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Pub Date : 2005-07-01 DOI: 10.1159/000086965
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引用次数: 0
Dry Skin: Environmental Aspects 皮肤干燥:环境因素
Pub Date : 2005-07-01 DOI: 10.1159/000086156
A. Rawlings
Water is absolutely essential for the normal functioning of the skin and especially the stratum corneum (SC). However, as the SC is continuously exposed to varying humidities, maintenance of water within the tissue is crucial. Under most circumstances water present within the SC will be derived from bodily water, being lost by transepidermal water loss, and is normally bound by proteins together with naturally occurring hygroscopic compounds found largely within, but also external to, the corneocytes. Small amounts of water escape through this slightly leaky barrier to hydrate the dehydrated outer layers of the SC, and this is key to maintaining SC flexibility, SC maturation and SC desquamation. The retention of water in the SC is dependent on three major mechanisms: (a) the intercellular lamellar lipids whose physical conformation, predominantly an orthorhombic gel phase, provides a tight and effective barrier to the passage of water through the tissue, (b) the presence of corneodesmosome-bound and ceramide-hydrophobed corneocytes which influence the tortuosity of the SC and thereby the diffusion path length of water and (c) the presence of both intracellular and extracellular SC natural moisturizing factors (NMF). The structure, biochemistry and function of the SC and the epidermis can however be disturbed upon environmental challenge, particularly by disruption of the SC barrier resulting in the precipitation of dry flaky skin conditions. The maintenance of barrier function and thereby SC hydration is central to the production and optimal functioning of the SC. Fluctuating atmospheric conditions (high and low dew points) influence the formation of the epidermal barrier lipids, NMF, corneocyte envelope phenotypes and the desquamatory enzymes and are thus an initiator of dry skin. At low atmospheric dew points, the reduced SC water content precipitates the dry skin phenotype. On perturbation of barrier function, a cycle of events begins initially with the superficial dehydration of the SC (leaking of extracellular lipids, disruption of lipid lamellar architecture, loss of water-soluble NMF), the release of inflammatory mediators, induction of hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocytes resulting in disturbed epidermal differentiation leading to an inferior SC (enhanced production of sphingosine-containing ceramides relative to phytosphingosine-containing ceramides and reduced transglutaminase activity leading to retention of fragile corneocyte envelopes in the superficial layers of the SC that have reduced levels of covalently bound ceramides), together with a flaky skin condition (reduced desquamatory enzyme activities and reduced corneodesmolysis). In extreme cases when inflammation is present, increased levels of proteases are observed in the SC and reduced interleukin 1 (IL-1) levels with increased IL-1 receptor antagonist protein levels. If left untreated, these events will continuously cycle to produce an even poorer skin condition, and
水对于皮肤,尤其是角质层(SC)的正常运作是绝对必要的。然而,由于SC持续暴露于不同的湿度,维持组织内的水分是至关重要的。在大多数情况下,SC内的水分来源于身体水分,通过表皮水分流失而流失,通常由蛋白质与自然产生的吸湿性化合物结合,这些化合物主要存在于角质层内,也存在于角质层外。少量的水通过这个稍微渗漏的屏障流出,使SC脱水的外层水化,这是保持SC柔韧性、成熟和脱屑的关键。水在SC中的保留取决于三个主要机制:(a)细胞间层状脂质,其物理构象主要是正交凝胶相,为水通过组织提供了一个紧密而有效的屏障;(b)角膜桥粒结合和神经酰胺疏水角质细胞的存在,它们影响SC的弯曲度,从而影响水的扩散路径长度;(c)细胞内和细胞外SC天然保湿因子(NMF)的存在。然而,SC和表皮的结构、生物化学和功能在环境挑战下会受到干扰,特别是SC屏障的破坏导致干燥片状皮肤状况的沉淀。屏障功能的维持和SC水合作用对SC的生产和最佳功能至关重要。波动的大气条件(高露点和低露点)影响表皮屏障脂质、NMF、角质细胞包膜表型和脱屑酶的形成,因此是皮肤干燥的发起者。在较低的大气露点下,SC含水量降低,导致皮肤干燥。在屏障功能的扰动中,一系列事件开始于SC的表面脱水(细胞外脂质泄漏,脂质层状结构破坏,水溶性NMF丢失),炎症介质的释放,诱导表皮角质形成细胞的过度增殖,导致表皮分化紊乱,导致低级SC(相对于含有植物鞘氨醇的神经酰胺,含有鞘氨醇的神经酰胺的产生增加,谷氨酰胺转氨酶活性降低,导致SC浅层中脆弱的角质细胞包膜保留,共价结合的神经酰胺水平降低)。同时伴有皮肤剥落(脱皮酶活性降低,角膜解痂减少)。在极端情况下,当炎症存在时,观察到SC中蛋白酶水平升高,白细胞介素1 (IL-1)水平降低,IL-1受体拮抗剂蛋白水平升高。如果不及时治疗,这些事件将不断循环,产生更差的皮肤状况,最终角质细胞之间的角质瘤桥粒的机械开裂将导致SC的机械损伤。
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引用次数: 12
Dry Skin and the Environment 干燥的皮肤和环境
Pub Date : 2005-07-01 DOI: 10.1159/000086157
S. Mac-Mary, J. Sainthillier, P. Humbert
