Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology最新文献

Adolescents and young adults often engage in risk behaviors in close proximity to peers. Detecting peer presence could identify high-risk contexts, but typically relies on self-report, which is prone to bias. This study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, functionality, and validity of a smartphone-based passive detection system using Bluetooth beacons to identify real-world peer proximity. Twenty-one young adult participants (38% women) and their peers (N = 55; 40% women) completed a 3-week protocol, during which peers carried a small Bluetooth beacon that was detected by participant smartphones. Participants indicated the presence of peers on beacon signal-contingent ecological momentary assessment reports and three daily random reports. Feasibility of participant recruitment was low, primarily due to Android OS updates requiring app revisions that interrupted recruitment. However, feasibility of peer enrollment was high, occurring rapidly but at a lower-than-expected number. Response latencies to signal-contingent and random reports were similar, indicating good feasibility of the ecological momentary assessment report procedures. Acceptability, reflected in high retention for participants and peers, participant self-report ratings, and good ecological momentary assessment report response rates (76%-79%), was high. Functionality was moderate; problems with the app were reported by almost half of participants, and functionality ratings were lower than for acceptability. For validity, the beacon detection technology identified 61% of participant-reported encounters (true positives), with 5.6% false positives. False negatives (39%) were likely due to peer noncompliance or misreporting. Results support the initial utility of Bluetooth-based passive detection for identifying peer presence in real time, offering potential for use in just-in-time interventions targeting health-risk behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Prescription stimulant diversion (PSD) and misuse (PSM) are prevalent among young adults with stimulant prescriptions and have been associated with conduct problems and poorer attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom management, functional impairment, and other substance use and misuse. Few evidence-based interventions address PSD and PSM; to date, no research has examined for whom these interventions are most/least effective and potential downstream benefits on psychosocial functioning. In the present study, we examined whether conduct problems in childhood moderated response to an interactive web-based intervention focused on preventing PSD and PSM and whether immediate release prescriptions were associated with more PSD and PSM. We also evaluated the impact of the intervention on functional impairment, binge drinking, other substance use, and accidental injuries. We randomized students from three U.S. universities with current stimulant prescriptions (M_age = 20.42 years, 74% female, 86% White) to the intervention (n = 128) or attention-matched placebo (n = 121) in a single-blind design, with 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Conduct problems and being prescribed an immediate release medication were associated with a greater likelihood of PSD, but not PSM; however, conduct problems were not associated with a differential response to the intervention (any PSD/PSM). Compared to the placebo, the intervention group reported lower attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder impairment and substance use at the 6-month follow-up; rates of accidental injuries did not differ between the two groups. Findings suggest the intervention had significant but modest effects on psychosocial outcomes. Future targeted interventions for PSD may focus on students with conduct problem histories and/or immediate release prescriptions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Delay discounting tasks are increasingly used across psychology to examine self-regulation and value-based decision making. These tasks assess how individuals devalue rewards as delays to receipt increase, with responses expected to follow a decreasing pattern. When participants report higher valuation at longer delays-a violation of this expected trend-such responses are often flagged as nonsystematic and, in many cases, excluded from analysis. Although intended to optimize data quality, such exclusions may systematically bias samples and distort downstream inferences. Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (N = 11,307), we examined whether nonsystematic responding covaried with demographic, cognitive/behavioral, and environmental characteristics. Nearly half of participants exhibited at least one nonsystematic responding violation, with greater likelihood among youth from low-income households, low-resource neighborhoods, and racially minoritized backgrounds. Nonsystematic responding was also associated with lower abstract reasoning and higher positive urgency. Violations disproportionately occurred at the earliest presented task delays, suggesting a possible learning effect. These findings raise concerns that data exclusion criteria may bias behavioral samples and alter conclusions in translational research domains such as addiction science, behavioral pharmacology, and public health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Prescription stimulant misuse is prevalent among college students for cognitive, academic, and mood enhancement purposes. While prior research demonstrates placebo effects for subjective mood and drug effects, objective cognitive enhancement placebo effects have been less reliably produced in the laboratory, perhaps because lack of ability to choose to use a drug decreases ecological validity. This study