Hayato Matsuki, K. Kiyokane, T. Matsuki, Sayuri Sato, G. Imokawa
Background: The etiology of the nonlesional dry and barrier-disrupted skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) is still unclear. Objective: To determine whether disrupted barrier function in the nonlesional skin is associated with inflammatory or postinflammatory events, which are relevant to the severity of AD or local dry skin properties, respectively. Methods: We evaluated the barrier function and the water content of nonlesional forearm skin and compared these with the severity of AD and the intensity of dryness/scaling/itchiness at the same skin sites. Results: The transepidermal water loss (TEWL) significantly increased in proportion to the severity of AD with a markedly high correlation coefficient (r = 0.834, p < 0.0001, n = 106), while the capacitance decreased in proportion to the severity of AD with a relatively lower correlation coefficient (r = –0.720, p < 0.0001, n = 106) compared with TEWL. Relationship between TEWL and capacitance values in association with the AD severity revealed that the two parameters are well distributed, corresponding to the severity of AD, and that the elevated TEWL more adequately reflects the difference between healthy control and the mild group of AD compared with the reduced capacitance. Comparison with dry skin properties revealed that while the capacitance values were highly correlated with dryness (r = –0.752, p < 0.0001, n = 106) and with scaling (r = –0.697, p < 0.0001, n = 106), the TEWL was also related to dryness (r = 0.788, p < 0.0001, n = 106) with a higher correlation coefficient compared with capacitance and to scaling (r = 0.697, p < 0.0001, n = 106). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the barrier disruption in the nonlesional skin is well suited to reflect the severity of AD as well as the dry skin properties, providing a useful insight into understandings of diagnosis and clinical improvement during therapy.
背景:特应性皮炎(AD)患者非病变性皮肤干燥和屏障破坏的病因尚不清楚。目的:确定非病变皮肤屏障功能的破坏是否与炎症或炎症后事件有关，这分别与AD的严重程度或局部皮肤干燥特性有关。方法:我们评估了非病变前臂皮肤的屏障功能和含水量，并将其与AD的严重程度以及相同皮肤部位的干燥/结垢/瘙痒程度进行了比较。结果:经皮失水(TEWL)与AD严重程度成比例显著增加，相关性显著(r = 0.834, p < 0.0001, n = 106);电容与AD严重程度成比例降低，相关性相对较低(r = -0.720, p < 0.0001, n = 106)。TEWL和电容值与AD严重程度的关系表明，这两个参数分布良好，与AD的严重程度相对应，TEWL升高比电容降低更能充分反映健康对照组与AD轻度组之间的差异。与干燥皮肤特性的比较表明，电容量值与干燥度(r = -0.752, p < 0.0001, n = 106)和结垢度(r = -0.697, p < 0.0001, n = 106)高度相关，TEWL值也与干燥度(r = 0.788, p < 0.0001, n = 106)相关，且与电容量和结垢度(r = 0.697, p < 0.0001, n = 106)相关系数更高。结论:我们的研究结果表明，非病变皮肤的屏障破坏很好地反映了AD的严重程度以及皮肤干燥的特性，为诊断和治疗期间的临床改善提供了有用的见解。
{"title":"Recharacterization of the Nonlesional Dry Skin in Atopic Dermatitis through Disrupted Barrier Function","authors":"Hayato Matsuki, K. Kiyokane, T. Matsuki, Sayuri Sato, G. Imokawa","doi":"10.1159/000091909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000091909","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The etiology of the nonlesional dry and barrier-disrupted skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) is still unclear. Objective: To determine whether disrupted barrier function in the nonlesional skin is associated with inflammatory or postinflammatory events, which are relevant to the severity of AD or local dry skin properties, respectively. Methods: We evaluated the barrier function and the water content of nonlesional forearm skin and compared these with the severity of AD and the intensity of dryness/scaling/itchiness at the same skin sites. Results: The transepidermal water loss (TEWL) significantly increased in proportion to the severity of AD with a markedly high correlation coefficient (r = 0.834, p < 0.0001, n = 106), while the capacitance decreased in proportion to the severity of AD with a relatively lower correlation coefficient (r = –0.720, p < 0.0001, n = 106) compared with TEWL. Relationship between TEWL and capacitance values in association with the AD severity revealed that the two parameters are well distributed, corresponding to the severity of AD, and that the elevated TEWL more adequately reflects the difference between healthy control and the mild group of AD compared with the reduced capacitance. Comparison with dry skin properties revealed that while the capacitance values were highly correlated with dryness (r = –0.752, p < 0.0001, n = 106) and with scaling (r = –0.697, p < 0.0001, n = 106), the TEWL was also related to dryness (r = 0.788, p < 0.0001, n = 106) with a higher correlation coefficient compared with capacitance and to scaling (r = 0.697, p < 0.0001, n = 106). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the barrier disruption in the nonlesional skin is well suited to reflect the severity of AD as well as the dry skin properties, providing a useful insight into understandings of diagnosis and clinical improvement during therapy.