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A Comparison Study of Nonanoic Acid and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate in Skin Irritation 壬酸与十二烷基硫酸钠对皮肤刺激的比较研究
Pub Date : 2005-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000084139
Cheol Heon Lee, H. W. Kim, Hee-jin Han, C. Park
The cutaneous response to irritants can be influenced by various factors including the characteristic of irritants, the mode of exposure, environmental and host-related factors. It has been suggested that irritants can be divided into two types: corrosive and noncorrosive. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) has been considered as a typical corrosive irritant and nonanoic acid (NAA) an example of a noncorrosive irritant. We applied SLS and NAA solutions on the volar forearm skin for 24 h and measured transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema indices to evaluate some differences in the profile of irritant reaction and skin functions between corrosive and noncorrosive irritation. In our study of TEWL measurements, SLS solutions caused higher TEWL values than NAA solutions, and the slope of the SLS curve was steeper than that of the NAA curve in relation to the concentrations of SLS and NAA. There was a tendency for the TEWL values to plateau at higher NAA concentrations. In the study of the time course of TEWL and erythema indices, TEWL values returned to baseline after 3 weeks in areas patch-tested with 50% NAA, but they did not recover baseline values until 3 weeks in the corresponding areas tested with 5% SLS. However, both SLS and NAA solutions showed a very similar pattern of erythema indices. Our data suggest that skin injuries induced by SLS might need a more prolonged recovery time for TEWL than NAA injuries. SLS, the corrosive irritant, showed a different pattern of cutaneous functional change compared with NAA, the noncorrosive irritant. NAA could also be considered as one of the model irritants in a study of irritant contact dermatitis using a noncorrosive irritant.
皮肤对刺激物的反应可受到多种因素的影响,包括刺激物的特性、暴露方式、环境和宿主相关因素。有人建议,刺激物可分为两类:腐蚀性和非腐蚀性。十二烷基硫酸钠(SLS)被认为是一种典型的腐蚀性刺激物,而壬酸(NAA)则被认为是一种非腐蚀性刺激物。我们将SLS和NAA溶液应用于前臂掌侧皮肤24小时,并测量经皮失水(TEWL)和红斑指数,以评估腐蚀性和非腐蚀性刺激在刺激反应和皮肤功能方面的一些差异。在我们的TEWL测量研究中,SLS溶液的TEWL值高于NAA溶液,SLS曲线与SLS和NAA浓度的关系斜率比NAA曲线陡。在NAA浓度较高时,TEWL值趋于平稳。在TEWL和红斑指数的时间过程研究中,用50% NAA贴片测试的区域TEWL值在3周后恢复到基线值,而用5% SLS测试的相应区域TEWL值直到3周后才恢复到基线值。然而,SLS和NAA溶液的红斑指数模式非常相似。我们的数据表明,SLS引起的皮肤损伤可能比NAA损伤需要更长的TEWL恢复时间。与非腐蚀性刺激物NAA相比,腐蚀性刺激物SLS表现出不同的皮肤功能改变模式。NAA也可以被认为是使用非腐蚀性刺激物研究刺激性接触性皮炎的模型刺激物之一。
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引用次数: 2
Efficacy of an Aluminum Oxide Scrub Cream in the Treatment of Xerotic Skin of the Elderly 氧化铝磨砂膏治疗老年皮肤干燥的疗效观察
Pub Date : 2005-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000085573
F. Andersen, K. H. Andersen, A. Kligman
Abrasive agents used as exfoliants in acne and xerotic skin conditions have been criticized for being double-edged swords that might create more skin damage than benefit due to exaggerated use. Paradoxically, it has been demonstrated that scrub creams may induce beneficial changes in human skin similar to treatment with topical tretinoin. In the present study, the efficacy of an aluminum-oxide-based scrub cream in combination with an α-hydroxy acid formulation was compared to the α-hydroxy acid formulation alone in 12 elderly female volunteers with itchy, xerotic leg skin. Following a 2-week washout period, the midportions of the lower lateral legs were treated with the combined treatment on one leg and with the α-hydroxy acid formulation on the other for 3 weeks. Clinical scoring, self-assessment as well as objective measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and hydration were performed at baseline and 3 days after the last treatment. In 3 volunteers, punch biopsies were obtained at the same time points. Both treatment strategies improved xerosis and pruritus, the combined treatment was statistically more effective. Hydration was not affected by the treatments, whereas TEWL was significantly reduced by both treatments, more so with the α-hydroxy acid formulation, indicating an improvement in barrier function. The clinical and instrumental findings were supported by histological findings following the combined treatment showing thickening of the epidermis and partial correction of epidermal atypia indicating increased epidermal proliferation. It appears that the combination treatment used in a controlled fashion has the potential for reversing some of the changes induced by photoaging. The changes induced are most likely due to unspecific mechanical stimulation of epidermal proliferation in combination with increased exfoliation.