examined whether prescription stimulant placebo effects were modulated by the ability to choose whether to use a drug. College students (N = 183; M_age = 19.48, 92.9% White non-Hispanic, 77.0% female) were randomized into choice (n = 95; ability to choose to ingest 10 mg Adderall [actually placebo]) or no-choice (n = 88; randomly assigned to receive drug [actually placebo] or no drug) conditions before completing subjective effect measures and cognitive tasks. Nearly, all choice participants (n = 90) decided to ingest drug (actually placebo), and were compared against no choice-expect drug (n = 40) and no choice-no drug (n = 48) participants. Replicating prior research, participants who believed they ingested drug indicated subjectively enhanced mood and drug effects on several indices compared to those who did not expect drug; this was not affected by choice. With one exception on a specific reaction time index, there were no placebo effects on objective cognitive tasks, and cognitive performance was similarly not affected by choice. These results provide further evidence of medium-large placebo effects for subjective, but not objective, outcomes following expected prescription stimulant use. Considerations surrounding methodological alterations to laboratory procedures which improve ecological validity are recommended to better understand the influence of both choice and prescription stimulant placebo effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT) for concerned significant others (CSOs) of individuals with substance use problems (IP) is an efficacious in-person intervention warranting broader dissemination. However, previous web-based delivery studies have not achieved the increases in IP treatment entry seen with in-person studies. We developed two online CRAFT programs closely aligned with the in-person CRAFT protocol and pilot tested their efficacy and feasibility. We block randomized 45 CSOs (15/arm) of IPs with opioid use problems to receive 12 weeks of web-based peer support (PEER) or weekly web-based CRAFT modules with videoconference coaching either in groups (CRAFT-G) or individually (CRAFT-I). Though not statistically significant, more CSOs reported new IP treatment entry in CRAFT-G (76.9%; OR = 5.00, 95% CI [0.03, 3.41], p = .056) and CRAFT-I (72.7%, OR = 4.01, 95% CI [-0.23, 3.20], p = .106) compared to PEER (40.0%), and more CRAFT-G participants reported their IP was in medication treatment at 12 weeks compared to PEER (76.9% vs. 40.0%, OR = 5.00, 95% CI [0.19, 0.98], p = .11). CRAFT-G had significantly improved physical health (p = .025) and mood (p = .015), and both CRAFT-G (p = .018) and CRAFT-I (p = .012) showed increased relationship satisfaction compared to PEER. CSO engagement was similar across conditions. Results must be interpreted cautiously as the study was exploratory and small, and some results were not statistically significant. This pilot study is the first to suggest that online CRAFT programs have the potential to replicate in-person effects, possibly because it did not shorten or significantly alter the in-person protocol when adapting it to a digital format. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Wearable alcohol biosensors offer an innovative solution for real-time alcohol monitoring, yet concerns about comfort, privacy, and social acceptability have limited their adoption. This study presents the largest real-world evaluation to date of a new-generation wrist-worn alcohol biosensor. In this study, 150 healthy adults (ages 21-54) wore the BACtrack Skyn sensor continuously for 14 days. Using a mixed methods design, we assessed pre- and poststudy feasibility and acceptability through structured surveys and open-ended responses, applying innovative machine learning techniques, including Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and sentiment analysis, to capture nuanced user experiences at scale. Participants showed high compliance (median wear time: 94.66%), and 77% expressed willingness to extend device use. The device's discreet, smartwatchlike appearance supported high social acceptability, with most users reporting easy integration into daily life even if no significant changes in alcohol consumption were observed. While some discomfort-particularly itching and sleep interference-was reported, overall comfort and usability ratings were favorable. Findings indicate that the new-generation wrist-worn alcohol biosensor is a feasible and well-accepted tool for alcohol monitoring. High compliance and positive user reception highlight its potential for real-world applications. While sensor comfort was generally positively rated, refining the device's fit and materials could enhance wearability over extended periods. These insights contribute to the ongoing development of wearable alcohol biosensors that balance usability, functionality, and user experience. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

E-cigarettes have been proposed as a harm-reduction strategy to reduce combustible cigarette use. Comparing the cardiopulmonary effects of vaping to smoking is necessary before recommending their use, especially for people at high risk from continued smoking, like those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Differences in the cardiopulmonary effects of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes for people with COPD who smoke were examined. Twenty-one individuals ≥40 years old diagnosed with COPD who smoked (≥5 cigarettes/day for ≥1 year) underwent two consecutive randomly ordered 2-week phases: a cigarette phase (usual-brand cigarettes) and a nicotine-containing e-cigarette phase (combustible cigarette abstinence with 3% and/or 5% nicotine tobacco-flavored JUUL available). Participants earned monetary incentives during the e-cigarette phase for cigarette abstinence, which was