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"12 1","pages":"282 - 292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80323081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fragrance material alpha-iso-methylionone, or ‘gamma-methylionone’, has been cited as a moderately frequent cause of allergic contact dermatitis. A review of the literature shows that when the underlying clinical and experimental data are analyzed, a clear cause-effect relationship has infrequently or rarely been established. On the basis of the generally weak sensitizing potential of this substance, coupled with its generally low exposure conditions, the prevalence of clinical cases would not be expected to be particularly high. This is not to say that alpha-iso-methylionone is a frequent inducer of low-intensity but sub-clinical, type IV allergy in members of the public. It remains to be seen however, how often such allergy, once established, is responsible for any of the cases of allergic contact dermatitis commonly ascribed in the literature. Indeed, in some cases, patch test conditions may not be optimal for differentiating between clinically relevant and irrelevant allergy to alpha-iso-methylionone. Prospective screening patch test studies combined with appropriate follow-up to ascertain clinical relevance should clarify these issues.
{"title":"Is There Evidence That Alpha-Iso-Methylionone Causes Allergic Contact Dermatitis?","authors":"J. Hostynek,, H. Maibach","doi":"10.1159/000087462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000087462","url":null,"abstract":"The fragrance material alpha-iso-methylionone, or ‘gamma-methylionone’, has been cited as a moderately frequent cause of allergic contact dermatitis. A review of the literature shows that when the underlying clinical and experimental data are analyzed, a clear cause-effect relationship has infrequently or rarely been established. On the basis of the generally weak sensitizing potential of this substance, coupled with its generally low exposure conditions, the prevalence of clinical cases would not be expected to be particularly high. This is not to say that alpha-iso-methylionone is a frequent inducer of low-intensity but sub-clinical, type IV allergy in members of the public. It remains to be seen however, how often such allergy, once established, is responsible for any of the cases of allergic contact dermatitis commonly ascribed in the literature. Indeed, in some cases, patch test conditions may not be optimal for differentiating between clinically relevant and irrelevant allergy to alpha-iso-methylionone. Prospective screening patch test studies combined with appropriate follow-up to ascertain clinical relevance should clarify these issues.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"67 1","pages":"121 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91233827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kieć-Świerczyńska, B. Kręcisz, D. Świerczyńska-Machura
Agricultural workers (n = 121) referred to the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine for suspected occupational disease were subjected to dermatological and allergological examinations. All were patch and prick tested with standard occupational and environmental allergen sets. Contact dermatitis was diagnosed in 60 (49.6%) patients. In the women, the dominant allergy was that to nickel, benzalkonium, palladium, cobalt, thimerosal, fragrances and balsam of Peru, while the men were most frequently sensitive to chromates, cobalt, 4-phenylenediamine, fragrances, captan, formaldehyde, 4-aminoazobenzene, wool alcohols and cinnamic alcohol. Phenylmercuric chloride caused allergic reactions in 6 women and 2 men, while 6 workers were sensitive to neomycin. Allergy to glutaraldehyde was diagnosed in 3 workers, to lysol in 4, to chlorhexidine in 1, to chloramine in 1. Three patients reacted to thiurams, 3 to diphenylguanidine, 3 to mercaptobenzothiazole. Of the 9 workers sensitive to 4-phenylenediamine, only 2 men reacted additionally to N-isopropyl-N-4-phenylenediamine. Ziram (zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate) and copper sulfate caused allergy in 1 agricultural worker each. Immediate allergy was diagnosed in 43 (35.5%) patients. The dominant allergens in that category included straw dust, hay dust, wheat threshing, rye pollen and cow epithelium. The final diagnosis was based on the clinical picture and the results of the patch and prick tests. Allergic contact dermatitis was diagnosed in 27 (22.3%), atopic dermatitis in 27, irritant contact dermatitis in 15 (12.4%) and urticaria in 9 (7.5%) agricultural workers. Other dermal diseases were diagnosed in single patients. The clinical examinations showed no dermal lesions in 31 (25.6%) patients.