用于痤疮和干燥皮肤的磨砂剂被批评为双刃剑,因为过度使用可能会造成更多的皮肤损伤而不是益处。矛盾的是,已经证明磨砂膏可能会引起人体皮肤的有益变化,类似于局部维甲酸治疗。在本研究中,我们比较了氧化铝基磨砂膏联合α-羟基酸制剂与单独α-羟基酸制剂对12名老年女性志愿者腿部皮肤瘙痒干燥的疗效。洗脱期2周后,下外侧腿中部采用一条腿联合治疗,另一条腿采用α-羟基酸制剂治疗,疗程3周。在基线和末次治疗后3天进行临床评分、自我评估以及经皮失水(TEWL)和水化的客观测量。3名志愿者在同一时间点进行穿孔活检。两种治疗策略均改善了干燥和瘙痒,联合治疗在统计学上更有效。水合作用不受两种处理的影响,但TEWL均显著降低,α-羟基酸处理的效果更明显,表明屏障功能得到改善。联合治疗后的组织学结果支持临床和仪器检查结果,显示表皮增厚和表皮非典型性的部分纠正,表明表皮增殖增加。看来,以一种可控的方式使用的联合治疗有可能逆转由光老化引起的一些变化。诱导的变化很可能是由于表皮增生的非特异性机械刺激加上脱落增加。
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引用次数: 3
Repair Kinetics of the Stratum corneum under Repeated Insults 反复损伤下角质层的修复动力学
Pub Date : 2005-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000083463
E. Uhoda, C. Piérard‐franchimont, B. Debatisse, Xuemin Wang, G. Piérard
Background: The stratum corneum (SC) structure and functions are altered by surfactants. Enhancing the repair mechanisms is a goal for some skin care formulations. Aim: To design an experimental procedure allowing the discrimination of repair efficacy for topical products applied to threatened SC. Method: Controlled SC strippings followed by repeated forearm soak sessions in surfactant solutions were used to compromise the SC barrier function in 20 volunteers. Two test formulations were compared. They were applied twice daily for 2 weeks before initiating the SC damages, and for the next 2 weeks while sustaining the procedure of soak sessions. Daily assessments involved objective measurements of parameters including transepidermal water loss, the value of the passive sustainable SC hydration and the epidermal turnover rate using the dihydroxyacetone test. Result: The experimental procedure allowed to clearly distinguish the differences in the kinetics of SC repair between the topical formulations. In the present study design, the repair of the barrier function mirrored the SC renewal. Conclusion: The present experimental design slows down the repair rate of the SC barrier function. Thus, it increases the sensitivity of biometrological measurements assessing some of the major SC properties. It also better mimics the common in vivo situation experienced by subjects chronically exposed to irritant xenobiotics.
