Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology最新文献

Drinking to cope is associated with many negative alcohol-related outcomes among college students, such as increased alcohol use, drinking-related problems, and alcohol use disorders. Previous experimental studies have shown that students exposed to a stressor, compared to those not exposed to a stressor, drink more and have stronger urges to drink, presumably to cope with the stressor. However, no such study has tested this effect using a remote-based stressor, which may be more common for students because of the recent increase in online learning. As such, the present study aimed to (a) test the impact of an acute stressor on state anxiety and alcohol craving and (b) investigate trait-level drinking characteristics as potential moderators of the impact of the acute stressor. Participants were 137 (M_age = 19.9, SD_age = 2.0; 82.5% female; 41.6% White) college students who consumed alcohol in the past month. Using a between-subjects experimental design, we assigned participants randomly to an experimental (i.e., acute stress) condition or control (i.e., neutral) condition, and they completed a premanipulation battery of alcohol-related attitudes and behaviors and a postmanipulation measure of alcohol craving. On average, participants in the experimental condition reported greater increases in anxiety than those in the control condition, but there were no differences found in alcohol craving. However, for both anxiety and craving, greater increases from pre- to postmanipulation were found when trait-level anxiety and trait-level drinking were high, respectively. Thus, heavier drinking college students may be at greater risk for craving alcohol in response to stress than those who typically drink less. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Simultaneous alcohol and cannabis (SAM) use and alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) days are associated with heavier drinking and negative consequences compared to alcohol-only days. However, it remains unclear if SAM and AmED days differ from one another in terms of consumption and negative consequences. It also remains unclear how often days characterized by both SAM + AmED occur and if these days are associated with incremental risk for heavier drinking and negative consequences. College students who engage in SAM use and AmED completed a 30-day timeline followback interview. Day-level data on drinking days were curated to test whether days characterized by alcohol only, SAM use only, AmED use only, or SAM + AmED were associated with increased drinking quantity, negative alcohol consequences, and positive alcohol consequences. Twenty-one percent of drinking days were AmED days, 19% were SAM days, and 15.4% were SAM + AmED days. SAM-only, AmED-only, and SAM + AmED days were associated with increased drinking and negative consequences compared to alcohol-only days. However, SAM-only and SAM + AmED (but not AmED-only) days were associated with more positive consequences than alcohol-only days. SAM-only and AmED-only days did not differ in drinking quantity or consequences, whereas SAM + AmED days were associated with increased drinking and negative (but not positive) consequences compared to both SAM-only and AmED-only days. Combined SAM + AmED days are common and associated with increased risk for negative outcomes. Prevention efforts should consider how to reduce the occurrence of SAM + AmED use and how to reduce risk on days when it does occur. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A growing number of hemp-derived cannabidiol (CBD) products are available with negligible amounts (< 100 ppm) of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) due in part to consumer concerns regarding the risk of positive drug screens. There are, however, no published studies that report whether repeated use of these products may lead to positive urine drug tests for THC. There is also scant research on the effects of these products on physical and mental well-being. Twenty healthy adults consumed a hemp-derived broad-spectrum CBD product every day for 2 weeks. Participants attended study visits at the beginning and end of the 2-week period. At each visit, participants underwent urinalysis testing for CBD, THC, and metabolites (analyzed via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry) and completed a validated assessment of physical and mental well-being. Participants reported using an average of 1.09 ± 0.51 ml (34.20 ± 16.00 mg CBD) of study product per day. Neither tetrahydrocannabinol nor its metabolites were detectable in urine following the 2-week period of use. Ingestion of the broad-spectrum product was associated with a significant reduction in sleep disturbance and pain intensity symptoms (p < .05), which remained significant after correcting for possible confounds (i.e., age, sex, dosage). No adverse events were reported. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Prior research supported a behavioral choice analysis of the role of life events in posttreatment drinking among abstinence-seeking inpatients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study investigated the generality of those relationships among persons attempting "natural" recovery involving moderation drinking. We had two hypotheses: (1) The likelihood of drinking after an event would be related to the degree of alcohol-related disruption in the life-health area of the event. (2) Event-related drinking episodes would be quantitatively greater than event-unrelated episodes. Participants (N = 83) were from a larger integrated data set of prospective natural recovery studies of persons with AUD who had stopped heavy drinking and had 6-month follow-up reports of drinking and events; abstainers were excluded. Alcohol-related disruption before resolution was assessed in four domains (relationships, vocational/financial, living arrangements/legal, physical health). As predicted, postresolution event-related drinking was positively correlated with preresolution vocational/financial disruption (p < .01) and negatively correlated with preresolution physical health problems (p = .06). Event-related drinking episodes involved heavier drinking than event-unrelated episodes (p < .001). These findings indicate strong support for the generality of the latter relationship and qualified support for the generality of the former relationship. The different results in the two samples are attributed to differences in the evolution of their AUD recovery process and the decoupling of the event-drinking relationships. The behavioral choice framework suggests ways to improve the characterization of environmental variables in future recovery research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Delay discounting refers to the devaluation of an outcome as temporal delay increases. Steep discounting is characterized by preferring a smaller, immediate outcome over a larger, delayed outcome and is associated with maladaptive behaviors such as tobacco use. Previous studies have compared delay discounting outcomes between combustible cigarette (CC) smokers and nonusers using various discounting tasks. With the growing use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes [EC]) and various delay discounting tasks available to researchers, we extended previous work in delay discounting and EC use in two ways. The present study assessed delay discounting in a web-based sample of 259 participants to (a) establish convergent validity across four different delay discounting tasks and (b) compare the outcomes between four subgroups: dual users, exclusive EC users, exclusive CC users, and nonusers. The four delay discounting tasks (Monetary Choice Questionnaire, 5-Trial Adjusting Delay Discounting Task [ADT-5], Temporal Discounting Questionnaire, and Brief Intertemporal Choice Task [BRIC Task]) showed moderate to strong convergent validity (p < .001). Further, findings indicated significant differences between all four subgroups across the four different delay discounting tasks (p < .048) with small effect sizes. Pairwise comparisons showed that exclusive EC users exhibited significantly steeper discounting than nonusers in ADT-5 (p = .043) and BRIC Task (p = .029) and dual users exhibited significantly steeper discounting than nonusers on ADT-5 (p = .043) and BRIC Task (p = .030). Our findings replicate previous findings and suggest the potential role of delay discounting in explaining the behavioral mechanism underlying e-cigarette use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Impulsivity is a transdiagnostic risk factor for multiple disorders, including opioid use disorders (OUDs). However, scant work has examined if impulsivity facets distinguish individuals reporting nonmedical opioid use from those who use opioids as prescribed, particularly in important settings such as emergency departments (EDs). Further, no studies, to our knowledge, have examined the relations between impulsivity facets and motives for nonmedical prescription opioid use (NMPOU). Using data from EDs, this study examined if impulsivity facets (assessed via the [negative] urgency, premeditation, perseverance, sensation seeking, and positive urgency) related to nonmedical opioid use and if these facets related to OUD severity among individuals reporting past-year opioid use. Among patients reporting past 3-month NMPOU, the relation between motives for use and impulsivity was examined. Results indicated all facets (except lack of perseverance) distinguished patients reporting nonmedical opioid use from individuals abstaining from opioid use and those who used opioids as prescribed, with particularly large effect sizes for positive and negative urgency. Similarly, among patients reporting past 12-month opioid use, all facets (except lack of perseverance) significantly distinguished individuals who were OUD negative from those with severe OUD, with positive and negative urgency showing the strongest relations. Multiple motives were associated with certain UPPS-P facets, particularly positive urgency, negative urgency, and sensation-seeking. Results suggest that the relation between impulsivity and opioid use characteristics varies across facets of impulsivity, with emotion-based impulsivity being the most relevant. Implications for screening and interventions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Although crowdsourcing platforms are widely used in substance-use research, it is unclear what percentage of participants use substances at the time of participation and how this might affect data quality, behavioral outcomes, or decision making. We conducted a secondary analysis of data collected on MTurk for a two-session, within-subject experiment recruiting individuals who regularly use alcohol, cannabis, cigarettes, or opioids. We analyzed 527 observations collected across two sessions (Session 1: n = 303, Session 2: n = 224) on measures of substance use before (within 3 hr)/during participation, data quality, demand in hypothetical purchase tasks, delay discounting, and craving. Substance use before/during participation was common (35.7%). Some participants reported substance use before/during both (25.4%) or only one (20.1%) of the sessions. Between-subject analyses of the first session data revealed that participants who used substances before/during participation did not differ on quality measures yet were slower to complete the survey. Controlling for individual differences in demographic variables and typical substance use, using