Dry skin is estimated to be present in about 75% of people aged 75 and over. It has been known for many years that this condition is more frequent in winter, in cold and dry weather conditions. With technological progress, people are now mostly exposed to multiple indoor and outdoor pollutants and environment parameters (air-conditioning, chemicals, noise) which can interact which each other and affect human health, and particularly the skin. All these phenomena are intensified with skin aging and can be aggravated by seasons, the way of life, habits (nutrition, dust, allergens, air-conditioning, noise, smoking, unadapted cosmetic use, some treatments) and working conditions (visual display unit, stress). In fact, this environment can be defined as the whole ensemble of external factors which could have an influence on a subject’s health. This means material (climate, geography), organical (biosphere, fauna, flora), physicocultural (techniques), biocultural (nutritional habits, hygiene, medical use) and psychocultural (stress) elements. The aim of this article is to make a review in order to check which of these elements have a major impact on dry skin, in particular among seasons, working/living conditions and cosmetic or hygienic products.
据估计,75%的75岁及以上的人皮肤干燥。多年来,人们都知道这种情况在冬季、寒冷和干燥的天气条件下更为常见。随着技术的进步,人们现在大多暴露于多种室内和室外污染物和环境参数(空调,化学品,噪音),它们可以相互作用,影响人体健康,特别是皮肤。所有这些现象都随着皮肤老化而加剧,并可能因季节、生活方式、习惯(营养、灰尘、过敏原、空调、噪音、吸烟、不适应的化妆品使用、某些治疗)和工作条件(视觉显示装置、压力)而加剧。事实上,这种环境可以被定义为可能对受试者健康产生影响的外部因素的整体集合。这包括物质(气候、地理)、有机(生物圈、动物、植物)、物理(技术)、生物(营养习惯、卫生、医疗用途)和心理(压力)因素。本文的目的是进行回顾,以检查哪些因素对干燥皮肤有主要影响,特别是在季节,工作/生活条件和化妆品或卫生产品之间。
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引用次数: 8
Surfactant-Induced Depletion of Ceramides and Other Intercellular Lipids: Implication for the Mechanism Leading to Dehydration of the Stratum corneum 表面活性剂诱导神经酰胺和其他细胞间脂质耗竭:导致角质层脱水的机制暗示
Pub Date : 2005-07-01 DOI: 10.1159/000086158
G. Imokawa
In order to clarify the mechanisms underlying the surfactant-induced dehydration of the stratum corneum (SC), we first examined the constitutive water-holding function of the SC by removing intercellular lipids as well as hygroscopic materials from intact human SC. The dehydration of the SC can be easily induced by depletion of intercellular lipids, but was not affected by an additional water treatment, which releases a large amount of hygroscopic materials including amino acids. Consistent with this, the application of isolated intercellular lipids or their subfractions to the lipid-depleted and dehydrated SC rescues the decreased water content as well as marked scaling, although glycerine did not have such an effect. Parallel differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that lipid depletion causes the SC to reduce the nonfreezable bound water content and that application of isolated intercellular lipids recovered the bound water content up to the control level. On the other hand, the additional release of hygroscopic materials from lipid-depleted SC did not affect the bound water content. Based upon the above constitutive water-holding mechanism in the SC, we assessed the physicochemical mechanisms involved in surfactant-induced dehydration of the SC, leading to tight sensation and skin roughness. Similar to treatment with acetone/ether, treatment with surfactant releases a significant amount of intercellular lipids, the intensity of which varies among various surfactants but correlates well with the intensity of the induced dehydration of the SC leading to the tight skin sensation and skin roughness. Recovery or inhibition experiments revealed that the dehydration of the SC induced by surfactant treatment is significantly attenuated by the application of isolated intercellular lipids or by the addition of monoglyceride (MG) during the washing process, which results in a significant reduction in skin roughness. The latter study showed that whereas the release of sebum components and amino acids during surfactant treatment is not affected by the addition of MG, the removal of ceramides is significantly attenuated by the addition of MG, which suggests an essential role for ceramide depletion in the induction of the surfactant-induced dehydration of the SC. In conclusion, the above findings collectively suggest that the ceramide content in the SC is strongly associated with the regulation of SC hydration and that its deficiency due to surfactant treatment is essentially responsible for the surfactant-induced dehydration of the SC. This hypothesis is further strengthened by the fact that synthetic pseudoceramides are remarkably effective in preventing or abolishing the dehydration of the SC which is an intrinsic factor for inducing the tight sensation and roughness of the skin and which provides a pathological basis for atopic dry skin.
