The cutaneous response to irritants can be influenced by various factors including the characteristic of irritants, the mode of exposure, environmental and host-related factors. It has been suggested that irritants can be divided into two types: corrosive and noncorrosive. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) has been considered as a typical corrosive irritant and nonanoic acid (NAA) an example of a noncorrosive irritant. We applied SLS and NAA solutions on the volar forearm skin for 24 h and measured transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema indices to evaluate some differences in the profile of irritant reaction and skin functions between corrosive and noncorrosive irritation. In our study of TEWL measurements, SLS solutions caused higher TEWL values than NAA solutions, and the slope of the SLS curve was steeper than that of the NAA curve in relation to the concentrations of SLS and NAA. There was a tendency for the TEWL values to plateau at higher NAA concentrations. In the study of the time course of TEWL and erythema indices, TEWL values returned to baseline after 3 weeks in areas patch-tested with 50% NAA, but they did not recover baseline values until 3 weeks in the corresponding areas tested with 5% SLS. However, both SLS and NAA solutions showed a very similar pattern of erythema indices. Our data suggest that skin injuries induced by SLS might need a more prolonged recovery time for TEWL than NAA injuries. SLS, the corrosive irritant, showed a different pattern of cutaneous functional change compared with NAA, the noncorrosive irritant. NAA could also be considered as one of the model irritants in a study of irritant contact dermatitis using a noncorrosive irritant.
{"title":"A Comparison Study of Nonanoic Acid and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate in Skin Irritation","authors":"Cheol Heon Lee, H. W. Kim, Hee-jin Han, C. Park","doi":"10.1159/000084139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000084139","url":null,"abstract":"The cutaneous response to irritants can be influenced by various factors including the characteristic of irritants, the mode of exposure, environmental and host-related factors. It has been suggested that irritants can be divided into two types: corrosive and noncorrosive. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) has been considered as a typical corrosive irritant and nonanoic acid (NAA) an example of a noncorrosive irritant. We applied SLS and NAA solutions on the volar forearm skin for 24 h and measured transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema indices to evaluate some differences in the profile of irritant reaction and skin functions between corrosive and noncorrosive irritation. In our study of TEWL measurements, SLS solutions caused higher TEWL values than NAA solutions, and the slope of the SLS curve was steeper than that of the NAA curve in relation to the concentrations of SLS and NAA. There was a tendency for the TEWL values to plateau at higher NAA concentrations. In the study of the time course of TEWL and erythema indices, TEWL values returned to baseline after 3 weeks in areas patch-tested with 50% NAA, but they did not recover baseline values until 3 weeks in the corresponding areas tested with 5% SLS. However, both SLS and NAA solutions showed a very similar pattern of erythema indices. Our data suggest that skin injuries induced by SLS might need a more prolonged recovery time for TEWL than NAA injuries. SLS, the corrosive irritant, showed a different pattern of cutaneous functional change compared with NAA, the noncorrosive irritant. NAA could also be considered as one of the model irritants in a study of irritant contact dermatitis using a noncorrosive irritant.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76592202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abrasive agents used as exfoliants in acne and xerotic skin conditions have been criticized for being double-edged swords that might create more skin damage than benefit due to exaggerated use. Paradoxically, it has been demonstrated that scrub creams may induce beneficial changes in human skin similar to treatment with topical tretinoin. In the present study, the efficacy of an aluminum-oxide-based scrub cream in combination with an α-hydroxy acid formulation was compared to the α-hydroxy acid formulation alone in 12 elderly female volunteers with itchy, xerotic leg skin. Following a 2-week washout period, the midportions of the lower lateral legs were treated with the combined treatment on one leg and with the α-hydroxy acid formulation on the other for 3 weeks. Clinical scoring, self-assessment as well as objective measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and hydration were performed at baseline and 3 days after the last treatment. In 3 volunteers, punch biopsies were obtained at the same time points. Both treatment strategies improved xerosis and pruritus, the combined treatment was statistically more effective. Hydration was not affected by the treatments, whereas TEWL was significantly reduced by both treatments, more so with the α-hydroxy acid formulation, indicating an improvement in barrier function. The clinical and instrumental findings were supported by histological findings following the combined treatment showing thickening of the epidermis and partial correction of epidermal atypia indicating increased epidermal proliferation. It appears that the combination treatment used in a controlled fashion has the potential for reversing some of the changes induced by photoaging. The changes induced are most likely due to unspecific mechanical stimulation of epidermal proliferation in combination with increased exfoliation.
