. Complementary, %Aer, %An, EE and EC at vVO2max did not alter in both groups (P > .05); no changes were observed in SV in TPG and RPG at all three intensities. These results indicate that both periodization schemes confer almost analogous adaptations in specific physiological parameters in competitive swimmers. However, given the large difference in the total training volume between the two groups, it is suggested that the implementation of the reverse periodization model is an effective and time-efficient strategy to improve performance mainly for swimming events where the AnT is an important performance indicator.
摘要本研究分析了两种不同周期策略对竞技游泳运动员在不同运动强度下生理参数的影响。将17名男女运动员分为传统分期组(TPG, n = 7)和反分期组(RPG, n = 10)。每组根据两种不同的分期策略进行为期10周的训练。训练前后分别测量游泳速度(SV)、能量消耗(EE)、能量消耗(EC)以及有氧阈值(AerT)、无氧阈值(AnT)和最大摄氧量(vVO2max)所对应的游泳强度中有氧能量(%Aer)和无氧能量(%An)的百分比。两组在AerT和AnT强度下的%An均升高(P≤0.05)。相比之下，在AnT强度下，EE和EC仅在TPG组增加。互补的是，两组在vVO2max时的%Aer、%An、EE和EC没有变化(P > 0.05);在所有三种强度下，TPG和RPG的SV均未见变化。这些结果表明，在竞技游泳运动员的特定生理参数中，这两种周期方案赋予了几乎相似的适应性。然而，考虑到两组之间总训练量的巨大差异，我们认为，反周期化模型的实施是一种有效且节省时间的策略，主要用于游泳项目，其中AnT是一个重要的性能指标。
{"title":"The effects of two different swimming training periodization on physiological parameters at various exercise intensities","authors":"V. Clemente-Suárez, Athanasios Dalamitros, J. Ribeiro, A. Sousa, R. Fernandes, J. Vilas-Boas","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2016.1253775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1253775","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study analysed the effects of two different periodization strategies on physiological parameters at various exercise intensities in competitive swimmers. Seventeen athletes of both sexes were divided to two groups, the traditional periodization (TPG, n = 7) and the reverse periodization group (RPG, n = 10). Each group followed a 10-week training period based on the two different periodization strategies. Before and after training, swimming velocity (SV), energy expenditure (EE), energy cost (EC) and percentage of aerobic (%Aer) and anaerobic (%An) energy contribution to the swimming intensities corresponding to the aerobic threshold (AerT), the anaerobic threshold (AnT) and the velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (vVO2max) were measured. Both groups increased the %An at the AerT and AnT intensity (P ≤ .05). In contrast, at the AnT intensity, EE and EC were only increased in TPG. Complementary, %Aer, %An, EE and EC at vVO2max did not alter in both groups (P > .05); no changes were observed in SV in TPG and RPG at all three intensities. These results indicate that both periodization schemes confer almost analogous adaptations in specific physiological parameters in competitive swimmers. However, given the large difference in the total training volume between the two groups, it is suggested that the implementation of the reverse periodization model is an effective and time-efficient strategy to improve performance mainly for swimming events where the AnT is an important performance indicator.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"425 - 432"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2017-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87455936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-21DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1266392
P. Songsorn, J. Ruffino, N. Vollaard
Abstract Myokines may play a role in the health benefits of regular physical activity. Secreted protein acidic rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a pleiotropic myokine that has been shown to be released into the bloodstream by skeletal muscle in response to aerobic exercise. As there is evidence suggesting that SPARC release may be linked to glycogen breakdown and activation of 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, we hypothesised that brief supramaximal exercise may also be associated with increased serum SPARC levels. In the present study, 10 participants (3 women; mean ± SD age: 21 ± 3 y, body mass index (BMI): 22 ± 3 kg m−2, and V˙O2max: 39 ± 6 mL kg−1 min−1) performed an acute bout of supramaximal cycle exercise (20-s Wingate sprint against 7.5% of body mass, with a 1-min warm-up and a 3-min cool-down consisting of unloaded cycling). Serum SPARC levels were determined pre-exercise as well as 0, 15, and 60 min post-exercise and corrected for plasma volume change. To determine whether regular exercise affected the acute SPARC response, participants repeated the acute exercise protocol three times per week for four weeks, and serum SPARC response to supramaximal exercise was reassessed after this period. Acute supramaximal exercise significantly decreased plasma volume (−10%; p < .001), but was not associated with a significant change in serum SPARC levels at either the pre-training or post-training testing sessions. In conclusion, in contrast to aerobic exercise, a single brief supramaximal cycle sprint is not associated with an increase in serum SPARC levels, suggesting that SPARC release is not related to skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown.