向诺弗职业医学研究所提交疑似职业病的农业工人(n = 121)接受了皮肤病学和过敏症检查。所有人都用标准的职业和环境过敏原套装进行了斑贴和点刺试验。接触性皮炎60例(49.6%)。在女性中，主要的过敏是对镍、苯扎konium、钯、钴、硫柳汞、香料和秘鲁香脂，而男性最常见的过敏是对铬酸盐、钴、4-苯二胺、香料、船长、甲醛、4-氨基偶氮苯、羊毛醇和肉桂醇。苯氯化汞致过敏反应女性6例，男性2例，工人对新霉素敏感6例。对戊二醛过敏3例，对来醇过敏4例，对氯己定过敏1例，对氯胺过敏1例。3例患者对硫脲有反应，3例对二苯基胍有反应，3例对巯基苯并噻唑有反应。在9名对4-苯二胺敏感的工人中，只有2名工人对n -异丙基- n -4-苯二胺有额外反应。锆(二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸锌)和硫酸铜各致1例农业工人过敏。43例(35.5%)患者被诊断为立即过敏。这类过敏原主要包括草粉、干草粉、小麦脱粒、黑麦花粉和奶牛上皮。最终的诊断是基于临床表现和贴片和点刺试验的结果。变应性接触性皮炎27例(22.3%)，特应性皮炎27例，刺激性接触性皮炎15例(12.4%)，荨麻疹9例(7.5%)。其他皮肤疾病均在单个患者中诊断。31例(25.6%)患者临床检查未见皮肤病变。
{"title":"Contact Allergy in Agricultural Workers","authors":"M. Kieć-Świerczyńska, B. Kręcisz, D. Świerczyńska-Machura","doi":"10.1159/000078692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000078692","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural workers (n = 121) referred to the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine for suspected occupational disease were subjected to dermatological and allergological examinations. All were patch and prick tested with standard occupational and environmental allergen sets. Contact dermatitis was diagnosed in 60 (49.6%) patients. In the women, the dominant allergy was that to nickel, benzalkonium, palladium, cobalt, thimerosal, fragrances and balsam of Peru, while the men were most frequently sensitive to chromates, cobalt, 4-phenylenediamine, fragrances, captan, formaldehyde, 4-aminoazobenzene, wool alcohols and cinnamic alcohol. Phenylmercuric chloride caused allergic reactions in 6 women and 2 men, while 6 workers were sensitive to neomycin. Allergy to glutaraldehyde was diagnosed in 3 workers, to lysol in 4, to chlorhexidine in 1, to chloramine in 1. Three patients reacted to thiurams, 3 to diphenylguanidine, 3 to mercaptobenzothiazole. Of the 9 workers sensitive to 4-phenylenediamine, only 2 men reacted additionally to N-isopropyl-N-4-phenylenediamine. Ziram (zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate) and copper sulfate caused allergy in 1 agricultural worker each. Immediate allergy was diagnosed in 43 (35.5%) patients. The dominant allergens in that category included straw dust, hay dust, wheat threshing, rye pollen and cow epithelium. The final diagnosis was based on the clinical picture and the results of the patch and prick tests. Allergic contact dermatitis was diagnosed in 27 (22.3%), atopic dermatitis in 27, irritant contact dermatitis in 15 (12.4%) and urticaria in 9 (7.5%) agricultural workers. Other dermal diseases were diagnosed in single patients. The clinical examinations showed no dermal lesions in 31 (25.6%) patients.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"60 1","pages":"246 - 251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79889813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hayato Matsuki, K. Kiyokane, T. Matsuki, Sayuri Sato, G. Imokawa
Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) can be considered a barrier disease in which antigens and irritants that can easily penetrate clinically normal, nonlesional skin due to its defective barrier function trigger and worsen the dermatitis. Thus, replenishing the barrier function in clinically normal, nonlesional skin of patients with AD seems to be a key for preventing the refractory nature of the dermatitis. Objective: To determine whether the disrupted barrier function of AD nonlesional skin can be repaired by topical application of a synthetic ceramide known to induce barrier recovery and to subsequently evaluate the relationship between enhanced barrier function and improved dry skin conditions. Methods: We applied topically a synthetic ceramide (CER) or hirudoid (HIRU)-containing cream to the nonlesional skin of AD patients for 4 weeks and evaluated their efficacy by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and capacitance values as well as clinical scoring for scaling/dryness/itchiness. Results: Treatment for 4 weeks with the CER cream significantly reduced dryness/scaling/itchiness which was accompanied by significant decreases in TEWL and increases in capacitance values at 2 and 4 weeks. In contrast, treatment for 4 weeks with the HIRU cream elicited a similar but lesser reduction in dryness/scaling/itchiness which was accompanied by significant but lesser decreases and increases in TEWL and capacitance values, respectively, at 2 and 4 weeks. Comparison of TEWL and capacitance values during the 4 weeks of treatment with CER or HIRU creams revealed that while the two parameters of CER cream-treated skin were generally similar to healthy control skin, those of the HIRU cream-treated skin remained similar to mild or moderate AD skin. Conclusion: It is likely that the recovery of barrier function reflects the improvement in clinically evaluated dry skin conditions of the nonlesional skin to a greater extent than that in water deficiency, which suggests that the barrier-replenishing effect is a more important factor for treatment of AD nonlesional skin than is the improvement of water deficiency.
