Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology最新文献

Stereotype threat occurs when individuals from stigmatized groups feel they are expected to conform to a negative stereotype associated with their group. Studies show that activating stereotype threat can impair performance on cognitive tasks in various marginalized groups. Individuals with problematic alcohol use are subject to stigmatized views related to cognitive abilities and socialization skills; thus, we examine for the first time whether eliciting stereotype threat impairs performance on a memory and a theory of mind task in undergraduate students with varying drinking patterns. We randomized 205 students to a neutral or a stereotype threat condition, which informed participants that the purpose of the study was to assess memory performance and theory of mind skills in relation to different patterns of alcohol consumption. In the stereotype threat group, individuals with problematic drinking patterns demonstrated significantly worse memory performance than nonproblematic drinkers and nondrinkers. The same was not true in the neutral condition, where memory recall did not differ significantly as a function of drinking status. Experimental group and drinking status failed to reveal significant effects on cognitive and affective theory of mind performance. Problematic alcohol use patterns were only associated with poorer memory when stereotype threat was elicited, which indicates that assessments of neurocognitive profiles may be biased, at least for memory performance, if stereotype threat is inadvertently elicited in substance users. Broader implications support the imperative to avoid stigmatization of problematic substance use in scientific communication and clinical settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A double-blind study was performed to test the abuse liability of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in young adults; in particular, the influence of nicotine on reward sensitivity was assessed. A total of 53 healthy nonusers participated in experimental sessions during which they played a video game made available on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement and self-administered nicotine via ENDS. Participants were randomized into one of three groups. Two groups received either a dedicated concentration of nicotine (6 and 12 mg) or a placebo, and whether they received the placebo or their dedicated nicotine dose was randomly determined on a session-by-session basis to mask the sequencing of drug administration. The third group received only a 0 mg (placebo) vaping device during all sessions. In comparison to all placebo conditions, nicotine-induced reward sensitization was evidenced on behavioral measures of video game reinforcement, but not subjective appraisals of the vaping experience. A 1-month follow-up survey provided evidence that reinforcement enhancement by nicotine predicts increased abuse liability of ENDS. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The use of psychedelics for various purposes was common in different civilizations throughout human history and has been explored scientifically for more than a century. Although the applications of psychedelics show promise in the treatment of various psychiatric and neurological indications, as well as in facilitation of well-being and personal growth, several psychedelic-related risks and challenges have also been identified. Psychedelic integration (PI) refers to various practices that serve to either minimize harms or maximize benefits associated with psychedelic use. PI is also recognized as a substantial part of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), following preparation to and facilitation of the psychedelic experience. In the context of clinical/psychotherapeutic practice, several PI models/methods have already been proposed. However, while a number of these models/methods are theory-driven, or have a history of clinical application, each lack any empirical support and thus cannot be described as evidence based. This is to the disadvantage to countless people who had and who will have their psychedelic experiences in various contexts, as the prevalence of using psychedelics increased in recent years and is expected to grow further. Therefore, consistent with general recommendations for developing and implementing evidence-based mental health practices, this article calls for scientific efforts to the development, examination, and evaluation of psychedelic integration models/methods. This article also briefly summarizes the current literature on psychedelic integration, provides a list of exemplary avenues that research on psychedelic integration might take, as well as anticipates and discusses the limitations and challenges of PI-focused research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Wrist-worn alcohol biosensors continuously and discreetly record transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) and may allow alcohol researchers to monitor alcohol consumption in participants' natural environments. However, the field lacks established methods for signal processing and detecting alcohol events using these devices. We developed software that streamlines analysis of raw data (TAC, temperature, and motion) from a wrist-worn alcohol biosensor (BACtrack Skyn) through a signal processing and machine learning pipeline: biologically implausible skin surface temperature readings (< 28°C) were screened for potential device removal and TAC artifacts were corrected, features that describe TAC (e.g., rise duration) were calculated and used to train models (random forest and logistic regression) that predict self-reported alcohol consumption, and model performances were measured and summarized in autogenerated