肌因子可能在定期体育锻炼的健康益处中发挥作用。富含半胱氨酸的分泌性酸性蛋白(SPARC)是一种多效性肌肉因子，已被证明在有氧运动时由骨骼肌释放到血液中。由于有证据表明SPARC释放可能与糖原分解和5 '单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶的激活有关，我们假设短暂的超极大运动也可能与血清SPARC水平升高有关。在本研究中，10名参与者(3名女性;平均±SD年龄:21±3岁，体重指数(BMI): 22±3 kg m−2,V˙O2max: 39±6 mL kg−1 min−1)进行了一次急性超极限循环运动(20秒温盖特冲刺，体重为7.5%，热身1分钟，减压3分钟)。测定运动前、运动后0、15和60分钟血清SPARC水平，并校正血浆容量变化。为了确定定期运动是否影响急性SPARC反应，参与者每周重复三次急性运动方案，持续四周，并在此期间重新评估血清SPARC对超极限运动的反应。急性超极限运动显著降低血浆体积(- 10%;p < .001)，但与训练前或训练后测试阶段血清SPARC水平的显著变化无关。总之，与有氧运动相比，单次短暂的超极限周期冲刺与血清SPARC水平的增加无关，这表明SPARC释放与骨骼肌糖原分解无关。
{"title":"No effect of acute and chronic supramaximal exercise on circulating levels of the myokine SPARC","authors":"P. Songsorn, J. Ruffino, N. Vollaard","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2016.1266392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1266392","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Myokines may play a role in the health benefits of regular physical activity. Secreted protein acidic rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a pleiotropic myokine that has been shown to be released into the bloodstream by skeletal muscle in response to aerobic exercise. As there is evidence suggesting that SPARC release may be linked to glycogen breakdown and activation of 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, we hypothesised that brief supramaximal exercise may also be associated with increased serum SPARC levels. In the present study, 10 participants (3 women; mean ± SD age: 21 ± 3 y, body mass index (BMI): 22 ± 3 kg m−2, and V˙O2max: 39 ± 6 mL kg−1 min−1) performed an acute bout of supramaximal cycle exercise (20-s Wingate sprint against 7.5% of body mass, with a 1-min warm-up and a 3-min cool-down consisting of unloaded cycling). Serum SPARC levels were determined pre-exercise as well as 0, 15, and 60 min post-exercise and corrected for plasma volume change. To determine whether regular exercise affected the acute SPARC response, participants repeated the acute exercise protocol three times per week for four weeks, and serum SPARC response to supramaximal exercise was reassessed after this period. Acute supramaximal exercise significantly decreased plasma volume (−10%; p < .001), but was not associated with a significant change in serum SPARC levels at either the pre-training or post-training testing sessions. In conclusion, in contrast to aerobic exercise, a single brief supramaximal cycle sprint is not associated with an increase in serum SPARC levels, suggesting that SPARC release is not related to skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"141 1","pages":"447 - 452"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2017-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74481243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-21DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1241304
M. Naczk, Artur Lopacinski, W. Brzenczek-Owczarzak, J. Arlet, A. Naczk, Z. Adach
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of dry-land inertial training (IT) on muscle force, muscle power, and swimming performance. Fourteen young, national-level, competitive swimmers were randomly divided into IT and control (C) groups. The experiment lasted four weeks, during which time both groups underwent their regular swimming training. In addition, the IT group underwent IT using the Inertial Training Measurement System (ITMS) three times per week. The muscle groups involved during the upsweep phase of the arm stroke in front crawl and butterfly stroke were trained. Before and after training, muscle force and power were measured under IT conditions. Simultaneously with the biomechanical measurements on the ITMS, the electrical activity of the triceps brachii was registered. After four weeks of training, a 12.8% increase in the muscle force and 14.2% increase in the muscle power (p < .05) were noted in the IT group. Moreover, electromyography amplitude of triceps brachii recorded during strength measurements increased by 22.7% in the IT group. Moreover, swimming velocity in the 100 m butterfly and 50 m freestyle improved significantly following the four weeks of dry-land IT (−1.86% and −0.76%, respectively). Changes in the C group were trivial. Moreover, values of force and power registered during the ITMS test correlated negatively with the 100 m butterfly and 50 m freestyle swimming times (r value ranged from −.80 to −.91). These results suggest that IT can be useful in swimming practice.
