Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology最新文献

Simultaneous alcohol and cannabis (SAM) use and alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) days are associated with heavier drinking and negative consequences compared to alcohol-only days. However, it remains unclear if SAM and AmED days differ from one another in terms of consumption and negative consequences. It also remains unclear how often days characterized by both SAM + AmED occur and if these days are associated with incremental risk for heavier drinking and negative consequences. College students who engage in SAM use and AmED completed a 30-day timeline followback interview. Day-level data on drinking days were curated to test whether days characterized by alcohol only, SAM use only, AmED use only, or SAM + AmED were associated with increased drinking quantity, negative alcohol consequences, and positive alcohol consequences. Twenty-one percent of drinking days were AmED days, 19% were SAM days, and 15.4% were SAM + AmED days. SAM-only, AmED-only, and SAM + AmED days were associated with increased drinking and negative consequences compared to alcohol-only days. However, SAM-only and SAM + AmED (but not AmED-only) days were associated with more positive consequences than alcohol-only days. SAM-only and AmED-only days did not differ in drinking quantity or consequences, whereas SAM + AmED days were associated with increased drinking and negative (but not positive) consequences compared to both SAM-only and AmED-only days. Combined SAM + AmED days are common and associated with increased risk for negative outcomes. Prevention efforts should consider how to reduce the occurrence of SAM + AmED use and how to reduce risk on days when it does occur. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Impaired control (i.e., difficulty adhering to limits on alcohol use) prospectively predicts self-reported alcohol-related problems in undergraduates yet remains understudied. In particular, there is little evidence regarding whether brief interventions can reduce impaired control. An efficacious, very brief, web-based intervention focused on protective behavioral strategy (PBS) use may be well suited to reducing impaired control, but there is also little evidence regarding relationships between impaired control and PBS use. Data were analyzed from a randomized controlled trial of U.S. Tertiary Health Research Intervention via Email (Leeman et al., 2016) that yielded evidence of reduced weekly and peak alcohol use among undergraduates who drink heavily (N = 208). Multilevel models were tested to determine efficacy in reducing impaired control over alcohol use. The parent trial tested variants providing both direct (e.g., avoiding drinking games) and indirect (e.g., securing a designated driver) PBS, direct only or indirect only. Given this focus of the parent trial, self-reported PBS use was included in the model. U.S. Tertiary Health Research Intervention via Email did not significantly reduce impaired control over alcohol use compared to a control condition (p = .15-.96), and there was no significant main effect of time or interactions with time. However, direct and indirect PBS use was significantly inversely related to impaired control. An efficacious, very brief web-based intervention associated with decreased alcohol use did not decrease impaired control over alcohol significantly. More intensive, or longer, interventions may be needed to reduce impaired control. Greater PBS use was associated with less impaired control; thus, interventions that increase PBS use may decrease impaired control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Experimental research has identified pain as a determinant of alcohol urge mediated via negative affect. This study aimed to test acceptance coping (vs. distraction) as a moderator of this relationship. Using a randomized 2 × 2 between-subjects repeated-measures experimental design, pain-free hazardous drinkers (N = 135) were randomly assigned to receive acceptance or distraction coping training. They were asked to use the strategy while receiving an acutely painful or nonpainful stimulus. It was hypothesized that the effects of pain on negative affect would be weaker among those who received acceptance training, resulting in lower ratings on alcohol urge and approach inclinations. There were no moderating effects of Pain Condition × Coping Condition on negative affect. Given this, the moderator was removed and a simple mediation model was tested. Results showed significant indirect effects for alcohol urge through negative affect. Results suggested no differences between acceptance and distraction coping in ameliorating acute pain effects on negative affect and alcohol-related outcomes. The mediation model was partially replicated. Findings provide information that may accelerate the design of interventions to curtail drinking for pain coping by better understanding the utility of acceptance training and the pain-alcohol relation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

