Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology最新文献

Financial scarcity is associated with greater delay discounting and cigarette smoking. In experimental research, narrative simulation of scarcity increases delay discounting, but the effects of simulated scarcity on smoking behaviors have not yet been examined. In an online survey study, we examined the effects of scarcity narratives on delay discounting, cigarette craving, and behavioral economic demand for cigarettes. Adults who smoke cigarettes were randomized to read brief narratives describing either scarcity (n = 102) or neutral (control; n = 105) income conditions and imagine they were experiencing the conditions described. Participants then completed assessments of delay discounting (adjusting-delay task), cigarette craving (Questionnaire on Smoking Urges-Brief), cigarette demand (purchase task), and affect (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Short Form). Adjusting for affect, the scarcity group showed higher delay discounting (p < .001) and higher overall craving (p < .001). Moreover, delay discounting partially mediated the observed effect scarcity on craving (p < .001). No statistically significant group differences in cigarette demand were observed (all p values > .05). Exploratory analyses examining the two-factor latent structure of the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges showed that delay discounting partially mediated the effects of narrative group on craving Factor 1 (anticipated positive reinforcement) and fully mediated the effects of group on craving Factor 2 (anticipated relief from negative affect). Together, these findings show that narrative simulation of financial scarcity increases cigarette craving and identifies delay discounting as a mechanism of action in this effect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The Point-Scoring Reaction-Time Task (PSRTT) is designed to measure sensitivity to reward and punishment; the task has empirically demonstrated associations with substance use and related variables. However, like most performance-based paradigms, applications of the PSRTT have not usually applied falsifiable tests of reliability of measurement in the samples used to make inferences. Participants were (n = 150) 18- to 20-year-olds, recruited via social media advertisements and required to report drinking on average on 2+ occasions per month. We apply psychometric tests of reliability of measurement (e.g., confirmatory factor analysis) to the PSRTT and evaluate links with alcohol consumption (past 6-month average frequency, quantity, and maximum drinking) and problem alcohol use via the Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire. The task yields an internally consistent sensitivity to reward factor. However, there was no evidence for reliable measurement of sensitivity to punishment. Sensitivity to reward was associated with frequency of drinking (β = .24, p < .01) and quantity of drinking (β = .21, p < .05), but not maximum number of drinks consumed (β = .09, p > .05). Sensitivity to reward was significantly associated with alcohol-related problems (β = .21, p < .05). Integrating modern measurement theories with performance-based methodologies has the potential to improve the precision of science by providing falsifiable estimates of the quality of measurement. The PSRTT provides reliable scores to index individual differences in reward sensitivity but may not be a reliable measure of punishment sensitivity. Sensitivity to reward may be involved in the etiology of alcohol use and problem use during young adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Despite awareness of polysubstance use-the co-use of multiple drugs-and its associated risks, there is a lack of research consensus on how to identify and classify individuals engaging in polysubstance use. Latent class analysis (LCA) and latent profile analysis (LPA) are data-driven approaches that may improve the identification and classification of polysubstance use. By clustering data using different indicators, LCA/LPA can extract subgroups of common drug use patterns within a sample. Variability in how LCA/LPA are conducted, however, can substantially impact how subgroups are extracted and have not been thoroughly reviewed. The present review was one of a two-part series preregistered on PROSPERO entitled, "A systematic review of studies using latent class analysis to examine patterns of polysubstance use in adults (Part 1) and adolescents (Part 2)" (CRD42022352293). The present review sourced relevant studies using LCA/LPA in the context of characterizing adult polysubstance use and identified factors influencing the number of latent classes extracted. Across several articles using LCA/LPA (n = 136), the current review found differences, for example, in the number of extracted classes based on study sample sizes (ρ = .275, p < .001) and the number of indicators used (r = .244, p = .004). The present review noted substantial heterogeneity in study methodologies, statistical analyses, and latent class solutions. For future research, the review suggests some methodological considerations including attention to sample sizes, study locations, and the number of indicators included in LCA/LPAs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Alcohol use disorder has primarily been a male-dominated problem, but gaps in alcohol use and consumption are closing, with females increasingly engaging in heavy and binge drinking. However, there has been limited research that has examined how alcohol-related cues affect inhibitory control differently in males and females. The present study investigated sex differences in alcohol-cued inhibitory control across a spectrum of drinkers. Participants (N = 267) aged 21-60 were recruited via Prolific and categorized as nondrinkers, light, moderate, or heavy drinkers based on self-reported alcohol consumption and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism classifications. Participants completed the Attentional