{"title":"Influence of short-term inertial training on swimming performance in young swimmers","authors":"M. Naczk, Artur Lopacinski, W. Brzenczek-Owczarzak, J. Arlet, A. Naczk, Z. Adach","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2016.1241304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1241304","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of dry-land inertial training (IT) on muscle force, muscle power, and swimming performance. Fourteen young, national-level, competitive swimmers were randomly divided into IT and control (C) groups. The experiment lasted four weeks, during which time both groups underwent their regular swimming training. In addition, the IT group underwent IT using the Inertial Training Measurement System (ITMS) three times per week. The muscle groups involved during the upsweep phase of the arm stroke in front crawl and butterfly stroke were trained. Before and after training, muscle force and power were measured under IT conditions. Simultaneously with the biomechanical measurements on the ITMS, the electrical activity of the triceps brachii was registered. After four weeks of training, a 12.8% increase in the muscle force and 14.2% increase in the muscle power (p < .05) were noted in the IT group. Moreover, electromyography amplitude of triceps brachii recorded during strength measurements increased by 22.7% in the IT group. Moreover, swimming velocity in the 100 m butterfly and 50 m freestyle improved significantly following the four weeks of dry-land IT (−1.86% and −0.76%, respectively). Changes in the C group were trivial. Moreover, values of force and power registered during the ITMS test correlated negatively with the 100 m butterfly and 50 m freestyle swimming times (r value ranged from −.80 to −.91). These results suggest that IT can be useful in swimming practice.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"45 1","pages":"369 - 377"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2017-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74492694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-21DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1262453
A. Bonsignore, S. Bredin, Holly Wollmann, B. Morrison, A. Jeklin, Lauren Buschmann, J. Robertson, E. Buckler, Duncan McGuinty, M. Rice, D. Warburton
Abstract There is inconclusive evidence concerning the effects of routine participation in ultra-endurance events on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Arterial compliance is a reliable, non-invasive, and effective tool for evaluating CVD risk. The purpose of this research was to examine if race length influences acute changes in arterial compliance following an ultra-marathon event. A total of 46 ultra-marathon runners were recruited including 21 participants (39.8 ± 8.3 years, 6 females) in the 80-km event and 25 participants (43.7 ± 9.8 years, 3 female) in the 195-km event. Arterial compliance was measured via radial applanation tonometry (CR-2000, HDI) for diastolic pulse contour analysis before and following the race. Significant between-group differences were found for changes in large arterial compliance with a decrease (increase in stiffness) following the 195-km event and an increase following the 80-kilometre event (p < .05). Longer race lengths are associated with greater reductions in large arterial compliance following recreational ultra-marathon running. Assessment of arterial compliance might be a useful prognostic tool to assess the long-term risk of CVD among ultra-marathon runners.
{"title":"The influence of race length on arterial compliance following an ultra-endurance marathon","authors":"A. Bonsignore, S. Bredin, Holly Wollmann, B. Morrison, A. Jeklin, Lauren Buschmann, J. Robertson, E. Buckler, Duncan McGuinty, M. Rice, D. Warburton","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2016.1262453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1262453","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There is inconclusive evidence concerning the effects of routine participation in ultra-endurance events on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Arterial compliance is a reliable, non-invasive, and effective tool for evaluating CVD risk. The purpose of this research was to examine if race length influences acute changes in arterial compliance following an ultra-marathon event. A total of 46 ultra-marathon runners were recruited including 21 participants (39.8 ± 8.3 years, 6 females) in the 80-km event and 25 participants (43.7 ± 9.8 years, 3 female) in the 195-km event. Arterial compliance was measured via radial applanation tonometry (CR-2000, HDI) for diastolic pulse contour analysis before and following the race. Significant between-group differences were found for changes in large arterial compliance with a decrease (increase in stiffness) following the 195-km event and an increase following the 80-kilometre event (p < .05). Longer race lengths are associated with greater reductions in large arterial compliance following recreational ultra-marathon running. Assessment of arterial compliance might be a useful prognostic tool to assess the long-term risk of CVD among ultra-marathon runners.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"441 - 446"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2017-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85434628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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