背景:表面活性剂改变了角质层(SC)的结构和功能。增强修复机制是一些护肤配方的目标。目的:设计一种实验程序,可以区分外用产品对受损SC的修复效果。方法:对20名志愿者进行对照SC剥离,然后在表面活性剂溶液中反复浸泡前臂,以损害SC屏障功能。比较了两种试验配方。在开始SC损害之前,每天应用两次,持续2周,并在接下来的2周内持续浸泡过程。日常评估包括客观测量参数,包括经皮失水、被动可持续SC水化值和使用二羟丙酮试验的表皮周转率。结果:实验程序允许清楚地区分在局部配方之间的SC修复动力学的差异。在本研究设计中,屏障功能的修复反映了SC的更新。结论:本实验设计减缓了SC屏障功能的修复速度。因此,它增加了生物计量测量评估一些主要SC属性的灵敏度。它还可以更好地模拟长期暴露于刺激性外源性药物的受试者所经历的常见体内情况。
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引用次数: 20
Hydrofluoric Acid Burns 氢氟酸烧伤
Pub Date : 2005-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000083464
K. Kim, Yong-Tae Park, J. Yoo, T. Park
Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) burns have been occurring with ever-increasing frequency due to the wide use of HFA in industrial fields, such as electronics and semiconductor industries. HFA is one of the strongest inorganic acids and is capable of producing extremely serious and progressively destructive skin burns, with potential serious systemic effects and even death. It is therefore of great importance that clinicians understand the unique characteristics of such burns and the fundamentals of their treatment. Herein we aim to present the clinical features of HFA burns, histopathological studies using guinea pigs and several therapeutic methodologies along with 4 cases of HFA burns we experienced, showing the importance of early initial treatment.
由于氢氟酸在电子、半导体等工业领域的广泛应用,氢氟酸烧伤的发生频率越来越高。HFA是最强的无机酸之一,能够产生极其严重和逐渐破坏性的皮肤烧伤,具有潜在的严重全身影响甚至死亡。因此,临床医生了解这种烧伤的独特特征及其治疗的基本原理是非常重要的。在此,我们旨在介绍HFA烧伤的临床特征,豚鼠的组织病理学研究和几种治疗方法,以及我们所经历的4例HFA烧伤,显示早期初始治疗的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Is There Evidence that Amylcinnamic Aldehyde Causes Allergic Contact Dermatitis? 有证据表明肉桂醛会引起过敏性接触性皮炎吗?
Pub Date : 2005-06-01 DOI: 10.1159/000085456
J. Hostynek,
The fragrance material amylcinnamic aldehyde (ACA) has been cited as a frequent cause of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). A review of the literature shows that when the underlying clinical and experimental data are analyzed, a clear cause-effect relationship has infrequently or rarely been established. On the basis of the generally weak sensitizing potential of this substance coupled with its generally low exposure conditions, the prevalence of clinical cases would not be expected to be particularly high. This is not to say that ACA is a frequent inducer of low-intensity but subclinical, type IV allergy in members of the public. It remains to be seen however, how often such allergy, once established, is responsible for any of the cases of ACD commonly ascribed in the literature. Indeed, in some cases, patch test conditions may not be optimal for differentiating between clinically relevant and irrelevant allergy to ACA.
