Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology最新文献

Substance use disorders (SUDs) can be explained in part by the availability and amount of alternative substance-free reinforcers, which are recognized as the main target in treatment of SUDs. Most questionnaires examining this area assess activities in teens or young adults from the general population and, have not been assessed in the context of treatment of SUDs, and do not address the wide range that is needed in order to plan recreational activities that are incompatible with substance use in clinical contexts, as well as to identify activities that could pose a risk for relapse. This study aimed to develop a new instrument (i.e., the Oviedo Leisure Activities Scale; OLAS-70) to measure substance-free and substance-related reinforcement. It also sought to provide validity evidence based on the relationship with the European Addiction Severity Index, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Reward Probability Index. The participants in this cross-sectional study were 542 adults (M_age = 38.71, SD = 10.66) undergoing inpatient or outpatient interventions for SUDs. Participants completed the European Addiction Severity Index, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Reward Probability Index, and the OLAS-70 within a month of starting treatment. The OLAS-70 demonstrated validity evidence in relation to addiction severity, depression, and probability of environmental reward. Participants with drug use problems according to the European Addiction Severity Index exhibited higher proportion of substance-related reinforcement ratio due to engaging in activities while under the influence of substances, including sports, hobbies, and artistic activities. The OLAS-70 is valid for measuring both substance-free and substance-related reinforcement and provides clinically useful information for treatment planning, identifying high-risk situations for substance use relapse, and scheduling reinforcing, positive activities during interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The study aimed to investigate to what extent acute moderate doses of alcohol affect the speed of endogenous versus exogenous attentional shift times. Subjects viewed an array of 10 moving clocks and reported the time a clock indicated when cued. Target clocks were indicated by cues, presented peripherally at the target clock or centrally pointing toward a target clock, including conditions of where the target location was cued in advance, that is, precueing. This allowed assessing shift times when attention was preallocated, when peripheral cues triggered exogenous attention shifts, and when central cues triggered endogenous attention shifts. Each subject participated in two sessions (alcohol/placebo), whereby the order of alcohol/placebo intake was counterbalanced across subjects, and subjects were blinded to conditions. Confirming previous results, we show that precuing resulted in the fastest shift times, followed by exogenous cuing, with endogenous attentional shifts being slowest. Alcohol increased attentional shift times across all three conditions compared to placebo. Thus, the detrimental effects of alcohol on attentional shift times did not depend on the type of attention probed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Traditional cigarette purchase tasks (CPTs) assess cigarette demand as a function of monetary costs, neglecting the role of time as a cost in consumption decisions. This study introduces the cigarette purchase task-time (CPT-T), a novel measure designed to evaluate cigarette demand as a function of time costs. In Experiment 1, the participants (N = 50) completed the standard CPT with quantitative and probabilistic (CPT-P) response scales across three hypothetical delay conditions. Demand intensity decreased as delays increased, indicating that time functioned as a cost in cigarette consumption. In Experiment 2, the participants (N = 50) completed the CPT-P across three delay conditions and the CPT-T across three monetary conditions. Experiment 2 confirmed that increasing either time and monetary costs reduced demand intensity, breakpoints, and other demand indices, consistent with the law of demand. Experiment 3 evaluated the specificity and discriminant validity of the CPT-T by comparing demand across different reinforcers (cigarettes, potato chips, and toilet paper) between people who smoke (n = 50) and people who do not smoke (n = 50). People who smoke showed higher cigarette demand relative to people who do not smoke. Cigarette demand and toilet paper demand were higher than potato chips among people who smoke, but toilet paper demand was higher than cigarettes and potato chips for people who do not smoke, indicating that people who smoke view cigarettes as more essential. Together, these results showed that time acted as a cost in the demand for reinforcers. The CPT-T captured cigarette demand as a function of time costs and showed specificity and discriminant validity. These results open new theoretical avenues for our understanding of substance use disorders as a reinforcer pathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Menthol smoking, which is popular among Black and Hispanic individuals who smoke and young adults, is linked to positive subjective effects and difficulty quitting, although studies of topography and subjective effects show inconsistent differences. This study compared subjective effects and laboratory smoking across menthol and nonmenthol young adults who smoke and examined differences by race/ethnicity. Smoking