A growing number of hemp-derived cannabidiol (CBD) products are available with negligible amounts (< 100 ppm) of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) due in part to consumer concerns regarding the risk of positive drug screens. There are, however, no published studies that report whether repeated use of these products may lead to positive urine drug tests for THC. There is also scant research on the effects of these products on physical and mental well-being. Twenty healthy adults consumed a hemp-derived broad-spectrum CBD product every day for 2 weeks. Participants attended study visits at the beginning and end of the 2-week period. At each visit, participants underwent urinalysis testing for CBD, THC, and metabolites (analyzed via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry) and completed a validated assessment of physical and mental well-being. Participants reported using an average of 1.09 ± 0.51 ml (34.20 ± 16.00 mg CBD) of study product per day. Neither tetrahydrocannabinol nor its metabolites were detectable in urine following the 2-week period of use. Ingestion of the broad-spectrum product was associated with a significant reduction in sleep disturbance and pain intensity symptoms (p < .05), which remained significant after correcting for possible confounds (i.e., age, sex, dosage). No adverse events were reported. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a major public health issue, and greater cocaine use severity has been associated with worse treatment retention and outcomes. Therefore, greater understanding of processes that influence cocaine use is needed. Both anhedonia (i.e., undervaluation of nondrug rewards) and cocaine demand (i.e., cocaine valuation) are related to cocaine use severity and thematically related to each other at face value, but no studies have directly compared these outcomes to our knowledge. The present study represents a secondary analysis from a two-phase sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial aimed at developing adaptive interventions for CUD. We examined the relationship between anhedonia and cocaine demand and how these measures were related to cocaine use severity. Participants (N = 116) were treatment-seeking adults with CUD. All measures were taken at baseline before treatment initiation. Analyses revealed (a) moderate and very strong evidence of relationships between cocaine demand factors (i.e., persistence, amplitude) and anhedonia (PP values ≥ 77.8%); (b) positive association between cocaine demand (both persistence and amplitude) and measures of cocaine use severity, with the exception of one relationship, which was in the opposite direction; and (c) demand amplitude continued to be positively related to cocaine use severity, even when considering anhedonia. Overall, findings from this study indicate cocaine demand relates to cocaine use severity more strongly than anhedonia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Hypothetical purchase tasks offer effective and efficient methods to assess the reinforcing value of various substances, including cigarettes. The purpose of the present study is to examine the validity and reliability of the Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) in an experimental arrangement in which participants were receiving free cigarettes. Critical to the validity of the CPT is that those who smoke can accurately estimate how much they would smoke under varying economic constraints. Participants (N = 9) were provided free study cigarettes for 8 weeks. Participants completed the CPT once weekly. To examine the validity of the five CPT demand indices (i.e., demand intensity, P_max, O_max, breakpoint, and α), we used a simple linear regression stratified by session number to model which of the five CPT demand indices were associated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day during Week 1 of the experiment. Significant associations in the hypothesized direction were noted across the five CPT indices, with the evidence for validity greatest for intensity, followed by O_max, P_max, breakpoint, and α. To examine CPT test-retest reliability, we estimated interclass correlation coefficients between Sessions 1 and 4 and Sessions 5 and 8. All but one interclass correlation coefficient supported "good" or "excellent" reliability, with the only exception seen with the α index between Sessions 1 and 4, which was moderate reliability. Collectively, these results provide evidence supporting the construct validity and temporal stability/reliability of the CPT demand indices under conditions of limited economic constraint. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Prior research supported a behavioral choice analysis of the role of life events in posttreatment drinking among abstinence-seeking inpatients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study investigated the generality of those relationships among persons attempting "natural" recovery involving moderation drinking. We had two hypotheses: (1) The likelihood of drinking after an event would be related to the degree of alcohol-related disruption in the life-health area of the event. (2) Event-related drinking episodes would be quantitatively greater than event-unrelated episodes. Participants (N = 83) were from a larger integrated data set of prospective natural recovery studies of persons with AUD who had stopped heavy drinking and had 6-month follow-up reports of drinking and events; abstainers were excluded. Alcohol-related disruption before resolution was assessed in four domains (relationships, vocational/financial, living arrangements/legal, physical health). As predicted, postresolution event-related drinking was positively correlated with preresolution vocational/financial disruption (p < .01) and negatively correlated with preresolution physical health problems (p = .06). Event-related drinking episodes involved heavier drinking than event-unrelated episodes (p < .001). These findings indicate strong support for the generality of the latter relationship and qualified support for the generality of the former relationship. The different results in the two samples are attributed to differences in the evolution of their