为了阐明表面活性剂诱导角质层脱水的机制,我们首先通过去除完整人体角质层中的细胞间脂质和吸湿物质来检测角质层的保水性。细胞间脂质的消耗很容易导致角质层脱水,但不受额外水处理的影响,因为水处理会释放大量的吸湿物质,包括氨基酸。与此一致的是,将分离的细胞间脂质或其亚组分应用于脂质耗尽和脱水的SC,可以挽救减少的含水量以及明显的结垢,尽管甘油没有这样的效果。平行差示扫描量热分析表明,脂质消耗导致SC降低了非冷冻结合水的含量,分离的细胞间脂质的应用使结合水的含量恢复到对照水平。另一方面,从脂质耗尽的SC中额外释放的吸湿物质并不影响结合水的含量。基于上述SC中的本构持水机制,我们评估了表面活性剂诱导SC脱水的物理化学机制,从而导致紧绷感和皮肤粗糙。与丙酮/乙醚处理类似,表面活性剂处理释放大量细胞间脂质,其强度因不同表面活性剂而异,但与诱导SC脱水的强度相关,导致皮肤紧绷感和皮肤粗糙。恢复或抑制实验表明,表面活性剂处理引起的SC脱水可以通过应用分离的细胞间脂质或在洗涤过程中添加单甘油酯(MG)来显着减弱,从而显着降低皮肤粗糙度。后一项研究表明,尽管表面活性剂处理过程中皮脂成分和氨基酸的释放不受MG的影响,但神经酰胺的去除却因MG的加入而显著减弱,这表明神经酰胺的消耗在诱导表面活性剂诱导的SC脱水中起着重要作用。上述研究结果共同表明,神经酰胺在SC中的含量与SC水化的调节密切相关,表面活性剂处理导致的神经酰胺缺乏是表面活性剂诱导的SC脱水的主要原因。合成的伪神经酰胺在防止或消除SC脱水方面非常有效,这一事实进一步加强了这一假设,而SC脱水是诱导紧感和兴奋的内在因素皮肤粗糙,这为特应性皮肤干燥提供了病理基础。
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引用次数: 30
Stratum corneum Lipids and Water 角质层脂质与水分
Pub Date : 2005-07-01 DOI: 10.1159/000086155
P. Wertz
Lipids in the intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum provide the permeability barrier of the skin. The primary function of the barrier is to prevent water loss to the environment. Secondarily, the barrier limits or prevents the penetration of potentially toxic substances that may contact the skin surface. The main lipids comprising the barrier are ceramides, cholesterol and long-chain saturated fatty acids. The ceramides are structurally heterogenous. In the human, there are 9 series of ceramides. Three of these are acylceramides consisting of long ω-hydroxy acids amide-linked to a long-chain base and bearing linoleate ester-linked to the ω-hydroxyl group. The base component can be sphingosine, phytosphingosine or 6-hydroxysphingosine. The other ceramides contain normal or α-hydroxy acids amide-linked to one of these bases. Linoleate is an essential fatty acid, without which the barrier of the skin cannot be maintained. This is thought to be reflected in the roles of the acylceramides in barrier formation and function. The intercellular lipids of the stratum corneum are organized into elaborate multilamellar structures. Water molecules hydrogen bond to polar head groups of the lamellae; however, there is no free water between the lamellae. Most of the water in the stratum corneum is inside the corneocytes. In a variety of pathological conditions, the lipid composition and organization are altered, leading to a reduced capacity to hold water and increased transepidermal water loss.
