Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology最新文献

Though anxiety sensitivity (AS)-fear of anxiety-related experiences-is primarily tied to anxiety vulnerability, AS has also been prospectively associated with general negative affect and depression. Furthermore, depression has been longitudinally associated with different forms of substance use, and some AS subfactors (e.g., cognitive concerns) have been associated more consistently with depression and substance use than others. However, no previous study has investigated if longitudinal associations of AS with substance use may be mediated by depression or whether aspects of AS may be prospectively associated with substance use among adolescents. Hence, the present study tested depressive affect (the negative affective aspect of depression) as a prospective mediator of AS associations with substance use and examined longitudinal AS subfactor associations with substance use and problems. High school 9th graders (N = 2,877; M_age = 14.1 years; 55.3% female) completed self-report measures at baseline and at 6 months and 1 year later. Depressive affect mediated AS associations with subsequent alcohol, cigarette, electronic cigarette, cannabis, benzodiazepine, and opioid use. Also, AS cognitive and social concerns (vs. physical concerns) were more consistently associated with later depressive affect and substance use and problems. Current findings suggest that adolescents high in anxiety sensitivity tend to prospectively experience greater depressive affect, which in turn is related to a higher likelihood of engaging in several different forms of substance use. Thus, it is possible that interventions which target AS (particularly AS cognitive concerns) may help to treat or prevent depression and substance use among adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Observational studies show high rates of switching away from cigarettes among adult purchasers of JUUL-brand electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS); data are needed to evaluate switching with JUUL in randomized general population trials. The association of ENDS flavor availability and switching is pertinent. This study assessed switch rates and smoking reduction among participants randomized to use JUUL in a choice of flavors or tobacco-only, compared to a condition provided smoking-cessation materials. U.S. adults who smoke cigarettes (N = 837; M_age [SD] = 45.99 years [11.48]; 18.76 cigarettes/day [SD = 7.86]; 50.2% female) from an address-based representative panel were randomized to receive JUUL for 6 months (5.0% nicotine; only Virginia Tobacco [N = 285] or choice of flavors [N = 281]), or smoking-cessation materials (quit advice [QA]; N = 271). Self-reported past 30-day smoking and cigarette consumption were assessed at 1, 3, and 6 months. Repeated-measure regressions assessed differences in smoking outcomes between groups. Only 2% of participants were planning to quit smoking within 30 days. Across the 6-month intervention, participants randomized to JUUL (vs. QA) had 6.57-fold greater odds of reporting past 30-day switching (95% CI [3.72-11.63]). Participants in the JUUL (vs. QA) group smoked 27% fewer cigarettes/day versus baseline (Rate Ratio [95% CI] = 0.73 [0.68-0.77]). Over half (51.8%) of the Virginia Tobacco group used other flavors (36.7% nontobacco flavors), contaminating randomized flavor-conditions. JUUL flavor groups did not differ in smoking outcomes (p > .48). Use of JUUL products may support complete switching away from cigarettes, including among those not ready to quit smoking. Results suggest a preference for nontobacco-flavored ENDS among adults who smoke, although smoking outcomes did not differ by flavor. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The incentive-sensitization theory (IST) has emerged as a potentially useful theory in explaining substance addiction. IST postulates that the prolonged use of a substance can alter neural systems that are often involved in incentive motivation and reward processes, leading to an increased "sensitization" to the substance and associated stimuli. However, this increased sensitization is thought to mediate only the individual's craving of the substance (e.g., their "wanting"), not their enjoyment of the substance (e.g., their "liking"), a process that may involve unconscious implicit changes in cognitive networks linked to specific substances. Consequently, IST may better explain the real-world dissonance reported for individuals who want to accomplish long-term substance cessation but fail to do so, a phenomenon that is common in adolescent smokers. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the principles of IST in a sample of 154 adolescent ad libitum smokers (M_age = 16.57, SD_age = 1.12, 61.14% male) utilizing ecological momentary assessment. Data were analyzed utilizing a multilevel structural equation model examining changes in positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), and stress from Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2) as a function of smoking and tested the influence of implicit cognition (specifically, implicit attitudes about smoking [Implicit Association Test (IAT)]) on these associations. Consistent with the principles of IST, results found a modest significant negative association between smoking status at T1 and PA at T2 (B = -0.11, p = .047). This association was further moderated by IAT (B = -0.19, p = .029) and was particularly potentiated at high levels of IAT (B = -0.44, p < .001), compared to low (B = -0.05, p = .663) or mean levels of IAT (B = -0.25, p = .004). Findings from this study provide additional support to the principles underlying IST and indicate that, in adolescents, smoking may result in thwarted PA indicative of a transition from "liking" toward "wanting," and this is especially pronounced among those with stronger implicit smoking cognitions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