{"title":"Reevaluation of the Importance of Barrier Dysfunction in the Nonlesional Dry Skin of Atopic Dermatitis Patients through the Use of Two Barrier Creams","authors":"Hayato Matsuki, K. Kiyokane, T. Matsuki, Sayuri Sato, G. Imokawa","doi":"10.1159/000091910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000091910","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) can be considered a barrier disease in which antigens and irritants that can easily penetrate clinically normal, nonlesional skin due to its defective barrier function trigger and worsen the dermatitis. Thus, replenishing the barrier function in clinically normal, nonlesional skin of patients with AD seems to be a key for preventing the refractory nature of the dermatitis. Objective: To determine whether the disrupted barrier function of AD nonlesional skin can be repaired by topical application of a synthetic ceramide known to induce barrier recovery and to subsequently evaluate the relationship between enhanced barrier function and improved dry skin conditions. Methods: We applied topically a synthetic ceramide (CER) or hirudoid (HIRU)-containing cream to the nonlesional skin of AD patients for 4 weeks and evaluated their efficacy by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and capacitance values as well as clinical scoring for scaling/dryness/itchiness. Results: Treatment for 4 weeks with the CER cream significantly reduced dryness/scaling/itchiness which was accompanied by significant decreases in TEWL and increases in capacitance values at 2 and 4 weeks. In contrast, treatment for 4 weeks with the HIRU cream elicited a similar but lesser reduction in dryness/scaling/itchiness which was accompanied by significant but lesser decreases and increases in TEWL and capacitance values, respectively, at 2 and 4 weeks. Comparison of TEWL and capacitance values during the 4 weeks of treatment with CER or HIRU creams revealed that while the two parameters of CER cream-treated skin were generally similar to healthy control skin, those of the HIRU cream-treated skin remained similar to mild or moderate AD skin. Conclusion: It is likely that the recovery of barrier function reflects the improvement in clinically evaluated dry skin conditions of the nonlesional skin to a greater extent than that in water deficiency, which suggests that the barrier-replenishing effect is a more important factor for treatment of AD nonlesional skin than is the improvement of water deficiency.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"124 1","pages":"293 - 302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87850332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Modjtahedi, S. Modjtahedi, A. Mansury, H. Maibach
Mosquito bites in humans are characterized by an immediate wheal-and-flare type I hypersensitivity response, followed by a delayed type IV papular reaction approximately 24 h later. An intense pruritic reaction may accompany all phases of the bite. Prophylactically administered oral second-generation antihistamines inhibit the immediate histamine induced wheal-and-flare in skin, and some studies show that they are also useful in alleviating delayed bite symptoms. Topical antihistamines have not been documented to be useful in treatment; however, topical ammonium solution and other common allergic reaction remedies are promising as after-bite treatments. This review assesses the current evidence analyzing the efficacy of prophylactic, oral, second-generation antihistamines as well as topical therapies for mosquito bites.