角质层细胞间隙中的脂质提供了皮肤的渗透性屏障。屏障的主要功能是防止水流失到环境中。其次,屏障限制或阻止可能接触皮肤表面的潜在有毒物质的渗透。构成屏障的主要脂质是神经酰胺、胆固醇和长链饱和脂肪酸。神经酰胺在结构上是异质的。人体内有9个系列的神经酰胺。其中三种是酰基神经酰胺,由长ω-羟基酸酰胺(与长链碱相连)和亚油酸酯(与ω-羟基相连)组成。基础成分可以是鞘氨醇、植物鞘氨醇或6-羟基鞘氨醇。其他神经酰胺含有正常或α-羟基酸酰胺,与这些碱之一相连。亚油酸是一种必需脂肪酸,没有它,皮肤的屏障就不能维持。这被认为反映在酰基神经酰胺在屏障形成和功能中的作用。角质层的细胞间脂质被组织成精细的多层结构。水分子与片层的极性头基团形成氢键;然而,片层之间没有自由水。角质层中的大部分水分都在角质层细胞内。在各种病理条件下,脂质组成和组织被改变,导致保持水分的能力降低和经皮失水增加。
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引用次数: 27
Dry Skin and the Environment 干燥的皮肤和环境
Pub Date : 2005-07-01 DOI: 10.1159/000086154
J. Fluhr
On the other hand, an increase in environmental humidity also induced abnormalities in permeability homeostasis [9] . In this issue of Exogenous Dermatology, environmental factors on dry skin are discussed by fi ve distinguished experts (or their groups) in this fi eld: Wertz (this issue) gives an integrated overview of the epidermal barrier function and their regional variations. His contribution focuses on lipids of the SC and the relationship of SC hydration and barrier function. Furthermore, the pathophysiological aspects of hyperproliferative epidermal conditions with a decreased SC water content, increased transepidermal water loss and an altered skin surface are discussed. Rawlings (this issue) reports about water and SC biomechanics. The state of SC hydration depends on the supplied water from deeper parts of the skin, the evaporation rate at the surface and the water-binding capacity of the SC. The desquamation and proliferation process is highly dependent on both enzyme activity and the integrity of the intercellular lipid matrix. At high humidity, the epidermal synthesis of lipids and natural moisturizing factor is switched off. The reduction in natural moisturizing factor levels together with lipid composition induces changes in the water content in the different layers of the SC. Subsequently this leads to local secretion of proinfl ammatory cytokines that can, either directly or indiIt is well documented that climatic changes infl uence skin conditions, e.g. epidermal structure and functions. A dry environment for example has an impact on epidermal parameters [1] . Improvement of the stratum corneum (SC) homeostasis can ameliorate skin damage induced by barrier disruption in a dry environment [2] . Furthermore, a dry environment directly increases the epidermal level of pro-infl ammatory cytokines [3] . Thus, epidermal homeostasis is very vulnerable when exposed to dry environmental conditions. Histamine H 1 and H 2 receptor antagonists accelerate skin barrier repair and prevent epidermal hyperplasia induced by barrier disruption in a dry environment [4] . Furthermore, a dry environment increases the epidermal mast cell number and histamine content [5] . A recent publication showed the modulation of gene expression induced in human epidermis by environmental stress [6] : the authors could show a general