AUD recovery process and the decoupling of the event-drinking relationships. The behavioral choice framework suggests ways to improve the characterization of environmental variables in future recovery research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Although crowdsourcing platforms are widely used in substance-use research, it is unclear what percentage of participants use substances at the time of participation and how this might affect data quality, behavioral outcomes, or decision making. We conducted a secondary analysis of data collected on MTurk for a two-session, within-subject experiment recruiting individuals who regularly use alcohol, cannabis, cigarettes, or opioids. We analyzed 527 observations collected across two sessions (Session 1: n = 303, Session 2: n = 224) on measures of substance use before (within 3 hr)/during participation, data quality, demand in hypothetical purchase tasks, delay discounting, and craving. Substance use before/during participation was common (35.7%). Some participants reported substance use before/during both (25.4%) or only one (20.1%) of the sessions. Between-subject analyses of the first session data revealed that participants who used substances before/during participation did not differ on quality measures yet were slower to complete the survey. Controlling for individual differences in demographic variables and typical substance use, using a substance before/during participation was associated with increased hypothetical consumption of substances when the substance was free (demand intensity) and higher craving for substances, but not delay discounting. Substance use before/during MTurk participation among individuals who regularly use substances is prevalent and may impact outcome measures or standardization across sessions in repeated measures designs. Several implications have emerged, including statistically or experimentally controlling for substance use occurring before/during participation, which could improve the validity and rigor of online substance use research, and should be considered a part of best practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Delay discounting refers to the devaluation of an outcome as temporal delay increases. Steep discounting is characterized by preferring a smaller, immediate outcome over a larger, delayed outcome and is associated with maladaptive behaviors such as tobacco use. Previous studies have compared delay discounting outcomes between combustible cigarette (CC) smokers and nonusers using various discounting tasks. With the growing use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes [EC]) and various delay discounting tasks available to researchers, we extended previous work in delay discounting and EC use in two ways. The present study assessed delay discounting in a web-based sample of 259 participants to (a) establish convergent validity across four different delay discounting tasks and (b) compare the outcomes between four subgroups: dual users, exclusive EC users, exclusive CC users, and nonusers. The four delay discounting tasks (Monetary Choice Questionnaire, 5-Trial Adjusting Delay Discounting Task [ADT-5], Temporal Discounting Questionnaire, and Brief Intertemporal Choice Task [BRIC Task]) showed moderate to strong convergent validity (p < .001). Further, findings indicated significant differences between all four subgroups across the four different delay discounting tasks (p < .048) with small effect sizes. Pairwise comparisons showed that exclusive EC users exhibited significantly steeper discounting than nonusers in ADT-5 (p = .043) and BRIC Task (p = .029) and dual users exhibited significantly steeper discounting than nonusers on ADT-5 (p = .043) and BRIC Task (p = .030). Our findings replicate previous findings and suggest the potential role of delay discounting in explaining the behavioral mechanism underlying e-cigarette use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Attentional bias modification (ABM) has been proposed to treat tobacco use disorder by reducing attentional bias (AB) to smoking-related cues. We sought to determine the extent to which AB to smoking cues, as measured by eye-tracking technology, was sensitive to multisession ABM among treatment-seeking adult smokers. The participants (N = 203; 74 women) completed 13 days of daily ABM or sham training using a smartphone, followed by 8 weeks of nicotine replacement therapy and cessation counseling. ABM and sham training were administered using the modified dot-probe task (i.e., neutral cues probed 100% of the time) and the unmodified dot-probe task (i.e., cue types probed equally), respectively. Eye gaze dwell time proportions to paired presentations of smoking and neutral cues were measured at baseline, 1 day post-ABM training, and 8 weeks post-ABM training. At baseline, younger, more dependent smokers and those with higher smoking satisfaction scores looked longer at smoking cues than neutral ones. ABM training resulted in greater gaze preference for the smoking cues than sham training at 1 day posttraining. Gaze preference for smoking cues was positively associated with AB to smoking cues as measured by reaction time during the laboratory dot-probe assessment. At 8 weeks posttraining, gaze preference was not associated with any of the smoking outcome measures. These findings suggest that multisession ABM training resulted in changes in AB by increasing time spent looking at neutral compared with smoking cues in the short term. However, this effect was not sustained and was not associated with smoking behavior outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).