topography, subjective effects, and pre/postsmoking craving, vitals, cigarette weight, and exhaled carbon monoxide were assessed in 121 young adults who smoke (M_age = 23.9; 49.5% menthol; 37.2% non-White) following ≥12 hr of abstinence. Participants smoked their usual brand cigarette (menthol or nonmenthol) in a single laboratory session. Differences in study outcomes were examined across cigarette flavor and by race/ethnicity (White vs. non-White). No main effects of cigarette flavor or race/ethnicity emerged on any study outcomes. Interactions of cigarette flavor with race/ethnicity emerged on postsmoking craving and cigarette weight, controlling for presmoking measures of the outcome and cigarettes per day. Compared to non-White participants who smoked nonmenthol cigarettes, non-White participants who smoked menthol cigarettes had higher postsmoking cigarette weight and lower postsmoking craving. Further, non-White participants who smoked menthol cigarettes had lower postsmoking craving compared to White participants who smoked menthol cigarettes. Non-White young adults who smoke menthols experienced greater craving reduction, despite consuming less of their preferred cigarette. Craving reduction may be one mechanism fostering continued menthol smoking. Menthol smoking, even at lower amounts, produces similar toxicant exposure, which may contribute to tobacco health disparities as smoking progresses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The role of craving in opioid use disorder (OUD) has been well established with respect to heroin but less so with prescription opioids. This pilot study, conducted in 18 treatment-seeking patients with prescription OUD and 18 healthy volunteers, assessed spontaneous (in the moment) and cue-induced craving and their relationship to depression and anxiety. Patients (vs. healthy volunteers) exhibited increased spontaneous craving for prescription opioids. Relative to brief (10 s) random presentations of neutral and affective images, presented drug (prescription opioids) images elicited greater craving ratings in patients and were associated with higher valence and arousal ratings. Elevated depression and anxiety observed in patients (vs. healthy volunteers) were positively associated with spontaneous and cue-induced cravings. These findings tentatively support a role for drug craving and mental health comorbidity in prescription OUD and underscore the need for additional research to understand their causal relationships and their interactive dynamics during treatment and recurrence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

One of the most successful models of describing the decay in commodity consumption as a function of cost across multiple domains is the exponential model introduced by Hursh and Silberberg (2008). This model formulates the value of a commodity by including a "standardized price" adjustment. This adjustment allows for a theoretically scale-invariant parameter to estimate a normalized decay (α, the sensitivity to changes in price) in commodity consumption that was detangled from an organism's consumption when a commodity is free (Q₀). This scale-invariant parameter is sometimes referred to as the essential value (EV), which is generally represented as the inverse of α. However, the Hursh and Silberberg (HS) model has various shortcomings, notably as a result of the span parameter k and its influence on interpretations of α and, therefore, of essential value. We present an overview of the standardized price/real cost adjustment and challenges of and potential remedies to k within the HS framework and propose a simplified exponential model with normalized decay (Equation 10). The simplified exponential equation does not include the span parameter k and allows for straightforward analytic solutions for conceptually relevant and common demand metrics. Parities between the Hursh and Silberberg model and the simplified exponential with normalized decay model are demonstrated by conversions of α values between both models. Statistical parities between the simplified exponential with normalized decay model and the exponentiated model of demand with multiple data sets are also demonstrated. This simplified model then allows for consistent interpretations of α across commodities while retaining the theoretical benefits of the Hursh and Silberberg formulation of demand and the essential value. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Black Americans who use cannabis appear at greater risk for negative cannabis-related outcomes, and cannabis use is more common among individuals who smoke cigarettes. Race-based health disparities concerning cannabis outcomes indicate a need to identify psycho-socio-cultural factors that may play a role in cannabis use and related problems among Black Americans to inform prevention and treatment efforts. Minority stress-based models posit that stressors such as racism increase negative emotions, which may be associated with using substances such as cannabis to cope with negative emotions. Yet, no known research has directly assessed whether negative emotions experienced in response to racism play a role in cannabis-related behaviors. Participants were 254 (50.2% female) Black Americans who endorsed current cigarette smoking and were aged 18-73 (M = 42.1, SD = 14.1). Participants completed an online survey regarding their experiences with racism, smoking, and cannabis-related behaviors. Negative emotions in response to racism were assessed via the Racial Trauma Scale (RTS). Experiencing more frequent racism was related