In practice, the clinical diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis is often highly problematic with the identification of the specific allergen that has actually caused a patient’s particular dermatitic episode being even more difficult. A large number of reports in the literature are able to identify a number of substances to which the patient is allergic without clearly indicating a causal link to the patient’s current problem. For the reader of such reports, it is often difficult to judge if this link has been established, and for this reason, a number of criteria have been proposed to determine if reported positive patch test reactions are clinically relevant. These criteria include the degree of information given on the selection and condition of the patients, patch testing conditions, the intensity and duration of reactions, reactions occurring simultaneously to other patch test materials, the likelihood of confounding factors such as cross-reactions and excited skin occurring, linkage to specific consumer products or environmental sources of the putative allergen and follow-up with appropriate use testing. Criteria are also suggested for evaluating a substance’s allergenic potency from reports of predictive testing. These include the availability of details on the test methodology, maximization procedures, the selection criteria for test and control subjects and of the exact test scores. The applicability of these criteria are tested in separate publications on 6 fragrance allergens, for which information is provided on patch test concentrations.
{"title":"Operational Definition of a Causative Contact Allergen – A Study with Six Fragrance Allergens","authors":"J. Hostynek,, H. Maibach","doi":"10.1159/000081564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000081564","url":null,"abstract":"In practice, the clinical diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis is often highly problematic with the identification of the specific allergen that has actually caused a patient’s particular dermatitic episode being even more difficult. A large number of reports in the literature are able to identify a number of substances to which the patient is allergic without clearly indicating a causal link to the patient’s current problem. For the reader of such reports, it is often difficult to judge if this link has been established, and for this reason, a number of criteria have been proposed to determine if reported positive patch test reactions are clinically relevant. These criteria include the degree of information given on the selection and condition of the patients, patch testing conditions, the intensity and duration of reactions, reactions occurring simultaneously to other patch test materials, the likelihood of confounding factors such as cross-reactions and excited skin occurring, linkage to specific consumer products or environmental sources of the putative allergen and follow-up with appropriate use testing. Criteria are also suggested for evaluating a substance’s allergenic potency from reports of predictive testing. These include the availability of details on the test methodology, maximization procedures, the selection criteria for test and control subjects and of the exact test scores. The applicability of these criteria are tested in separate publications on 6 fragrance allergens, for which information is provided on patch test concentrations.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87891756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Hostynek,, H. Maibach, H. Zhai, C. D. Villarama, Z. H. Hafeez, A. Ormerod, P. Woo, J. Islam, J. Moran, M. Cals-Grierson, J. Minang, N. Ahlborg, M. Troye-Blomberg, M. Choi
{"title":"Subject Index Vol. 2, 2003","authors":"J. Hostynek,, H. Maibach, H. Zhai, C. D. Villarama, Z. H. Hafeez, A. Ormerod, P. Woo, J. Islam, J. Moran, M. Cals-Grierson, J. Minang, N. Ahlborg, M. Troye-Blomberg, M. Choi","doi":"10.1159/000082691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000082691","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77419680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Hostynek,, H. Maibach, H. Zhai, C. D. Villarama, Z. H. Hafeez, A. Ormerod, P. Woo, J. Islam, J. Moran, M. Cals-Grierson, J. Minang, N. Ahlborg, M. Troye-Blomberg, M. Choi
{"title":"Contents Vol. 2, 2003","authors":"J. Hostynek,, H. Maibach, H. Zhai, C. D. Villarama, Z. H. Hafeez, A. Ormerod, P. Woo, J. Islam, J. Moran, M. Cals-Grierson, J. Minang, N. Ahlborg, M. Troye-Blomberg, M. Choi","doi":"10.1159/000082692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000082692","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88944784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stratum corneum intercellular lipids regulate skin water barrier function and water-holding capacity; their modification may impair these properties. Physical and chemical stresses diminish barrier function. Acute barrier disruption by tape stripping increases sphingomyelinase and serine palmitoyltransferase activity; ceramide contents are increased to restore barrier function. Overcrowding stress induces dry skin, and the barrier function impairment correlates with decreased skin cera- mides. The effect of UV irradiation on ceramide content and barrier function varies with doses and UV wavelength. Stress-induced ceramide generation may induce apoptosis in cultured human keratinocytes and restore barrier function. This review focuses on the role of ceramides in physical and chemical stress, suggesting that refinement and extension of this academic domain may lead to therapeutic advances.