Bias-Behavioral Activation task. Results revealed a significant Sex × Drinking Status × Go Condition interaction, F(3, 251) = 2.753, p = .043, η2 = 0.032. Specifically, within the alcohol go condition, heavy- and moderate-drinking females exhibited significantly greater inhibitory failures in the presence of alcohol cues compared to their male counterparts and to nondrinking and light-drinking females. By contrast, the same effects were not observed within the neutral go condition. These findings suggest that alcohol cues may disproportionately disrupt inhibitory control in female heavy drinkers. This study extends prior research by including all drinker types, distinguishing between moderate and heavy drinkers, and using a broad age range. These findings underscore the importance of considering sex-specific cognitive vulnerabilities in alcohol use and suggest that interventions targeting inhibitory control may be particularly beneficial for females. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The extant literature hints at the existence of substance-specific differences in rates of cross-commodity discounting (CCT). However, direct examinations are currently lacking. The present experiment aimed to replicate previous studies examining CCT of substances and to extend their findings by examining potential substance-specific relationships with discounting. Participants (n = 122) on recovery pathways from substance use disorders indicated the substances they were still actively using and then ranked these substances from most to least preferred. Participants then completed four discounting tasks: (a) money now-money later, (b) money now-drug later, (c) drug now-drug later, and (d) drug now-money later. Monetary and drug amounts were always equated. In these tasks, the drug commodity was always the participant's most preferred except if participants indicated they used multiple substances, in which case they completed additional discounting tasks with their second most preferred substance. Results revealed that discounting rates across substances did not differ significantly in conditions where the same commodity was both the immediate and the delayed option. In contrast, in the drug now-money later condition, we found that rates of discounting varied significantly according to the specific drug commodity. Further, this relationship was inverted in the money now-drug later condition. Overall, results from previous examinations of the CCT of alcohol and stimulants were replicated. In addition, we provide the first direct evidence that rates of CCT may differ across different substances. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

A national nicotine-reduction policy could reduce cigarette smoking in the United States. The present study evaluated effects of cigarettes varying in nicotine content and provision of e-cigarettes on affective symptoms in populations with vulnerabilities to smoking. The overarching aim was to examine whether a nicotine-reduction policy could have unintended negative consequences, including exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms. This is a secondary analysis of three parallel 16-week randomized clinical trials examining four experimental conditions: normal nicotine content cigarettes, very-low-nicotine-content (VLNC) cigarettes, VLNC cigarettes plus e-cigarettes restricted to tobacco flavor (VLNC + TF), or VLNC cigarettes plus e-cigarettes in preferred flavors (VLNC + PF). Participants were adults who smoked daily from three vulnerable populations: socioeconomically disadvantaged reproductive-aged women (n = 80) and individuals with opioid use disorder (n = 74) or affective disorders (n = 172). Beck Depression Inventory and Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale scores were assessed weekly. There was a significant effect of experimental condition on Beck Depression Inventory, F(3, 315) = 4.26, p = .006, and Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale, F(3, 315) = 4.26, p = .006, scores, with scores in the VLNC only (least square means and standard error of the means: 12.68 [± 0.53] and 5.58 [± 0.27]), but not VLNC + TF or VLNC + PF conditions exceeding those in the normal nicotine content condition (least square means standard error of the means: 10.66 [± 0.53], p = .006 and 4.69 [± 0.27], p = .004). There was also a significant main effect of time, Beck Depression Inventory: F(15, 4050) = 3.74, p < .001; Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale: F(15, 4050) = 2.24, p = .004, with scores decreasing over the experimental period across experimental conditions. In conclusion, providing VLNC cigarettes in combination with e-cigarettes appeared to ameliorate modest increases in affective symptoms observed when VLNC cigarettes were provided alone. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Co-use of tobacco and cannabis poses adverse health consequences. Few studies have incorporated spatial analysis into smartphone-based assessments of co-use. This study aims to detect patterns of tobacco and cannabis co-use to inform the delivery of tailored interventions. We analyzed data from 30 young adults aged 18-30 in Northern California who used both tobacco and cannabis. Substance use/nonuse events were collected on participants' smartphones via geographic ecological momentary assessment over 30 days. Substance use events were categorized as tobacco use, cannabis use, or co-use and analyzed using the Space-Time Permutation Scan Statistic to identify distinct spatiotemporal clusters. Cluster characteristics were summarized to further explore use patterns. Substance use events showed clear clustering patterns in space and time, with 76% of events captured within clusters (interquartile range = 69%-87%). The number of tobacco use clusters peaked in the afternoon and dropped in the evening, while cannabis and co-use clusters peaked in the evening. Home was consistently a prevalent location. Additionally, tobacco use was clustered at others' homes (42.9%) in the early morning and then shifted