People generally perceive themselves as moral but does this tendency change after alcohol consumption? In the current research, we tested whether alcoholic intoxication affects self-assessments of morality (i.e., the self-importance of moral identity and the moral self-concept), and we also tested self-assessment of aggressiveness and intelligence. We conducted a preregistered laboratory experiment with participants divided into three groups: alcohol intoxication (n = 106), placebo (n = 114), and control condition (n = 109). We did not detect statistically significant differences in self-assessments across conditions. These data are consistent with the conclusion that self-assessments of morality, aggressiveness, and intelligence may be too stable to be affected by the momentary changes in self-perception caused by alcoholic intoxication. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Little is known about the naturalistic use of cannabis oil vaporization, a high-potency product with the ability to be administered discreetly. This pilot study evaluated the feasibility of utilizing a "smart" vaporizer and application to assess the timing, frequency, socioenvironmental factors, and substance use involved in cannabis oil vaporization. Adults with a medical cannabis registration card were recruited from a dispensary in Rhode Island and completed a 2-week study monitoring period using the Gram1 vaporizer, followed by a poststudy qualitative interview. The sample included nine adults who were predominantly male (89%), 100% White, and 100% non-Hispanic. The Gram1 collected topographical vaping data, and the cellphone application utilized ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to assess socioenvironmental factors and other substance use. Qualitative interview data were coded, and illustrative quotations were selected to support quantitative findings. A total of 224 vaping sessions were recorded reflecting 76.4% of the study monitoring period. There was an average of 1.79 vaping sessions per day across all days. Participants took 8.76 puffs on average (SD = 8.23) per vaping session, and the session lasted 2.59 min on average (SD = 4.19). Regular vaporization was exhibited across days of the week and hours of the day. EMA reports indicated that smoking cannabis flower was the most common additional mode of cannabis administration. This study utilized a naturalistic design with novel topographical data and EMA to characterize cannabis oil vaporization. These findings establish the feasibility of collecting objective, momentary data to better understand use behaviors which are critical to informing safe consumption. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has become increasingly common among combustible cigarette users, and dual use may represent a more severe type of nicotine addiction. Experiencing pain is one prevalent domain that may be important to understand quit processes and behavior among dual users. Although most past research on pain and nicotine/tobacco has focused on combustible cigarette use, initial work on e-cigarette users has found that greater pain severity is associated with higher levels of dependence and negative thinking patterns about e-cigarette use. Yet, there has been no effort to explore the experience of pain among dual users in terms of perceived barriers for quitting combustibles or e-cigarettes. The present study sought to examine pain interference among dual combustible and e-cigarette users in terms of perceived barriers for quitting among 138 (45.9% female; M_age = 35.96 years, SD = 7.16) adult dual users (i.e., users of both combustible cigarette and e-cigarettes). Hierarchical linear regression models indicated that pain interference was significantly associated with both perceived barriers for cessation of combustible cigarettes and perceived barriers for cessation of e-cigarettes. Overall, the present investigation served as an initial evaluation of the role of pain interference in terms of perceived barriers for quitting combustible and e-cigarettes among adult daily dual users. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Psychosocial interventions remain the primary strategy for addressing cocaine use disorder (CUD), although many individuals do not benefit from these approaches. Amphetamine-based interventions have shown significant promise and may improve outcomes among individuals continuing to use cocaine in the context of behavioral interventions. One hundred forty-five adults (122 males) who used cocaine a minimum of 4 days in the prior month and met the criteria for a CUD enrolled in a two-stage intervention. All participants received a computer-delivered skills intervention and contingency management for reinforcing abstinence for a 1-month period. Participants demonstrating less than 3 weeks of abstinence in the first month were randomized to receive mixed amphetamine salts-extended release (MAS-ER) or placebo (80 mg/day) for 10 weeks under double-blind conditions. All participants continued with the behavioral intervention. The primary outcome was the proportion of individuals who achieved 3 consecutive weeks of abstinence as measured by urine toxicology confirmed self-report at the study end. The proportion of participants demonstrating 3 consecutive weeks of abstinence at study end did not differ between the medication groups: MAS-ER = 15.6% (7/45) and placebo = 12.2% (5/41). Participants who received MAS-ER reported greater reductions in the magnitude of wanting cocaine, although no group differences were noted in either the perceived improvement or the frequency of wanting cocaine. Retention rates were greater for both medication groups compared to behavioral responders. Overall, augmenting a behavioral intervention with MAS-ER did not significantly increase the abstinence rate among individuals continuing to use cocaine following a month of behavioral therapy alone. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).