{"title":"Efficacy of an Aluminum Oxide Scrub Cream in the Treatment of Xerotic Skin of the Elderly","authors":"F. Andersen, K. H. Andersen, A. Kligman","doi":"10.1159/000085573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000085573","url":null,"abstract":"Abrasive agents used as exfoliants in acne and xerotic skin conditions have been criticized for being double-edged swords that might create more skin damage than benefit due to exaggerated use. Paradoxically, it has been demonstrated that scrub creams may induce beneficial changes in human skin similar to treatment with topical tretinoin. In the present study, the efficacy of an aluminum-oxide-based scrub cream in combination with an α-hydroxy acid formulation was compared to the α-hydroxy acid formulation alone in 12 elderly female volunteers with itchy, xerotic leg skin. Following a 2-week washout period, the midportions of the lower lateral legs were treated with the combined treatment on one leg and with the α-hydroxy acid formulation on the other for 3 weeks. Clinical scoring, self-assessment as well as objective measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and hydration were performed at baseline and 3 days after the last treatment. In 3 volunteers, punch biopsies were obtained at the same time points. Both treatment strategies improved xerosis and pruritus, the combined treatment was statistically more effective. Hydration was not affected by the treatments, whereas TEWL was significantly reduced by both treatments, more so with the α-hydroxy acid formulation, indicating an improvement in barrier function. The clinical and instrumental findings were supported by histological findings following the combined treatment showing thickening of the epidermis and partial correction of epidermal atypia indicating increased epidermal proliferation. It appears that the combination treatment used in a controlled fashion has the potential for reversing some of the changes induced by photoaging. The changes induced are most likely due to unspecific mechanical stimulation of epidermal proliferation in combination with increased exfoliation.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84597641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Uhoda, C. Piérard‐franchimont, B. Debatisse, Xuemin Wang, G. Piérard
Background: The stratum corneum (SC) structure and functions are altered by surfactants. Enhancing the repair mechanisms is a goal for some skin care formulations. Aim: To design an experimental procedure allowing the discrimination of repair efficacy for topical products applied to threatened SC. Method: Controlled SC strippings followed by repeated forearm soak sessions in surfactant solutions were used to compromise the SC barrier function in 20 volunteers. Two test formulations were compared. They were applied twice daily for 2 weeks before initiating the SC damages, and for the next 2 weeks while sustaining the procedure of soak sessions. Daily assessments involved objective measurements of parameters including transepidermal water loss, the value of the passive sustainable SC hydration and the epidermal turnover rate using the dihydroxyacetone test. Result: The experimental procedure allowed to clearly distinguish the differences in the kinetics of SC repair between the topical formulations. In the present study design, the repair of the barrier function mirrored the SC renewal. Conclusion: The present experimental design slows down the repair rate of the SC barrier function. Thus, it increases the sensitivity of biometrological measurements assessing some of the major SC properties. It also better mimics the common in vivo situation experienced by subjects chronically exposed to irritant xenobiotics.