to work (34.5%). Cannabis use clustered at work (17.6%) in the morning. Co-use clustered at others' homes (18.2%) in the early morning and then shifted to work (18.2%). This study identified individual patterns of tobacco and cannabis use on an event-level basis. Findings can inform the development of smartphone-based interventions that use contextual data to align with established co-use routines and intervene at the most likely times and locations of use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Nicotine improves withdrawal-related executive dysfunction and enhances task performance in chronic users, regardless of the delivery method. Research on combustible cigarette users shows that nicotine boosts performance by increasing activity in prefrontal and parietal brain regions. It remains unclear whether e-cigarettes offer the same improvements and involve similar neurobiological mechanisms. Nicotine-abstinent (14 hr) regular e-cigarette users completed working memory tasks (i.e., Rapid Visual Information Processing, n-back) before and after a 10-min e-cigarette protocol, with the n-back completed while fMRI measurements were taken. Whole-brain voxel-wise analyses were used to assess BOLD activation during an n-back task before and after e-cigarette use, examining the association between activation and nicotine boost (serum nicotine changes) and craving. Participants were 55% female, 87% White, and had a mean age of 36 years (N = 18). There were increases in Rapid Visual Information Processing accuracy after (M = 17.79, SD = 7.78) compared to before e-cigarette use (M = 14.41, SD = 7.76; t[16] = -4.35, p < .001). Rapid Visual Information Processing reaction time increased after (M = 412.33, SD = 47.53) compared to before (M = 380.64, SD = 67.16; t[16] = -2.69, p = .02). During the n-back task, there was increased activation in task-positive executive and attention networks and decreased activation in task-negative networks (e.g., the default mode network) after e-cigarette use. Although e-cigarette use did not alter BOLD signal during the task, higher nicotine boost was linked to reduced task-negative activity, and reduced craving following e-cigarette use was tied to increased task-positive activity. This pilot study supports that e-cigarette use improves target detection and alters brain function for e-cigarette users through nicotine exposure, with craving reductions potentially contributing to these effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Impulsivity is the tendency to act hastily in reaction to internal and external cues without consideration of all potential outcomes. Limited research has used a person-centered approach to explore patterns of impulsivity and risky behavior involvement, but not how different dimensions of impulsivity relate to multiple risk behaviors within the same individuals. The present study aimed to identify latent groups based on five self-report impulsivity measures and to assess differences in latent profiles as related to alcohol use and problems, drug use, gambling, and polysubstance use. Participants were 1,608 college students (Mage = 20.52; 67% female) who completed an online survey assessing impulsivity and risky behavior engagement. Latent profile analysis indicated three profiles best represented the data: preference for reward/stimulation (39.2%), low sensitivity to punishment (39.1%), and behavioral activation (21.7%). Significant differences were found among profiles and risky behaviors, with Profile 1 "preference for reward/stimulation" exhibiting significantly higher levels of alcohol use and problems, drug use, gambling, and polysubstance use than other profiles. Results suggested that impulsivity, particularly marked by heightened responsiveness to rewards and elevated levels of rash impulsivity, may be associated with increased engagement in several risky behaviors, including polysubstance use and gambling. Findings offered more depth to the conceptualization of impulsivity and provided novel information on polysubstance use and behavioral addictions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has proposed a nicotine-limiting standard, which would increase the unit price of nicotine in cigarettes and could cause people who smoke and are unable/unwilling to quit nicotine to switch to other products. This study examined the substitutability of little cigars/cigarillos (LCCs), e-cigarettes, and other nicotine products for cigarettes using the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace. Participants (N = 145) recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk completed hypothetical purchases for 7 days' worth of nicotine/tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace. Purchases required participants to allocate their usual weekly expenditure across products at five escalating cigarette prices while alternative product prices remained fixed. Purchases were made in three marketplaces: (a) with a range of products, including e-cigarettes and LCCs, (b) without e-cigarettes, and (c) without LCCs. Participants were 45.7 (mean; SD = 10.3) years old and primarily female (70.3%) and White (82.1%) and smoked 17.6 (mean; SD = 8.9) cigarettes/day. Cigarette purchasing decreased as price increased (p < .001). When all products were available, the most appealing substitutes were e-cigarettes, followed by nicotine replacement therapy, LCCs, and chew (p < .05). Findings were similar for products other than e-cigarettes and LCCs in marketplaces without e-cigarettes and LCCs, respectively. Findings demonstrate the potential for noncombusted and combusted products to substitute for cigarettes, with experimental evidence that LCCs substitute for cigarettes, although less effectively than other products. Results underscore the importance of regulation that limits the potential for LCC substitution for cigarettes and maintains noncombusted alternatives in the marketplace to promote harm reduction among those unable to quit nicotine. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).