overexpression of MRP8 and MRP14 (both members of the S100 family) as markers for stressed skin being involved in epidermal repair pathways. Loeffl er and Happle [7] reported an increased susceptibility against irritant patch tests during cold climatic conditions during winter and spring. The climatic impact on epidermal functions could be prevented with the application of a moisturizing cream [8] . The daily treatment is effective in improving mild subclinical infl ammation that is induced on the facial skin by the winter environment [8] . Published online: June 30, 2005
另一方面,环境湿度的增加也会引起透气性稳态的异常。在本期《外源性皮肤病学》中,五位杰出的专家(或他们的团队)讨论了干燥皮肤的环境因素:Wertz(本期)对表皮屏障功能及其区域差异进行了综合概述。他的贡献集中在SC的脂质和SC水合作用和屏障功能的关系。此外,还讨论了SC含水量降低、经皮失水增加和皮肤表面改变的超增生性表皮疾病的病理生理方面。罗林斯(本期)报道了水和SC生物力学。SC的水合状态取决于皮肤深层提供的水、表面的蒸发速率和SC的水结合能力。脱皮和增殖过程高度依赖于酶活性和细胞间脂质基质的完整性。在高湿度下,表皮脂质和天然保湿因子的合成被关闭。天然保湿因子水平的降低以及脂质组成导致SC不同层含水量的变化。随后,这导致局部分泌促炎性细胞因子,这可以直接或间接地影响皮肤状况,例如表皮结构和功能。例如,干燥的环境对表皮参数[1]有影响。改善角质层(SC)稳态可以改善干燥环境中屏障破坏引起的皮肤损伤。此外,干燥的环境直接增加了促炎性细胞因子[3]的表皮水平。因此,当暴露在干燥的环境条件下,表皮的稳态是非常脆弱的。组胺h1和h2受体拮抗剂加速皮肤屏障修复,防止干燥环境中屏障破坏引起的表皮增生。此外,干燥的环境会增加表皮肥大细胞的数量和组胺含量。最近发表的一篇文章显示了环境胁迫诱导的人类表皮基因表达的调节:作者可以证明MRP8和MRP14(都是S100家族的成员)普遍过表达,作为应激皮肤参与表皮修复途径的标记。Loeffl er和apple[7]报告说,在冬季和春季寒冷的气候条件下,对刺激性斑贴试验的敏感性增加。使用保湿霜[8]可以防止气候对表皮功能的影响。日常治疗可有效改善冬季环境对面部皮肤引起的轻度亚临床炎症。出版日期:2005年6月30日
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引用次数: 11
Nickel Susceptibility and Skin Barrier Function to Water after Treatment with a Urea-Containing Moisturizer 含尿素润肤霜处理后的镍敏感性和皮肤对水的屏障功能
Pub Date : 2005-07-01 DOI: 10.1159/000086159
M. Lóden, N. Kuzmina, M. Nyrén, F. Edlund, L. Emtestam
Patients with eczema and other dry skin conditions use moisturizers also when the skin appears healthy. However, moisturizers have been found to change skin barrier function, and it appears that certain combinations of ingredients increase the skin susceptibility to external agents. In the present randomized and single-blind study, the influence of a urea-containing cream on nickel susceptibility in 35 patients with known allergy to nickel was evaluated. Treatment of the volar forearm twice daily for 20 days with the urea cream reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL). However, the susceptibility to nickel sulfate was not changed by the cream treatment. Clinical scoring of the skin reaction did not show any difference between the untreated and the cream-treated area. Furthermore, the increase in TEWL did not differ between the areas. The absence in correlation between TEWL and skin susceptibility to nickel suggests different penetration pathways through the skin of water and nickel. Measurement of the skin permeability to other substances than water is pertinent to the understanding of the influence of moisturizers on the skin permeability and, ultimately, to their therapeutic efficacy in the prevention of contact eczema due to exposure to harmful exogenous substances.