biochemically verified with daily carbon monoxide breath testing conducted remotely via phone (readings ≤6 parts per million). Pulmonary (spirometry, oscillometry, COPD Assessment Test, Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire for COPD) and cardiac (heart rate, blood pressure) measures were completed at baseline, daily (remotely) throughout phases (spirometry, heart rate, and blood pressure only), and after each phase. Changes across assessments were analyzed using mixed-model repeated measures analyses of variance. Diastolic blood pressure and airway resistance at 19 Hz significantly improved during the e-cigarette phase, with the latter restricted to those who substantially abstained from combustible cigarettes (≥10 negative breath carbon monoxide samples) during this phase. The lack of significant adverse cardiopulmonary outcomes following e-cigarette use is promising. However, evaluating longer durations of e-cigarette substitution is warranted to determine their safety as a replacement for combustible cigarettes in patients with COPD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Sign-tracking, the behavior of approaching and interacting with cues for appetitive outcomes in classical conditioning, has been implicated in relapse to drug addiction. In this experimental study, we examined the serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine to determine whether it was effective in reducing sign-tracking in an animal model (Sprague-Dawley male rats, N = 35) of sign-tracking using a retractable lever as a conditioned stimulus and sucrose pellets as an unconditioned stimulus. After training, male rats were administered venlafaxine (0, 30, or 60 mg/kg) intraperitoneally and tested for sign-tracking and goal-tracking (approach of the site of unconditioned stimulus delivery) behaviors. Venlafaxine was significantly effective in reducing sign-tracking in animals previously identified as primarily sign-trackers and intermediates, and it also reduced goal-tracking in animals who primarily goal-tracked. Venlafaxine may be effective in reducing cue-driven approach and interaction behavior that may contribute to relapse in patients rehabilitating from drug use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Opioid use disorder remains a public health crisis in the United States. A key factor in continued use, relapse risk, and overdose is the severe withdrawal syndrome that accompanies abstinence. Observational studies suggest cannabis may improve outcomes for patients with opioid use disorder and cannabidiol (CBD), a nonintoxicating compound found in cannabis, is being investigated as a potential treatment. This study investigated whether CBD alleviated withdrawal symptoms in a rat model of opioid dependence. Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 100, 50% female) were administered escalating doses of morphine across 10 days (10-50 mg/kg, twice daily). Following abrupt discontinuation, withdrawal outcomes were evaluated across acute (38-hr) and protracted (up to Day 7) timepoints. Rats were treated daily with oral CBD (10 or 30 mg/kg, p.o.) or sesame oil vehicle, beginning 14-hr after their final morphine or saline injection. Withdrawal severity was assessed through physical measurements of body weight, food intake, and somatic signs (e.g., body shakes, diarrhea), pain sensitivity, and measurements of anxiety-like behaviors in the protracted phase. Compared to nondependent controls, morphine-dependent rats had decreased body weight and food intake, showed greater somatic signs, and had increased pain sensitivity that peaked in acute withdrawal (38-hr). In the protracted phase, limited withdrawal signs and no anxiety-like behaviors were detected. Oral CBD did not affect symptoms of opioid withdrawal. These data indicate that CBD alone may have limited effectiveness for treating opioid withdrawal. Reports of improved withdrawal symptoms after cannabis use may be attributed to other compounds in cannabis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Day-level alcohol-related problems (ARPs)-such as craving, difficulty limiting/stopping, tolerance, impairment, and withdrawal-may signal risk for alcohol use disorder in young adults' natural settings. ARPs may relate to how people drink (e.g., intensity, speed, duration), but these consumption dynamics are difficult to assess accurately through self-reports. We tested the association between ARPs and alcohol consumption dynamics in young adults using wearable transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) sensors and daily diaries. College students (N = 79; 55.7% female, 86.1% White, M_age = 20.1) who frequently engaged in heavy episodic drinking wore TAC sensors and completed daily diaries over four consecutive weekends (89.9% completion rate). ARPs were measured the morning after drinking events. Three consumption dynamics were extracted from TAC data: speed (rise rate), intensity (peak), and duration (rise duration) of drinking. Analyses using unadjusted models showed that young adults reported more ARPs on days with faster rise rates, higher peaks, or longer rise durations compared with their own slower, lower, and shorter days. Adjusted models including all three TAC features showed that faster rise rates and longer rise durations were independently associated with ARPs, but higher peaks were not. These findings provide novel evidence that the speed and duration of drinking-not just the amount-may be key targets for ARP prevention among young adults. These insights would not have emerged without the rich, objective measurement of drinking dynamics offered by TAC sensors. TAC features may help indicate existing alcohol-related impairment, warranting investigation of their prospective links to alcohol use disorder risk. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).