{"title":"Role of Ceramides in Skin Stress: Ultraviolet Light, Tape Stripping and Crowding","authors":"M. Choi, H. Maibach","doi":"10.1159/000081565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000081565","url":null,"abstract":"Stratum corneum intercellular lipids regulate skin water barrier function and water-holding capacity; their modification may impair these properties. Physical and chemical stresses diminish barrier function. Acute barrier disruption by tape stripping increases sphingomyelinase and serine palmitoyltransferase activity; ceramide contents are increased to restore barrier function. Overcrowding stress induces dry skin, and the barrier function impairment correlates with decreased skin cera- mides. The effect of UV irradiation on ceramide content and barrier function varies with doses and UV wavelength. Stress-induced ceramide generation may induce apoptosis in cultured human keratinocytes and restore barrier function. This review focuses on the role of ceramides in physical and chemical stress, suggesting that refinement and extension of this academic domain may lead to therapeutic advances.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90699925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The health and beauty of human hair have immeasurable psychological importance. Hair structure and its cycle are influenced by intentionally or nonintentionally delivered factors such as grooming, heat styling, chemical agents and climatic exposure. All of these factors are capable of causing loss of hair color and luster, harshness, stiffness, weakness, brittleness and flyaway, transient loss of hair or scarring alopecia. In this review we describe the effects of various exogenous agents on hair, including hair cosmetics, traction, heat, water, solar radiation and X-irradiation.
{"title":"Exogenous Factors in Hair Disorders","authors":"L. Horev","doi":"10.1159/000091903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000091903","url":null,"abstract":"The health and beauty of human hair have immeasurable psychological importance. Hair structure and its cycle are influenced by intentionally or nonintentionally delivered factors such as grooming, heat styling, chemical agents and climatic exposure. All of these factors are capable of causing loss of hair color and luster, harshness, stiffness, weakness, brittleness and flyaway, transient loss of hair or scarring alopecia. In this review we describe the effects of various exogenous agents on hair, including hair cosmetics, traction, heat, water, solar radiation and X-irradiation.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75237745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Topical tea tree oil has become increasingly popular as a general-purpose medicament for various dermatological conditions. Although recent reports of adverse cutaneous reactions have highlighted concerns about the risk of inducing acute allergic contact dermatitis, few published studies have attempted to evaluate objectively the true irritancy and allergenicity potential of this commonly used essential oil. Objective: To perform predictive testing for irritancy and allergenicity of tea tree oil in a large group of human subjects. Methods: Various concentrations of tea tree oil (5, 25, 100%) in different vehicles were applied under occlusive patch testing to the skin of healthy, human volunteers (n = 311) using a protocol based on the Draize human sensitisation test. Patch test sites were assessed every 48 h and scored according to the severity of any resulting cutaneous reaction using a clinical grading scale from 0 to 4 over a 21-day induction period. After a 14-day rest period, subjects underwent challenge testing with the same tea tree oil samples to determine if sensitisation to tea tree oil had occurred. Results: The mean irritancy score for each test sample was low, ranging from 0 for 5% tea tree oil to 0.2505 for neat 100% tea tree oil. However, 3 subjects developed grade 3 skin reactions during the induction period suggestive of an allergic reaction. Conclusions: Topical application of tea tree oil is associated with negligible skin irritancy. In the group of subjects studied, the risk of developing an allergic dermatitis from topical tea tree oil usage was found to be <1%.
{"title":"Predictive Testing for Irritancy and Allergenicity of Tea Tree Oil in Normal Human Subjects","authors":"Nicholas Aspres, S. Freeman","doi":"10.1159/000078694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000078694","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Topical tea tree oil has become increasingly popular as a general-purpose medicament for various dermatological conditions. Although recent reports of adverse cutaneous reactions have highlighted concerns about the risk of inducing acute allergic contact dermatitis, few published studies have attempted to evaluate objectively the true irritancy and allergenicity potential of this commonly used essential oil. Objective: To perform predictive testing for irritancy and allergenicity of tea tree oil in a large group of human subjects. Methods: Various concentrations of tea tree oil (5, 25, 100%) in different vehicles were applied under occlusive patch testing to the skin of healthy, human volunteers (n = 311) using a protocol based on the Draize human sensitisation test. Patch test sites were assessed every 48 h and scored according to the severity of any resulting cutaneous reaction using a clinical grading scale from 0 to 4 over a 21-day induction period. After a 14-day rest period, subjects underwent challenge testing with the same tea tree oil samples to determine if sensitisation to tea tree oil had occurred. Results: The mean irritancy score for each test sample was low, ranging from 0 for 5% tea tree oil to 0.2505 for neat 100% tea tree oil. However, 3 subjects developed grade 3 skin reactions during the induction period suggestive of an allergic reaction. Conclusions: Topical application of tea tree oil is associated with negligible skin irritancy. In the group of subjects studied, the risk of developing an allergic dermatitis from topical tea tree oil usage was found to be <1%.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74741416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentary disorder of the skin that results from the selective destruction of melanocytes. The etiology of vitiligo is poorly understood. There appears to be a genetic predisposition, but additional factors are probably involved. The purpose of this article is to outline the factors that might play a role in the development of vitiligo. These include trauma such as vaccination, radiotherapy, and sun exposure, malignancies and treatment of malignancies like lymphoma or melanoma, bone marrow transplantation, interferon, interleukin, and other drugs, psychological factors, endocrine disease and cytotoxic compounds that cause contact vitiligo. We hope future research will shed more light on the subject and identify the precipitating factors, since in the majority of vitiligo cases the contributing factors are as yet unidentified.