芳香物质淀粉肉桂醛(ACA)被认为是过敏性接触性皮炎(ACD)的常见原因。对文献的回顾表明,当分析潜在的临床和实验数据时,很少或很少建立明确的因果关系。鉴于该物质的致敏潜力普遍较弱,再加上其暴露条件普遍较低,预计临床病例的发生率不会特别高。这并不是说ACA是公众中低强度但亚临床的IV型过敏的常见诱因。然而,这种过敏一旦确定,在文献中通常被认为是ACD病例的原因,其频率还有待观察。事实上,在某些情况下,斑贴试验条件可能不是鉴别ACA临床相关和不相关过敏的最佳方法。
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引用次数: 6
Efficacy of a Topical Agent, MAS063D (‘Atopiclair’), in the Treatment of Sodium Lauryl Sulphate-Induced Irritant Contact Dermatitis 局部用药MAS063D(“特应克莱尔”)治疗月桂醇硫酸钠诱发的刺激性接触性皮炎的疗效
Pub Date : 2004-12-01 DOI: 10.1159/000081567
H. Zhai, C. D. Villarama, Z. H. Hafeez, H. Maibach
Background: Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is commonly treated with topical corticosteroids. MAS063D (‘Atopiclair’) is a nonsteroidal effective in atopic dermatitis. Objective: To determine the efficacy of a topical agent, MAS063D, in managing ICD. Methods: Two sites of ICD were created using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in 20 volunteers; MAS063D was then applied to one and a vehicle-only control to the other. Measurements were taken at baseline, 24, 48 and 72 h. Results: The objective measurements of blood flow volume (BFV), skin color (a*) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) all showed statistically significant benefits of MAS063D over the vehicle-only control. BFV and a* were significantly better at all time points (p = 0.046, p = 0.045, respectively, at 72 h) and TEWL at 48 and 72 h (p = 0.02 at 72 h). Conclusion: MAS063D demonstrated benefits over vehicle in three clinically meaningful outcomes of SLS-induced ICD.
背景:刺激性接触性皮炎(ICD)常用外用皮质类固醇治疗。MAS063D(‘Atopiclair’)是治疗特应性皮炎有效的非甾体类药物。目的:探讨局部用药MAS063D治疗ICD的疗效。方法:采用月桂醇硫酸钠(SLS)对20名志愿者进行2个部位的ICD创制;然后将MAS063D应用于其中一个,并对另一个进行仅限车辆控制。在基线、24、48和72小时进行测量。结果:客观测量的血流量(BFV)、肤色(a*)和经皮失水(TEWL)均显示MAS063D比纯对照具有统计学意义。在所有时间点,BFV和a*均显著改善(分别在72 h时p = 0.046, p = 0.045), TEWL在48和72 h时均显著改善(在72 h时p = 0.02)。结论:MAS063D在sls诱导ICD的三个有临床意义的结局中均优于载药。
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引用次数: 9
Acknowledgement to Referees for Exogenous Dermatology 2003 感谢2003年外源性皮肤病学会议的评审人
Pub Date : 2004-12-01 DOI: 10.1159/000082689
J. Hostynek,, H. Maibach, H. Zhai, C. D. Villarama, Z. H. Hafeez, A. Ormerod, P. Woo, J. Islam, J. Moran, M. Cals-Grierson, J. Minang, N. Ahlborg, M. Troye-Blomberg, M. Choi
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引用次数: 0
A Simplified ELISpot Assay Protocol Used for Detection of Human Interleukin-4, Interleukin-13 and Interferon-γ Production in Response to the Contact Allergen Nickel 一种用于检测人对接触性变应原镍产生的白细胞介素-4、白细胞介素-13和干扰素-γ的简化ELISpot检测方案
Pub Date : 2004-12-01 DOI: 10.1159/000081568
J. Minang, N. Ahlborg, M. Troye-Blomberg
Background: The ELISpot assay is a potential tool for in vitro diagnosis of contact allergy to nickel (Ni2+). A reduction of the assay time and work should further facilitate the development of ELISpot-based clinical and diagnostic applications. Objective: It was the aim of this study to evaluate a simplified ELISpot protocol utilizing plates precoated with capture monoclonal antibody (mAb) and one-step detection by an enzyme-labelled mAb. Methods: The frequency of Ni2+-induced IFN-γ-, IL-4- or IL-13-producing cells in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Ni2+-reactive and non-reactive subjects was determined. The simplified ELISpot was performed in parallel with a regular ELISpot assay utilizing overnight adsorption of capture mAb and detection in 2 steps. Results: Ni2+-induced IL-4 and IL-13 production was significantly greater in Ni2+-reactive subjects compared to the controls. The number of antigen-specific, cytokine-producing cells determined by the 2 different ELISpot protocols correlated well. Conclusion: The simplified ELISpot protocol provides a more rapid and easy alternative to the regular ELISpot, with a similar detection sensitivity for antigen-specific T-cell responses.