reports. The software was tested using 60 Skyn data sets recorded during 30 alcohol drinking episodes and 30 nonalcohol drinking episodes. Participants (N = 36; 13 with alcohol use disorder) wore the Skyn during one alcohol drinking episode and one nonalcohol drinking episode in their natural environment. In terms of distinguishing alcohol from nonalcohol drinking, correcting artifacts in the data resulted in 10% improvement in model accuracy relative to using raw data. Random forest and logistic regression models were both accurate, correctly predicting 97% (58/60; AUC-ROCs = 0.98, 0.96) of episodes. Area under TAC curve, rise duration of TAC curve, and peak TAC were the most important features for predictive accuracy. With promising model performance, this protocol will enhance the efficiency and reliability of TAC sensors for future alcohol monitoring research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Although laboratory studies indicate alcohol reduces pain intensity and increases pain threshold, these effects likely do not completely explain perceived pain relief from alcohol intake. In this study, we tested expectancy of alcohol analgesia (EAA) as a moderator of subjective pain relief following oral alcohol challenge in individuals with and without chronic orofacial pain. Social drinkers (N = 48; 19 chronic pain; 29 pain-free controls) completed two testing sessions: alcohol administration (BrAC: 0.08 g/dL) and placebo. Alcohol expectancy (AE) was assessed using the EAA questionnaire and two 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VASs) regarding strength of belief that alcohol provides pain relief (AE VAS 1) or reduces pain sensitivity (AE VAS 2). Participants completed quantitative sensory testing (QST) involving application of pressure to the masseter insertion. Pain threshold (lbf; three repetitions) and pain intensity (4, 5, and 6 lbf; three repetitions each; 100-mm VAS) were collected. After each stimulus, participants rated perceived pain relief due to consumption of the study beverage (0-100 VAS). Higher EAA and AE VAS 1 ratings were associated with stronger perceived relief in the alcohol, but not placebo, condition. However, expectancy specifically related to reduction in pain sensitivity (AE VAS 2) was not associated with relief. Additionally, changes in pain threshold and intensity were not significantly correlated with perceived relief. Taken together, results suggest expectancy that alcohol provides pain relief is an important determinant of its negative reinforcing effects. Future studies should investigate challenging these expectancies as a means of reducing alcohol-related risk in people with pain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Whether current suicide risk or a history of attempted suicide is related to the antidepressant effect of a low-dose ketamine infusion remains unclear. In total, 47 patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), including 32 with low current suicide risk and 15 with moderate or high current suicide risk, were randomized to groups receiving a low-dose ketamine infusion of either 0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg. Among the patients, 21 had a lifetime history of attempted suicide. Suicide risk was assessed based on the Suicidal scale of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) was used to measure depressive symptoms at baseline, at 40 and 240 min after infusion, and sequentially on Days 2-7 and 14 after ketamine infusion. Generalized estimating equation models indicated that the time effects of both 0.5 and 0.2 mg/kg ketamine infusions were significant during the study period. The models also indicated that current suicide risk (p = .037) but not lifetime history of attempted suicide (p = .184) was related to the trajectory of total HDRS scores. Patients with moderate-to-high current suicide risk benefited more from the low-dose ketamine infusion compared with those with the low current suicide risk. Patients with TRD having moderate or high current suicide risk may be prioritized to receive a low-dose ketamine infusion, which may aid suicide prevention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Despite decades of progress, cigarette smoking remains a significant contributor to disease burden. This effect is especially pronounced for specific priority populations, such as individuals who live in rural communities, in that the burden of tobacco smoking is greater among these groups than in urban areas and the general population. The present study aims to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of two novel tobacco treatment interventions delivered through remote telehealth procedures to individuals who smoke in the state of South Carolina. Results also include exploratory analyses of smoking cessation outcomes. Study I evaluated savoring, a strategy based on mindfulness practices, alongside nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Study II evaluated retrieval-extinction training (RET), a memory-modification paradigm alongside NRT. In Study I (savoring), recruitment and retention data showed high interest and engagement in the intervention components, and participants who received this intervention decreased cigarette smoking throughout the course of the treatment (ps < .05). In Study II (RET), results showed high interest and moderate engagement in treatment, although exploratory outcome analyses did not demonstrate significant treatment effects on smoking behaviors. Overall, both studies showed promise in generating interest among individuals who smoke in participating in remotely delivered, telehealth smoking cessation interventions with novel therapeutic targets. A brief savoring intervention appeared to have effects on cigarette smoking throughout treatment, whereas RET did not. Gaining insight from the present pilot study, future studies may improve the efficacy of these procedures and incorporate the treatment components into more robust available treatments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

