Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology最新文献

A number of studies have been conducted to assess the efficacy of exercise-based interventions for substance-use disorders. Nicotine use has been overrepresented in prior meta-analytic and systematic reviews, potentially obscuring the effects of exercise on outcomes related to other drugs. The aim of this meta-analysis and systematic review was to offer an updated account of the impact of exercise on substance-use outcomes for drugs other than nicotine. Eligible studies included peer reviewed articles published before August 2023 describing randomized controlled trials or clinical trials involving adults in which exercise served as the primary treatment intervention and substance use and/or craving outcomes were assessed for drugs other than nicotine. In addition to omnibus effects, meta-regression models were conducted to assess study design (within vs. between), data collection (acute vs. long-term), and outcome measure (drug craving vs. drug use) as potential moderating variables. A total of 19 articles describing 17 unique studies were selected for analysis, including data from 1,363 individual participants. An omnibus robust variance estimation meta-analysis indicated a significant reduction in substance-use outcomes following exercise intervention. The moderator analysis additionally indicated a significant effect of design type such that between-subject designs displayed smaller magnitude reductions than within-subject designs. Other potential moderators were not significant. These findings indicate that a variety of exercise-based interventions produce moderate improvements in substance use and craving for people using nonmedical drugs and corroborate prior reports that exercise is effective as an adjunctive or standalone treatment for substance-use disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The operant demand cigarette purchase task conventionally prompts participants to report imagined purchases in units of single cigarettes. Although this purchasing modality diverges from the units deployed in real purchasing scenarios (i.e., packs of 20), no research has examined how simulated purchasing of the more ecologically valid unit of cigarette packs maps onto single cigarette purchasing metrics. A sample of 212 participants in this study reported hypothetical cigarette purchases across three iterations of the cigarette purchase task. Two of these collected responses in a binary format-would or would not purchase-at yoked unit prices, where tasks were distinguished as purchases of single cigarettes or packs of cigarettes. This binary framework permitted a simplified probabilistic description of purchasing that maintained a consistent timeframe. Participants also completed the standard cigarette purchase task, reporting the quantity of single cigarettes they would purchase and consume at each unit price. Purchasing breakpoint, or the highest price at which participants reported purchasing cigarettes, was broadly consistent across these tasks, weakly so when comparing purchases made on the binary tasks (r = .183). Tests of equivalence suggested that there were meaningful differences between breakpoint values reported on the single cigarette binary task and the per pack binary task, t(211) = -5.85, p < .001, and between breakpoint values reported on the standard purchase task and the per pack binary task, t(211) = 11.49, p < .001. Results suggest more research is needed to determine what environmental factors or imposed constraints are practically influencing reported cigarette valuation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

We assessed heart rate variability (HRV) as a measure of autonomic nervous system function during an ongoing double blind, placebo-controlled, trial of adjunct gabapentin during a buprenorphine-assisted taper and transition to injection naltrexone to explore how adjunctive pharmacotherapy and time influence autonomic nervous system activity and whether HRV metrics are predictive of treatment outcomes. Individuals with opioid use disorder who began their participation in an ongoing trial of adjunct gabapentin during an outpatient 10-day buprenorphine-assisted transition to injection naltrexone underwent experimental sessions at Weeks 1, 2, and 3 of the parent trial. HRV metrics were assessed for 2 min each while standing, sitting, and sitting while performing paced breathing (PB) using the ProComp2 System with sensor belt and analysis suite. Multiple imputation was used to analyze the HRV metrics due to some participants lacking data at all three weekly timepoints. Among 28 participants, logistic regression analyses indicated significant effects for frequency distributions and heart rate during PB exercises. Trends in frequency distribution during PB suggested potential influences of gabapentin on autonomic balance, resulting in lower HRV. Predictor variables for outcomes indicated a significant effect with higher low frequency/high frequency ratio during PB decreasing the odds of completing supervised withdrawal. Higher respiration rate and low frequency values while sitting showed trends and significant effects, respectively, for decreasing the odds of receiving Week 4 injection naltrexone. Selected HRV metrics change during supervised opioid withdrawal and are associated with treatment outcomes during supervised opioid withdrawal procedures. The significance of HRV metrics during PB exercises underscores the impact of specific activities on autonomic function, highlighting the importance of considering such effects when recording HRV metrics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Self-report is the most common way to measure substance use expectancies. Using such measures has led to insights regarding how, why, and for whom expectancies relate to use behavior. In