a substance before/during participation was associated with increased hypothetical consumption of substances when the substance was free (demand intensity) and higher craving for substances, but not delay discounting. Substance use before/during MTurk participation among individuals who regularly use substances is prevalent and may impact outcome measures or standardization across sessions in repeated measures designs. Several implications have emerged, including statistically or experimentally controlling for substance use occurring before/during participation, which could improve the validity and rigor of online substance use research, and should be considered a part of best practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Major depressive disorder is a multifactorial disorder that originates from a complex web of variables and overlaps with similar disorders (e.g., depression and anxiety). As such, animal models should account for the considerable symptom overlap between psychiatric disorders. We sought to extend the findings of behavioral assays that encompass both anxiety and stress/depression components. To do so, we have focused on digging behavior, a compulsive-like behavior displayed in mice, in which we employed behavioral and pharmacological stressors to reduce digging behaviors, producing a depression-like state. Locomotor activity was assessed during each test session. We found that digging behavior remains consistent, but locomotor activity decreased when exposed to multiple test sessions over 4 weeks and no sex differences were observed. A time-course study showed a single swim stress significantly reduced digging behavior for at least 3 days but rebounded to baseline levels by Day 7. Repeated treatment of 10 mg/kg/day fluoxetine, but not ketamine, partially reversed swim stress-induced depression of digging behavior on Days 3 and 7. The pharmacological stressor yohimbine (1.0-5.0 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased digging behavior. Repeated treatment of 10 mg/kg/day ketamine, but not fluoxetine, reversed yohimbine-induced depression of digging behavior on Days 3 and 7. These data suggest that digging behavior is a stable and consistent behavior displayed by all mice. We were able to depress digging behavior with both behavioral and pharmacological stress. However, the reversal of stress-induced depression of digging behavior was stimulus- (e.g., behavioral vs. pharmacological) and drug-dependent and will require further investigation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Self-determination theory (SDT) proposes that people are more likely to engage in behaviors that reduce the harms associated with alcohol use if they do so for more self-determined reasons. There is growing support for this proposal, but the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ), which assesses the self-determination continuum of motivation for engaging in alcohol-related harm reduction behaviors, lacks content coverage. We generated additional items to improve the content coverage of the TSRQ and evaluated its psychometric properties. We also compared two randomly assigned instruction sets that referenced "responsible drinking" or "protective behavioral strategies" (PBS). Participants (n = 2,236) were college students from psychology departments at 10 universities in eight U.S. states who reported past-month alcohol use and completed the revised TSRQ; the online survey was completed for partial course credit. Exploratory factor analysis supported a three-factor structure representing autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and amotivation for the PBS version. This factor structure was confirmed using exploratory structural equation modeling for both the PBS and responsible drinking versions. Scalar invariance was achieved across instruction sets. Latent mean differences showed that those who received the PBS version had lower autonomous and controlled motivation scores, but higher amotivation scores. Associations of the three TSRQ factors with alcohol-related outcomes were consistent with SDT, and the magnitude of these associations did not differ across instruction sets. More accurate assessment of the self-determination continuum of motivation for alcohol-related harm reduction behaviors will improve research on this topic which has promising implications for alcohol interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with the development of attentional biases for alcohol-related cues and their prioritization in heavy drinkers. Recently, it has been hypothesized that holistic processing may also play a role in this prioritization, with higher alcohol consumers exhibiting stronger holistic perception for alcohol cues. However, it is unclear how processing stimuli holistically may be related to attentional biases. We explored potential relationships between attentional biases, holistic processing, and alcohol consumption in a sample of drinkers using two tasks. In the first, a visual probe task replicated previous findings by showing an increased attentional bias for alcohol-related stimuli in individuals with higher alcohol consumption. Surprisingly, using an inversion paradigm to measure holistic perception in our second task, we showed reduced holistic processing for both alcohol and nonalcohol cues in higher alcohol consumers compared to light alcohol consumers. Although alcohol consumption was positively associated with attentional biases and negatively associated with holistic processing, these cognitive processes were not associated with each other. This study supports a model of visual perception in which attentional biases and holistic processing are independently linked with alcohol use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).