{"title":"Repair Kinetics of the Stratum corneum under Repeated Insults","authors":"E. Uhoda, C. Piérard‐franchimont, B. Debatisse, Xuemin Wang, G. Piérard","doi":"10.1159/000083463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000083463","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The stratum corneum (SC) structure and functions are altered by surfactants. Enhancing the repair mechanisms is a goal for some skin care formulations. Aim: To design an experimental procedure allowing the discrimination of repair efficacy for topical products applied to threatened SC. Method: Controlled SC strippings followed by repeated forearm soak sessions in surfactant solutions were used to compromise the SC barrier function in 20 volunteers. Two test formulations were compared. They were applied twice daily for 2 weeks before initiating the SC damages, and for the next 2 weeks while sustaining the procedure of soak sessions. Daily assessments involved objective measurements of parameters including transepidermal water loss, the value of the passive sustainable SC hydration and the epidermal turnover rate using the dihydroxyacetone test. Result: The experimental procedure allowed to clearly distinguish the differences in the kinetics of SC repair between the topical formulations. In the present study design, the repair of the barrier function mirrored the SC renewal. Conclusion: The present experimental design slows down the repair rate of the SC barrier function. Thus, it increases the sensitivity of biometrological measurements assessing some of the major SC properties. It also better mimics the common in vivo situation experienced by subjects chronically exposed to irritant xenobiotics.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72891771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) burns have been occurring with ever-increasing frequency due to the wide use of HFA in industrial fields, such as electronics and semiconductor industries. HFA is one of the strongest inorganic acids and is capable of producing extremely serious and progressively destructive skin burns, with potential serious systemic effects and even death. It is therefore of great importance that clinicians understand the unique characteristics of such burns and the fundamentals of their treatment. Herein we aim to present the clinical features of HFA burns, histopathological studies using guinea pigs and several therapeutic methodologies along with 4 cases of HFA burns we experienced, showing the importance of early initial treatment.
{"title":"Hydrofluoric Acid Burns","authors":"K. Kim, Yong-Tae Park, J. Yoo, T. Park","doi":"10.1159/000083464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000083464","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) burns have been occurring with ever-increasing frequency due to the wide use of HFA in industrial fields, such as electronics and semiconductor industries. HFA is one of the strongest inorganic acids and is capable of producing extremely serious and progressively destructive skin burns, with potential serious systemic effects and even death. It is therefore of great importance that clinicians understand the unique characteristics of such burns and the fundamentals of their treatment. Herein we aim to present the clinical features of HFA burns, histopathological studies using guinea pigs and several therapeutic methodologies along with 4 cases of HFA burns we experienced, showing the importance of early initial treatment.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77829083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fragrance material amylcinnamic aldehyde (ACA) has been cited as a frequent cause of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). A review of the literature shows that when the underlying clinical and experimental data are analyzed, a clear cause-effect relationship has infrequently or rarely been established. On the basis of the generally weak sensitizing potential of this substance coupled with its generally low exposure conditions, the prevalence of clinical cases would not be expected to be particularly high. This is not to say that ACA is a frequent inducer of low-intensity but subclinical, type IV allergy in members of the public. It remains to be seen however, how often such allergy, once established, is responsible for any of the cases of ACD commonly ascribed in the literature. Indeed, in some cases, patch test conditions may not be optimal for differentiating between clinically relevant and irrelevant allergy to ACA.