{"title":"Mosquito Bite Therapy: Evidenced-Based","authors":"B. Modjtahedi, S. Modjtahedi, A. Mansury, H. Maibach","doi":"10.1159/000093650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000093650","url":null,"abstract":"Mosquito bites in humans are characterized by an immediate wheal-and-flare type I hypersensitivity response, followed by a delayed type IV papular reaction approximately 24 h later. An intense pruritic reaction may accompany all phases of the bite. Prophylactically administered oral second-generation antihistamines inhibit the immediate histamine induced wheal-and-flare in skin, and some studies show that they are also useful in alleviating delayed bite symptoms. Topical antihistamines have not been documented to be useful in treatment; however, topical ammonium solution and other common allergic reaction remedies are promising as after-bite treatments. This review assesses the current evidence analyzing the efficacy of prophylactic, oral, second-generation antihistamines as well as topical therapies for mosquito bites.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"319 1","pages":"332 - 338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79707328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A retrospective review of all patch tests performed at 1 center during the year 2000 was undertaken. All patients with positive patch tests to palladium were selected. Of these, the presence of a positive patch test to nickel or gold was also noted. Putative clinical relevance of a positive test was not analyzed. All patients were tested with the North American Contact Dermatitis Group Standard Screening Series (see Appendix), which included nickel sulfate (2.5% pet.) and gold sodium thiosulfate (0.5% pet.). In addition, they were tested to palladium chloride (1% pet.). All allergens were supplied by Chemotechnique, Malmo, Sweden. Tests were applied on Finn Chambers on Scanpor tape (Allerderm, Inc., Petaluma, Calif., USA). Patches were applied for approximately 48 h, with the final reading about 48 h after patch removal.
{"title":"Palladium Patch Reactivity","authors":"J. Fowler, J. Hayden","doi":"10.1159/000078697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000078697","url":null,"abstract":"A retrospective review of all patch tests performed at 1 center during the year 2000 was undertaken. All patients with positive patch tests to palladium were selected. Of these, the presence of a positive patch test to nickel or gold was also noted. Putative clinical relevance of a positive test was not analyzed. All patients were tested with the North American Contact Dermatitis Group Standard Screening Series (see Appendix), which included nickel sulfate (2.5% pet.) and gold sodium thiosulfate (0.5% pet.). In addition, they were tested to palladium chloride (1% pet.). All allergens were supplied by Chemotechnique, Malmo, Sweden. Tests were applied on Finn Chambers on Scanpor tape (Allerderm, Inc., Petaluma, Calif., USA). Patches were applied for approximately 48 h, with the final reading about 48 h after patch removal.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"52 1","pages":"277 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82270572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yoshinori Masukawa, Hisashi Tsujimura, Hiroto Tanamachi, Hirofumi Narita, G. Imokawa
Background: Although it is well known that chemical oxidation with alkaline hydrogen peroxide damages human hair, little is known about the effects of bleaching during daily life activities which may alter hair components. Objective: To determine the effects of bleaching combined with daily weathering on lipids and amino acids in hair. Methods: Levels of lipids and amino acids were analyzed by chromatography in scalp hair fibers collected from three different females and in experimentally treated hair. Results: Bleaching combined with daily weathering induced the loss of 18-methyleicosanoic acid (18-MEA) and the conversion of half-cystine (H-CYS) to cysteic acid (CYS-A), which were the most remarkable changes among all lipids and amino acids tested. Although a single bleaching had no effect, repeated bleaching combined with daily weathering elicited significant decreases in other intrinsic endogenous lipids and alterations in amino acids that are characteristic for the cuticle. Conclusion: Hair damage, eventually leading to the worst damage such as splitting, is caused by bleaching during daily life activities and is mainly attributable to the loss of 18-MEA as well as the conversion of H-CYS to CYS-A.
{"title":"Damage to Human Hair Caused by Repeated Bleaching Combined with Daily Weathering during Daily Life Activities","authors":"Yoshinori Masukawa, Hisashi Tsujimura, Hiroto Tanamachi, Hirofumi Narita, G. Imokawa","doi":"10.1159/000091908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000091908","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Although it is well known that chemical oxidation with alkaline hydrogen peroxide damages human hair, little is known about the effects of bleaching during daily life activities which may alter hair components. Objective: To determine the effects of bleaching combined with daily weathering on lipids and amino acids in hair. Methods: Levels of lipids and amino acids were analyzed by chromatography in scalp hair fibers collected from three different females and in experimentally treated hair. Results: Bleaching combined with daily weathering induced the loss of 18-methyleicosanoic acid (18-MEA) and the conversion of half-cystine (H-CYS) to cysteic acid (CYS-A), which were the most remarkable changes among all lipids and amino acids tested. Although a single bleaching had no effect, repeated bleaching combined with daily weathering elicited significant decreases in other intrinsic endogenous lipids and alterations in amino acids that are characteristic for the cuticle. Conclusion: Hair damage, eventually leading to the worst damage such as splitting, is caused by bleaching during daily life activities and is mainly attributable to the loss of 18-MEA as well as the conversion of H-CYS to CYS-A.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"30 1","pages":"273 - 281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90188699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fragrance material citronellol has been cited as a moderately frequent cause of allergic contact dermatitis. A review of the literature shows that when the underlying clinical and experimental data are analyzed, a clear cause-effect relationship has infrequently or rarely been established. On the basis of its generally weak sensitizing potential in animals and human volunteers, coupled with its generally low exposure conditions, the prevalence of clinical cases would not be expected to be particularly high. This is not to say that citronellol is a frequent inducer of type IV allergy in members of the public. It remains to be seen, however, how often such allergy, once established, is responsible for any of the cases of allergic contact dermatitis commonly described in the literature. Indeed, in some cases, patch test conditions may not be optimal for differentiating between clinically relevant and irrelevant allergy to citronellol. Clarification of patch-test-related clinical relevance may be obtained utilizing retesting, dilution series and use tests.