{"title":"Vitiligo – Exogenous Factors","authors":"H. Matz, E. Tur","doi":"10.1159/000091904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000091904","url":null,"abstract":"Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentary disorder of the skin that results from the selective destruction of melanocytes. The etiology of vitiligo is poorly understood. There appears to be a genetic predisposition, but additional factors are probably involved. The purpose of this article is to outline the factors that might play a role in the development of vitiligo. These include trauma such as vaccination, radiotherapy, and sun exposure, malignancies and treatment of malignancies like lymphoma or melanoma, bone marrow transplantation, interferon, interleukin, and other drugs, psychological factors, endocrine disease and cytotoxic compounds that cause contact vitiligo. We hope future research will shed more light on the subject and identify the precipitating factors, since in the majority of vitiligo cases the contributing factors are as yet unidentified.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82703955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Itch is a common sensation and a component of numerous disease states. Itch can be classified according to its origin and may be modulated by both endogenous and exogenous factors. Recent research has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms of itch, but there are still many areas to be explored. The purpose of this article is to classify the common causes of exogenous itch in humans. To facilitate this, a Medline literature review was conducted using the MeSH search term ‘pruritus’ along with relevant associated subheadings to identify articles dealing with exogenous factors related to itch. Factors relevant to exogenous itch were classified into mechanical, chemical, and environmental components. A better understanding of the various mechanisms of pruritus is critical to effective research into the treatment of itch.
{"title":"Classification of Exogenous Factors Contributing to the Itch Response","authors":"Christopher B. Yelverton, G. Yosipovitch","doi":"10.1159/000091901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000091901","url":null,"abstract":"Itch is a common sensation and a component of numerous disease states. Itch can be classified according to its origin and may be modulated by both endogenous and exogenous factors. Recent research has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms of itch, but there are still many areas to be explored. The purpose of this article is to classify the common causes of exogenous itch in humans. To facilitate this, a Medline literature review was conducted using the MeSH search term ‘pruritus’ along with relevant associated subheadings to identify articles dealing with exogenous factors related to itch. Factors relevant to exogenous itch were classified into mechanical, chemical, and environmental components. A better understanding of the various mechanisms of pruritus is critical to effective research into the treatment of itch.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88730787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD), the most common inflammatory skin disease in children, has increased over the last decade. Although there is a genetic predisposition to AD, there is strong evidence suggesting a crucial role for environmental factors. The etiology of AD is probably multifactorial and includes interactions between the genetic predisposition and exogenous provocation factors. Many specific exogenous factors have been associated with the disease. These factors include, house dust mites, irritants, dietary allergens, air pollution, etc. In the present paper we try to review the most important factors that have been implicated in the etiology of AD.
{"title":"Exogenous Factors in Atopic Dermatitis","authors":"E. Guttman‐Yassky","doi":"10.1159/000091902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000091902","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD), the most common inflammatory skin disease in children, has increased over the last decade. Although there is a genetic predisposition to AD, there is strong evidence suggesting a crucial role for environmental factors. The etiology of AD is probably multifactorial and includes interactions between the genetic predisposition and exogenous provocation factors. Many specific exogenous factors have been associated with the disease. These factors include, house dust mites, irritants, dietary allergens, air pollution, etc. In the present paper we try to review the most important factors that have been implicated in the etiology of AD.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90719346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent biological mediator that can be produced in wounds by activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Its presence appears to be beneficial to the healing process by promoting vasodilation and boosting both migration and synthetic activity of fibroblasts. Chronic leg ulcers differ from acute experimental wounds because the connective tissue and microvascularization of the ulcer bed are strikingly remod elled in chronic wounds. In addition, a critical bacterial colonization from the environment is also often present, and with deleterious effects. As such, NO release in leg ulcers may prove to be beneficial by improving the microvasculature and fibroblast functions, and by its antimicrobial effect. However, any excess in NO could become cytotoxic for keratinocytes, thus impeding re- epithelialization. Furthermore, chronic NO release could be involved in the cancerogenesis process leading to Marjolin ulcer. In conclusion, NO induced by environment factors mediates contrasted effects in wound healing that may be beneficial or detrimental for the patient.
{"title":"The Conundrum of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Chronic Leg Ulcers","authors":"P. Quatresooz, P. Paquet, G. Piérard","doi":"10.1159/000091907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000091907","url":null,"abstract":"Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent biological mediator that can be produced in wounds by activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Its presence appears to be beneficial to the healing process by promoting vasodilation and boosting both migration and synthetic activity of fibroblasts. Chronic leg ulcers differ from acute experimental wounds because the connective tissue and microvascularization of the ulcer bed are strikingly remod elled in chronic wounds. In addition, a critical bacterial colonization from the environment is also often present, and with deleterious effects. As such, NO release in leg ulcers may prove to be beneficial by improving the microvasculature and fibroblast functions, and by its antimicrobial effect. However, any excess in NO could become cytotoxic for keratinocytes, thus impeding re- epithelialization. Furthermore, chronic NO release could be involved in the cancerogenesis process leading to Marjolin ulcer. In conclusion, NO induced by environment factors mediates contrasted effects in wound healing that may be beneficial or detrimental for the patient.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83985293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：