湿疹和其他皮肤干燥的患者在皮肤看起来健康的时候也使用润肤霜。然而,人们发现润肤霜会改变皮肤的屏障功能,而且某些成分的组合似乎会增加皮肤对外界物质的敏感性。在本随机单盲研究中,对35例已知镍过敏患者使用含尿素乳膏对镍敏感性的影响进行了评估。用尿素乳膏治疗前臂掌侧,每天两次,连续20天,可减少经皮失水(TEWL)。而乳膏处理对硫酸镍的敏感性没有改变。皮肤反应的临床评分在未治疗区和乳霜治疗区之间没有任何差异。此外,TEWL的增加在地区之间没有差异。水分流失与皮肤对镍的敏感性之间没有相关性,表明水和镍通过皮肤的渗透途径不同。测量皮肤对水以外其他物质的渗透性,与了解润肤霜对皮肤渗透性的影响有关,并最终与润肤霜在预防因暴露于有害外源物质而引起的接触性湿疹方面的治疗效果有关。
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引用次数: 8
Author and Subject Index Vol. 3, No. 2, 2004 作者与主题索引第3卷,2004年第2期
Pub Date : 2005-07-01 DOI: 10.1159/000086966
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引用次数: 0
Hydrogen-Cyanamide-Related Severe Cutaneous Reactions Simulating Erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis 氰胺氢相关的严重皮肤反应模拟多形性红斑和史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征/中毒性表皮坏死松解
Pub Date : 2005-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000084697
A. Inamadar, A. Palit
Fifteen grapevine workers developed skin reactions resembling erythema multiforme (EM) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) following exposure to Dormex, a plant growth regulator, the active ingredient of which is hydrogen cyanamide. Five patients needed hospitalization, and all recovered following treatment. Whether these were contact EM-like reactions due to hydrogen cyanamide or classical EM, SJS-TEN induced by this chemical remains elusive. An awareness regarding the safe use of agricultural chemicals is needed among the general population.
15名葡萄藤工人在接触植物生长调节剂Dormex(其有效成分为氰胺氢)后出现了类似多形性红斑(EM)和史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征/中毒性表皮坏死松解症(SJS/TEN)的皮肤反应。5例需要住院治疗,经治疗后全部康复。无论这些是由氰酰胺氢引起的接触EM样反应还是由经典EM引起的SJS-TEN,这种化学物质引起的SJS-TEN仍然是难以捉摸的。一般民众需要有安全使用农用化学品的意识。
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引用次数: 4
The Influence of Urea Treatment on Skin Susceptibility to Surfactant-Induced Irritation: A Placebo-Controlled and Randomized Study 尿素处理对皮肤对表面活性剂诱导刺激敏感性的影响:一项安慰剂对照和随机研究
Pub Date : 2005-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000083462
M. Lóden, E. Bárány, Per Mandahl, C. Wessman
Certain ingredients in moisturizing creams may influence the skin susceptibility to irritants. One agent of particular interest is the well-known humectant urea. The present placebo-controlled study on 28 subjects was designed to evaluate the effects of urea treatment on three types of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) exposures: (1) repeated exposure to SLS for 15 days with concurrent cream treatment, (2) the skin susceptibility to SLS following prophylactic treatment with urea and (3) SLS exposure after recovery of the surfactant-damaged skin by urea treatment. Parameters measured were transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin blood flow. Repeated exposure to SLS induced a slight but significant barrier damage, measured as TEWL, and the difference between the treatments was almost significant (p = 0.06). Treatment of normal skin reduced TEWL in the urea-treated area, and the irritant reaction to SLS was significantly decreased. Treatment of surfactant-damaged skin promoted barrier recovery, and the second exposure to SLS induced a less pronounced reaction in the urea-treated area compared to the placebo-treated site. In conclusion, urea promotes barrier recovery in SLS-damaged skin and makes both normal and irritated skin less susceptible to irritation. The findings may be of clinical relevance in attempts to reduce contact dermatitis due to irritant stimuli.
保湿面霜中的某些成分可能会影响皮肤对刺激物的敏感性。一种特别令人感兴趣的药剂是众所周知的湿润剂尿素。本研究对28名受试者进行安慰剂对照研究,旨在评估尿素处理对三种类型月桂基硫酸钠(SLS)暴露的影响:(1)在乳霜治疗的同时重复暴露于SLS 15天;(2)预防性尿素处理后皮肤对SLS的敏感性;(3)表面活性剂损伤皮肤经尿素处理后恢复后暴露于SLS。测量经皮失水(TEWL)和皮肤血流量。重复暴露于SLS诱导了轻微但显著的屏障损伤,以TEWL测量,处理之间的差异几乎显著(p = 0.06)。正常皮肤的处理减少了尿素处理区域的TEWL,对SLS的刺激反应明显减少。表面活性剂损伤皮肤的治疗促进了屏障的恢复,与安慰剂治疗部位相比,第二次暴露于SLS诱导的尿素处理部位的反应不那么明显。综上所述,尿素促进sls损伤皮肤的屏障恢复,使正常皮肤和受刺激皮肤都不容易受到刺激。研究结果可能是临床相关的尝试,以减少接触性皮炎由于刺激。
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引用次数: 21
期刊
Exogenous Dermatology
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