{"title":"Sensitization Potential of Citronellol","authors":"J. Hostynek,, H. Maibach","doi":"10.1159/000092445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000092445","url":null,"abstract":"The fragrance material citronellol has been cited as a moderately frequent cause of allergic contact dermatitis. A review of the literature shows that when the underlying clinical and experimental data are analyzed, a clear cause-effect relationship has infrequently or rarely been established. On the basis of its generally weak sensitizing potential in animals and human volunteers, coupled with its generally low exposure conditions, the prevalence of clinical cases would not be expected to be particularly high. This is not to say that citronellol is a frequent inducer of type IV allergy in members of the public. It remains to be seen, however, how often such allergy, once established, is responsible for any of the cases of allergic contact dermatitis commonly described in the literature. Indeed, in some cases, patch test conditions may not be optimal for differentiating between clinically relevant and irrelevant allergy to citronellol. Clarification of patch-test-related clinical relevance may be obtained utilizing retesting, dilution series and use tests.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"145 1","pages":"307 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86782501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides results of a study that focused on establishing that patients had ‘colored clothing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD)’ by finding those dyes each patient was patch-test-positive to in that patient’s suspected colored textile. It advocates the use of the term ‘textile-dye ACD’ to name cases of ACD in which the patient’s skin eruption is due to direct contact with dye molecules and the use of the term ‘colored-textile ACD’ to name cases in which the patient’s skin eruption was due to transfer of dye from a textile to the skin.
{"title":"Textile-Dye and Colored-Textile Allergic Contact Dermatitis","authors":"K. Hatch, H. Motschi, H. Maibach","doi":"10.1159/000076803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000076803","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides results of a study that focused on establishing that patients had ‘colored clothing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD)’ by finding those dyes each patient was patch-test-positive to in that patient’s suspected colored textile. It advocates the use of the term ‘textile-dye ACD’ to name cases of ACD in which the patient’s skin eruption is due to direct contact with dye molecules and the use of the term ‘colored-textile ACD’ to name cases in which the patient’s skin eruption was due to transfer of dye from a textile to the skin.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"1 1","pages":"206 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91541711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Methyldibromoglutaronitrile (MDBGN) was introduced to the European market in 1985, as a preservative for cosmetics, toiletries and industrial products. Since its introduction 17 years ago, studies both in Europe and North America have highlighted it as an increasing new allergen especially in cosmetics. In industry, as MDBGN supersedes isothiazolinones in a wide range of products, its emergence as an important allergen in occupational contact dermatitis becomes more apparent. Dermatologists in the UK need to be aware of this rising new allergen and that the dermatitis can affect not only the head and neck region but also the perianal skin or hands when due to cosmetics, toiletries or industrial products, respectively.
{"title":"Methyldibromoglutaronitrile: An Increasingly Important Allergen in the UK","authors":"D. Ramlogan, D. Basketter, M. Beck","doi":"10.1159/000076799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000076799","url":null,"abstract":"Methyldibromoglutaronitrile (MDBGN) was introduced to the European market in 1985, as a preservative for cosmetics, toiletries and industrial products. Since its introduction 17 years ago, studies both in Europe and North America have highlighted it as an increasing new allergen especially in cosmetics. In industry, as MDBGN supersedes isothiazolinones in a wide range of products, its emergence as an important allergen in occupational contact dermatitis becomes more apparent. Dermatologists in the UK need to be aware of this rising new allergen and that the dermatitis can affect not only the head and neck region but also the perianal skin or hands when due to cosmetics, toiletries or industrial products, respectively.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"95 1","pages":"184 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83807957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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