to greater RTS and cannabis-related problems. When entered simultaneously, frequency of racism was related to more cannabis-related problems via RTS, but not anxiety or depression broadly. Racism was related to more cannabis problems via the sequential effects of RTS and a greater quantity of cannabis used. These data indicate that the experience of negative emotions that occur after experiencing racism may play an important role in cannabis misuse among Black Americans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Oral nicotine pouches (ONPs) are an emergent class of tobacco products that, unlike conventional oral smokeless tobacco products, contain a nicotine powder instead of tobacco leaves. This review synthesizes available data on ONPs in key research domains including survey studies, marketing/advertising studies, chemical characterization and in vitro studies, and clinical studies. Research findings relevant for ONP regulations are summarized, including who uses these products and why, how marketing tactics influence appeal and use intentions, what harmful and potentially harmful constituents they contain, and what acute effects they have on humans. Taken together, the current data suggest that ONPs likely produce less harm to individual users than conventional tobacco products (e.g., moist snuff, cigarettes) and can acutely suppress nicotine/tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current cigarette smokers. Thus, ONPs may be a viable harm reduction option for individuals who switch completely to using them from conventional products. However, randomized controlled trials are needed to determine if established tobacco users would use ONPs long term, and more independent academic research is needed given that most ONP studies to date are tobacco industry-funded. Additionally, ONPs have qualities (e.g., flavors, marketing claims of "tobacco free") that could increase appeal among youth and young adults, and these products can deliver nicotine at levels sufficient to cause dependence; widespread adoption of ONPs among otherwise nicotine-naive individuals may reduce their net public health benefit. This review concludes by suggesting future research directions necessary to increase scientific understanding of ONPs and inform regulations for these increasingly popular products. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The prevalence of drugged driving has increased in the United States. Some drugged driving may be unintentional as prescription medications used as sleeping aids, like zolpidem, cause impairment after the predicted duration of therapeutic action has elapsed. The aim of this study was to determine if nighttime administration of alprazolam, a drug commonly prescribed off-label as a sleeping aid, impacts driving performance the following day. Participants were healthy adults (n = 15) who completed a double-blind, double-dummy, within-subjects inpatient study examining the effects of nighttime administration of alprazolam (0.5, 1, and 2 mg), zolpidem (10 mg), and placebo on driving performance the following day. Alprazolam (1 mg; morning) and zolpidem (nighttime) both served as positive control conditions. Driving simulator measures, cognitive and psychomotor tasks, and questionnaires querying drug effects were collected the afternoon before drug administration and for 5.5 hr the next day and analyzed using symmetry and mixed-model approaches. Morning alprazolam significantly impaired driving performance. Driving impairment was observed up to 12.5 hr after nighttime alprazolam 2 mg and for 8.5 hr after nighttime zolpidem 10 mg. Participant reports on driving ability indicated that they were not aware of their level of impairment. These results suggest that alprazolam used before bed may pose a yet unrecognized public safety risk in the form of next-day drugged driving. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Alcohol-impaired driving is highly prevalent and a leading cause of death. Cannabis is commonly used among people who drink alcohol, and using alcohol and cannabis simultaneously is associated with a greater frequency of alcohol-impaired driving. Laboratory studies demonstrate the harmful effects of simultaneous use on driving ability compared to alcohol use alone, yet driving under the influence of cannabis is perceived as a low risk. We tested the influences of alcohol, cannabis, and their simultaneous use on perceived driving impairment and willingness to drive in daily life. Participants were 88 adults aged 18-44 (M_age = 25.22 years, 60.2% female, 85.2% White) who reported using alcohol and cannabis simultaneously at least twice per week. They completed 14 days of ecological momentary assessment and reported their alcohol and cannabis use, perceived driving impairment, and willingness to drive "right now" and "1 hr from now" on an average of 5.14 surveys per day. Adjusting for the total amount of alcohol consumed, results from multilevel models include greater perceived driving impairment when using alcohol (b = 0.39, SE = 0.05, p < .001) and cannabis (b = 0.37, SE = 0.03, p < .001) separately, but greater odds of being willing to drive right now (OR = 2.29, 95% CI [1.38, 3.81], p = .001) and in 1 hr (OR = 3.69, 95% CI [2.15, 6.34], p < .001) when using alcohol and cannabis simultaneously compared to using alcohol by itself. Simultaneous use of cannabis may attenuate the impact of alcohol on the decision to drive and may contribute harmfully to in-the-moment decisions to drive under the influence of alcohol. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).