{"title":"Is There Evidence that Amylcinnamic Aldehyde Causes Allergic Contact Dermatitis?","authors":"J. Hostynek,","doi":"10.1159/000085456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000085456","url":null,"abstract":"The fragrance material amylcinnamic aldehyde (ACA) has been cited as a frequent cause of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). A review of the literature shows that when the underlying clinical and experimental data are analyzed, a clear cause-effect relationship has infrequently or rarely been established. On the basis of the generally weak sensitizing potential of this substance coupled with its generally low exposure conditions, the prevalence of clinical cases would not be expected to be particularly high. This is not to say that ACA is a frequent inducer of low-intensity but subclinical, type IV allergy in members of the public. It remains to be seen however, how often such allergy, once established, is responsible for any of the cases of ACD commonly ascribed in the literature. Indeed, in some cases, patch test conditions may not be optimal for differentiating between clinically relevant and irrelevant allergy to ACA.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79699860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Zhai, C. D. Villarama, Z. H. Hafeez, H. Maibach
Background: Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is commonly treated with topical corticosteroids. MAS063D (‘Atopiclair’) is a nonsteroidal effective in atopic dermatitis. Objective: To determine the efficacy of a topical agent, MAS063D, in managing ICD. Methods: Two sites of ICD were created using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in 20 volunteers; MAS063D was then applied to one and a vehicle-only control to the other. Measurements were taken at baseline, 24, 48 and 72 h. Results: The objective measurements of blood flow volume (BFV), skin color (a*) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) all showed statistically significant benefits of MAS063D over the vehicle-only control. BFV and a* were significantly better at all time points (p = 0.046, p = 0.045, respectively, at 72 h) and TEWL at 48 and 72 h (p = 0.02 at 72 h). Conclusion: MAS063D demonstrated benefits over vehicle in three clinically meaningful outcomes of SLS-induced ICD.
{"title":"Efficacy of a Topical Agent, MAS063D (‘Atopiclair’), in the Treatment of Sodium Lauryl Sulphate-Induced Irritant Contact Dermatitis","authors":"H. Zhai, C. D. Villarama, Z. H. Hafeez, H. Maibach","doi":"10.1159/000081567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000081567","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is commonly treated with topical corticosteroids. MAS063D (‘Atopiclair’) is a nonsteroidal effective in atopic dermatitis. Objective: To determine the efficacy of a topical agent, MAS063D, in managing ICD. Methods: Two sites of ICD were created using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in 20 volunteers; MAS063D was then applied to one and a vehicle-only control to the other. Measurements were taken at baseline, 24, 48 and 72 h. Results: The objective measurements of blood flow volume (BFV), skin color (a*) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) all showed statistically significant benefits of MAS063D over the vehicle-only control. BFV and a* were significantly better at all time points (p = 0.046, p = 0.045, respectively, at 72 h) and TEWL at 48 and 72 h (p = 0.02 at 72 h). Conclusion: MAS063D demonstrated benefits over vehicle in three clinically meaningful outcomes of SLS-induced ICD.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81158590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Hostynek,, H. Maibach, H. Zhai, C. D. Villarama, Z. H. Hafeez, A. Ormerod, P. Woo, J. Islam, J. Moran, M. Cals-Grierson, J. Minang, N. Ahlborg, M. Troye-Blomberg, M. Choi
{"title":"Acknowledgement to Referees for Exogenous Dermatology 2003","authors":"J. Hostynek,, H. Maibach, H. Zhai, C. D. Villarama, Z. H. Hafeez, A. Ormerod, P. Woo, J. Islam, J. Moran, M. Cals-Grierson, J. Minang, N. Ahlborg, M. Troye-Blomberg, M. Choi","doi":"10.1159/000082689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000082689","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76910385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The ELISpot assay is a potential tool for in vitro diagnosis of contact allergy to nickel (Ni2+). A reduction of the assay time and work should further facilitate the development of ELISpot-based clinical and diagnostic applications. Objective: It was the aim of this study to evaluate a simplified ELISpot protocol utilizing plates precoated with capture monoclonal antibody (mAb) and one-step detection by an enzyme-labelled mAb. Methods: The frequency of Ni2+-induced IFN-γ-, IL-4- or IL-13-producing cells in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Ni2+-reactive and non-reactive subjects was determined. The simplified ELISpot was performed in parallel with a regular ELISpot assay utilizing overnight adsorption of capture mAb and detection in 2 steps. Results: Ni2+-induced IL-4 and IL-13 production was significantly greater in Ni2+-reactive subjects compared to the controls. The number of antigen-specific, cytokine-producing cells determined by the 2 different ELISpot protocols correlated well. Conclusion: The simplified ELISpot protocol provides a more rapid and easy alternative to the regular ELISpot, with a similar detection sensitivity for antigen-specific T-cell responses.