fact, such insights have translated into interventions, such as expectancy challenges seeking to change one's expectancies. However, expectancy measures may be tricky for cannabis use, which has several product types and modalities that may impact the introspection of self-reported cannabis experiences. This study assessed whether a modern expectancies measure was invariant across cannabis use type/modality self-reported upon and whether cannabis type/modality moderated the influence of expectancies on use behavior. Young adults who recreationally used cannabis (N = 387) reported their cannabis use frequency and expectancies via the Anticipated Effects of Cannabis Scale. Participants also reported cannabis modality/type through which expectancies were self-reported upon. Each expectancy domain (high arousal negative, low arousal negative, positive) was invariant across cannabis type/modality. High arousal negative expectancies were higher when reporting vaping versus smoking, and positive expectancies were higher when reporting smoking versus vaping, but no other differences emerged. However, positive expectancies were associated with more frequent cannabis use when reporting on smoked (vs. vaporized) cannabis, and high arousal negative expectancies were associated with less frequent cannabis use when reporting on hash oil (vs. marijuana) and when reporting on vaporized (vs. smoked) cannabis. Cannabis type and modality may be important qualifiers in self-report research on cannabis expectancies. Future research should consider assessing modality- and type-specific cannabis constructs that are susceptible to such influences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Induction of negative mood increases tobacco choice in dependent smokers; however, less is known about the mechanisms behind this. This study addressed this gap by applying a computational model of value-based decision making to tobacco and tobacco-unrelated choices following mood manipulation. Using a preregistered, within-subject design, 49 daily tobacco smokers (>10 daily cigarettes) watched two different videos which primed them to experience negative and positive mood (tobacco valuation and devaluation, respectively). Participants completed self-report measures of mood and craving to smoke before and after priming, followed by a two-alternative forced-choice task with (separate) blocks of tobacco-related and tobacco-unrelated (animal) images. On each block, participants selected the image that they previously rated higher. A drift-diffusion model was fitted to the reaction time and error data to estimate evidence accumulation processes and response thresholds during the different blocks. After watching videos intended to induce negative mood, happiness scores were lower (p < .001, d = 1.16), while sadness and craving to smoke scores were higher (both ps < .001, ds > .60) compared to after watching videos intended to induce positive mood. However, contrary to hypotheses, the experimental manipulation did not robustly affect evidence accumulation rates (F = 1.15, p = .29, η_p² = .02) or response thresholds (F = .07, p = .79, η_p² = .00) for either tobacco or tobacco-unrelated decisions. Manipulation of mood in daily smokers did not lead to alterations in the internal processes that precede value-based decisions made about tobacco and tobacco-unrelated cues. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Ketamine is increasingly used in community clinics as a long-term treatment for different psychiatric and pain conditions, including substance use disorders. Data are lacking, however, regarding the potential influence of ketamine on other substance use. In this secondary analysis, we aimed to explore the relationship between medical ketamine and other substance use among real-world patients by combining quantitative and qualitative data. In an online anonymous pilot survey (N = 201), patients rated change in other substance use since medical ketamine initiation and elaborated on their subjective experiences. Most patients self-reported positive/desirable change (54.7%) or no change in substance use (44.3%). Participants reporting past problematic substance use had significantly greater positive change compared with the groups of participants reporting present or no history of problematic substance use (ps < .020). Participants reported positive outcomes such as reduced substance use due to reduced need to self-medicate for coping, reduced craving, or enhanced motivation to quit use. Among participants with minimal or no substance use, ketamine did not appear to induce or increase drug-using behaviors. However, there were some reports of risky behaviors such as openness to using other psychedelics or ketamine used recreationally as a substitute for alcohol. Several implications for providers are discussed. More targeted quantitative and qualitative research is needed to fully characterize all patients but especially those at risk for potentially harmful nonmedical substance use. Such research could inform regulation efforts on safety, screening, monitoring, and patient and provider education, to maximize benefits and minimize risks related to medical ketamine. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Nicotine pouches (NPs) contain no tobacco leaf but instead are filled with nicotine powder, flavorants, and pH adjusters. There are very few independent (i.e., non-industry-funded/affiliated) studies regarding the effects of NPs. The purpose of this industry-independent study is to examine NP effects in people who use smokeless tobacco (SLT). Twenty-four participants completed four sessions that included three NP conditions (2, 4, and 8 mg labeled total nicotine content; "on!" brand, Altria, Richmond, Virginia) and participants' own brand (OB) SLT. Participants completed two 30-min administration periods per session, and outcomes included plasma nicotine concentration as well as subjective and behavioral economic measures. Results indicate that the 8 mg NP did not differ significantly from OB across physiological and subjective measures; the 4 mg NP differed from OB and 8 mg on some measures, and the 2 mg NP reliably delivered less nicotine and reduced abstinence symptoms less effectively when compared to OB and the 8 mg NP. Study results offer preliminary support for the notion that higher nicotine content NPs may substitute for SLT in people who use SLT regularly, while lower nicotine content NPs may not. Overall, labeled nicotine content influences the nicotine delivery and abstinence symptom suppression of "on!" brand NP, and nicotine content and delivery should be considered when assessing the individual and public health impact of NP regulations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

E-cigarette use is prevalent among young adults, with "ice" e-cigarettes/liquids that combine sweet and cooling flavors becoming increasingly popular. This study examines if an "ice" component (e.g., menthol) alters liking, sensory experiences, and reward of sweet-flavored nicotine e-liquids among young adults. A double-blinded laboratory session was conducted with past-month e-cigarette users aged 18-20 (N = 40). Participants were exposed in random order to a sweet-flavored (watermelon) e-liquid with and without menthol in two 10-puff bouts. Both e-liquids contained 36 mg/ml nicotine salt and 50:50 propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin. Participants rated flavor liking and overall vaping experience using the Labeled Hedonic Scale, sensory effects using generalized Labeled Magnitude Scales, and reward effects using the Drug Effects Questionnaire. Linear mixed models analyzed outcomes with flavor condition, sex, and their interaction as fixed effects, adjusting for flavor order. Participants (average age = 19.1 years, SD = 0.8; 52.5% female and 67.5% White) used e-cigarettes on average 6.2 (SD = 1.5) days/week. Participants reported marginally less liking of the overall vaping experience for the watermelon flavor with menthol (M = -3.92 [SE = 3.16]) compared to the watermelon flavor without menthol (M = 1.27 [SE = 3.16], p = .05). No main effects of flavor, sex, or their interactions were observed in sensory and reward effects (ps > .05). Among our sample of young adult e-cigarette users, adding a cooling component to a sweet-flavored e-liquid did not result in altered liking, sensory, or reward effects compared to sweet-flavored e-liquid without cooling. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Cannabis is increasingly used for managing chronic pain, despite the low quality and inconsistency of most evidence from randomized controlled trials and the divergent expert opinions and guidelines issued by academic societies. In this perspective piece, we suggest a way forward. The clinical trials have focused on traditional chronic pain outcomes (such as pain severity and interference, as well as physical and emotional functioning). However, qualitative studies suggest that many individuals perceive cannabis as beneficial not because it directly reduces pain but because it alters their psychological responses to it and improves other important outcomes, such as role and social functioning, sleep quality, and opioid substitution, which are largely overlooked in clinical trials of cannabis for chronic pain. We contend that the true clinical potential and limitations of cannabis for pain management may be fundamentally misunderstood if research continues to prioritize conventional chronic pain outcomes alone. We call for the integration of perspectives from people with lived experience in identifying meaningful clinical outcomes for future clinical trials on cannabis and chronic pain. Such a shift would clarify cannabis's true benefits and limitations, ultimately guiding more nuanced, evidence-based, and personalized treatment approaches for chronic pain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a psychoactive botanical native to Southeast Asia increasingly used in the United States for various self-reported benefits, including sleep improvement. However, empirical evidence concerning kratom's effects on sleep is limited. Here, we examined the association between bedtime kratom use and self-reported sleep outcomes in naturalistic settings across consecutive days, while also exploring sex and chronic pain status as potential moderators. A secondary analysis was conducted using the data from a 15-day ecological momentary assessment study of 357 U.S. adults who reported regularly using kratom. Participants made daily reports of their bedtime kratom use and rated their sleep duration and quality. Linear mixed-effects models assessed associations between bedtime kratom use and sleep outcomes, with sex and chronic pain status as moderators, controlling for age. Bedtime kratom use occurred on 23.4% of days and was associated with modest increases in sleep duration (13 min) and perceived quality (5.93-point increase on a 0-100 scale). Female respondents reported greater improvements in sleep quality (but not duration) than male respondents. Participants with chronic pain reported greater improvements in sleep duration and quality compared to those without chronic pain. Bedtime kratom use is associated with modest sleep duration and quality improvements, particularly in adults with chronic pain, and better sleep quality in female respondents. These findings among experienced kratom consumers suggest the need for human laboratory studies in kratom-naïve participants to determine causality and underlying mechanisms, which could help inform clinical guidance and policy as kratom use continues to rise. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).