College student-athletes represent a high-risk group for heavy alcohol consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences. Although college drinking correlates with access to low-cost alcohol, no study has examined demand, or the relationship between price and consumption, in student-athletes. Furthermore, the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and drinking to cope motives in student-athletes suggest athlete-specific risks of alcohol consumption that have not yet been examined in conjunction with demand. Therefore, the present study examined gender differences in alcohol demand, alcohol consumption, and anxiety and depressive symptoms in student-athletes (n = 118) and nonathletes (n = 78) at three colleges/universities. Participants completed the Alcohol Purchase Task and measures of alcohol-related behaviors and mental health. Observed demand indices including intensity (i.e., consumption at zero price), O_max (i.e., maximum expenditure), P_max (i.e., price associated with O_max), and breakpoint-1, or BP₁ (i.e., highest price of nonzero consumption) were calculated at the individual level. The rate of change in demand elasticity (i.e., decrease in consumption relative to price increases) was calculated at the group level. Overall, students reported lower alcohol consumption at higher alcohol prices, but men reported higher alcohol consumption and demand intensity than women, student-athletes reported higher O_max than nonathletes, and student-athletes reported lower depressive symptoms than nonathletes. These findings support reducing access to low-cost alcohol in college drinking environments as a harm-reduction strategy, particularly for high-risk student populations, such as men and those involved in athletics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Several dimensional frameworks for characterizing heterogeneity in alcohol use disorder (AUD) have been proposed, including the Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA). The ANA is a framework for assessing individual variability within AUD across three domains corresponding to the proposed stages of the addiction cycle: reward (binge-intoxication stage), negative emotionality (withdrawal-negative affect stage), and cognitive control (preoccupation-anticipation stage). Recent work has evaluated the ANA's three-factor structure and construct validity, primarily in treatment-seekers with AUD. We extended this research by examining the factor structure, bias across alcohol use severity, longitudinal invariance, and concurrent and predictive validity of a novel assessment of the ANA domains in adults with past 12-month regular (10 + alcohol units/week) alcohol use. Participants recruited from Prolific (N = 732), a crowdsourced data collection platform, completed various self-report measures. A test-retest subsample (n = 234) completed these measures 30 days later. Split-half exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor structure of the ANA. The overall factor structure was invariant across 30 days. Concurrently and prospectively, ANA domains demonstrated convergent validity concerning theoretically aligned alcohol-related, psychological, and personality measures. However, there was evidence of poor discriminant validity, and several cognitive control and reward items demonstrated bias across alcohol use severity. Future research is needed to improve the measurement of ANA domains using multimodal indicators, examine longitudinal changes in domains and their relationship with alcohol use severity, characterize phenotypic subgroups based on relative levels of domains, and compare the utility of the ANA with other proposed frameworks for measuring AUD heterogeneity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Though anxiety sensitivity (AS)-fear of anxiety-related experiences-is primarily tied to anxiety vulnerability, AS has also been prospectively associated with general negative affect and depression. Furthermore, depression has been longitudinally associated with different forms of substance use, and some AS subfactors (e.g., cognitive concerns) have been associated more consistently with depression and substance use than others. However, no previous study has investigated if longitudinal associations of AS with substance use may be mediated by depression or whether aspects of AS may be prospectively associated with substance use among adolescents. Hence, the present study tested depressive affect (the negative affective aspect of depression) as a prospective mediator of AS associations with substance use and examined longitudinal AS subfactor associations with substance use and problems. High school 9th graders (N = 2,877; M_age = 14.1 years; 55.3% female) completed self-report measures at baseline and at 6 months and 1 year later. Depressive affect mediated AS associations with subsequent alcohol, cigarette, electronic cigarette, cannabis, benzodiazepine, and opioid use. Also, AS cognitive and social concerns (vs. physical concerns) were more consistently associated with later depressive affect and substance use and problems. Current findings suggest that adolescents high in anxiety sensitivity tend to prospectively experience greater depressive affect, which in turn is related to a higher likelihood of engaging in several different forms of substance use. Thus, it is possible that interventions which target AS (particularly AS cognitive concerns) may help to treat or prevent depression and substance use among adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).