背景:ELISpot法是体外诊断镍(Ni2+)接触性过敏的潜在工具。减少分析时间和工作将进一步促进基于elispot的临床和诊断应用的发展。目的:本研究的目的是评估一种简化的ELISpot方案,该方案利用预先包被捕获的单克隆抗体(mAb)的板和酶标记的mAb一步检测。方法:测定Ni2+反应性和非反应性人外周血单核细胞中产生IFN-γ-、IL-4-和il -13细胞的频率。简化ELISpot与常规ELISpot平行进行,利用隔夜吸附捕获mAb并分2步检测。结果:Ni2+诱导的IL-4和IL-13的产生在Ni2+反应的受试者中显著高于对照组。通过两种不同的ELISpot方案测定的抗原特异性细胞因子产生细胞的数量相关性良好。结论:与常规ELISpot相比,简化的ELISpot方案提供了一种更快速、更简便的替代方案,对抗原特异性t细胞反应的检测灵敏度相似。
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引用次数: 10
An Investigation into the Effect of the Nitric Oxide Synthase Antagonist L-NAME and Plant Extracts on the Irritability and Barrier Function of the Skin 一氧化氮合酶拮抗剂L-NAME与植物提取物对皮肤过敏性和屏障功能影响的研究
Pub Date : 2004-12-01 DOI: 10.1159/000081566
A. Ormerod, P. Woo, J. Islam, J. Moran, M. Cals-Grierson
Background: Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis is upregulated in dermatitis and may be involved in the modulation of keratinocyte proliferation and formation of the cornified envelope. Objective: To examine the possible effects of modulators of NO production on erythema and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) induced by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Methods: Ten volunteers were patch tested with water and SLS 0.2, 0.5 and 1%. The outcomes of TEWL and erythema were assessed at 1, 6, 25 and 49 h. The effects of the NO inhibitors, L-NAME, extracts of Olea europa and Ginkgo biloba (as 1% gel solutions) and of the NO donor, glyceryl trinitrate (as 2% ointment) were evaluated. Results: L-NAME and the plant extracts reduced TEWL. The TEWL induced by 0.5% SLS was significantly diminished by L-NAME at 1 and 6 h and by ginkgo extract at 6 and 49 h. Erythema was too mild for reflectance measurements to show significant inhibition, but erythema scores tended to be lower at 6 h the application of NO inhibitors. Conclusion: NO inhibitors may protect skin barrier function from the adverse effects of chemical irritants.
背景:一氧化氮(NO)合成在皮炎中上调,可能参与角化细胞增殖和角化包膜形成的调节。目的:探讨一氧化氮调节剂对十二烷基硫酸钠(SLS)所致红斑和经皮失水(TEWL)的影响。方法:10名志愿者分别用水、0.2、0.5、1%的SLS贴片试验。在第1、6、25和49小时评估TEWL和红斑的结果。评估NO抑制剂L-NAME、油橄榄和银杏提取物(作为1%凝胶溶液)和NO供体三硝酸甘油(作为2%软膏)的效果。结果:L-NAME和植物提取物均能降低TEWL。0.5% SLS诱导的TEWL在1和6 h时被L-NAME显著降低,在6和49 h时被银杏提取物显著降低。红斑过于轻微,无法进行反射测量,但在使用NO抑制剂6 h时,红斑评分往往较低。结论:一氧化氮抑制剂可保护皮肤屏障功能免受化学刺激物的不良反应。
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引用次数: 1
Author Index Vol. 2, 2003 作者索引第2卷,2003年
Pub Date : 2004-12-01 DOI: 10.1159/000082690
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Exogenous Dermatology
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