{"title":"A Simplified ELISpot Assay Protocol Used for Detection of Human Interleukin-4, Interleukin-13 and Interferon-γ Production in Response to the Contact Allergen Nickel","authors":"J. Minang, N. Ahlborg, M. Troye-Blomberg","doi":"10.1159/000081568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000081568","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The ELISpot assay is a potential tool for in vitro diagnosis of contact allergy to nickel (Ni2+). A reduction of the assay time and work should further facilitate the development of ELISpot-based clinical and diagnostic applications. Objective: It was the aim of this study to evaluate a simplified ELISpot protocol utilizing plates precoated with capture monoclonal antibody (mAb) and one-step detection by an enzyme-labelled mAb. Methods: The frequency of Ni2+-induced IFN-γ-, IL-4- or IL-13-producing cells in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Ni2+-reactive and non-reactive subjects was determined. The simplified ELISpot was performed in parallel with a regular ELISpot assay utilizing overnight adsorption of capture mAb and detection in 2 steps. Results: Ni2+-induced IL-4 and IL-13 production was significantly greater in Ni2+-reactive subjects compared to the controls. The number of antigen-specific, cytokine-producing cells determined by the 2 different ELISpot protocols correlated well. Conclusion: The simplified ELISpot protocol provides a more rapid and easy alternative to the regular ELISpot, with a similar detection sensitivity for antigen-specific T-cell responses.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73745664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ormerod, P. Woo, J. Islam, J. Moran, M. Cals-Grierson
Background: Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis is upregulated in dermatitis and may be involved in the modulation of keratinocyte proliferation and formation of the cornified envelope. Objective: To examine the possible effects of modulators of NO production on erythema and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) induced by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Methods: Ten volunteers were patch tested with water and SLS 0.2, 0.5 and 1%. The outcomes of TEWL and erythema were assessed at 1, 6, 25 and 49 h. The effects of the NO inhibitors, L-NAME, extracts of Olea europa and Ginkgo biloba (as 1% gel solutions) and of the NO donor, glyceryl trinitrate (as 2% ointment) were evaluated. Results: L-NAME and the plant extracts reduced TEWL. The TEWL induced by 0.5% SLS was significantly diminished by L-NAME at 1 and 6 h and by ginkgo extract at 6 and 49 h. Erythema was too mild for reflectance measurements to show significant inhibition, but erythema scores tended to be lower at 6 h the application of NO inhibitors. Conclusion: NO inhibitors may protect skin barrier function from the adverse effects of chemical irritants.
{"title":"An Investigation into the Effect of the Nitric Oxide Synthase Antagonist L-NAME and Plant Extracts on the Irritability and Barrier Function of the Skin","authors":"A. Ormerod, P. Woo, J. Islam, J. Moran, M. Cals-Grierson","doi":"10.1159/000081566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000081566","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis is upregulated in dermatitis and may be involved in the modulation of keratinocyte proliferation and formation of the cornified envelope. Objective: To examine the possible effects of modulators of NO production on erythema and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) induced by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Methods: Ten volunteers were patch tested with water and SLS 0.2, 0.5 and 1%. The outcomes of TEWL and erythema were assessed at 1, 6, 25 and 49 h. The effects of the NO inhibitors, L-NAME, extracts of Olea europa and Ginkgo biloba (as 1% gel solutions) and of the NO donor, glyceryl trinitrate (as 2% ointment) were evaluated. Results: L-NAME and the plant extracts reduced TEWL. The TEWL induced by 0.5% SLS was significantly diminished by L-NAME at 1 and 6 h and by ginkgo extract at 6 and 49 h. Erythema was too mild for reflectance measurements to show significant inhibition, but erythema scores tended to be lower at 6 h the application of NO inhibitors. Conclusion: NO inhibitors may protect skin barrier function from the adverse effects of chemical irritants.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74182019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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