Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology最新文献

A national nicotine-reduction policy could reduce cigarette smoking in the United States. The present study evaluated effects of cigarettes varying in nicotine content and provision of e-cigarettes on affective symptoms in populations with vulnerabilities to smoking. The overarching aim was to examine whether a nicotine-reduction policy could have unintended negative consequences, including exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms. This is a secondary analysis of three parallel 16-week randomized clinical trials examining four experimental conditions: normal nicotine content cigarettes, very-low-nicotine-content (VLNC) cigarettes, VLNC cigarettes plus e-cigarettes restricted to tobacco flavor (VLNC + TF), or VLNC cigarettes plus e-cigarettes in preferred flavors (VLNC + PF). Participants were adults who smoked daily from three vulnerable populations: socioeconomically disadvantaged reproductive-aged women (n = 80) and individuals with opioid use disorder (n = 74) or affective disorders (n = 172). Beck Depression Inventory and Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale scores were assessed weekly. There was a significant effect of experimental condition on Beck Depression Inventory, F(3, 315) = 4.26, p = .006, and Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale, F(3, 315) = 4.26, p = .006, scores, with scores in the VLNC only (least square means and standard error of the means: 12.68 [± 0.53] and 5.58 [± 0.27]), but not VLNC + TF or VLNC + PF conditions exceeding those in the normal nicotine content condition (least square means standard error of the means: 10.66 [± 0.53], p = .006 and 4.69 [± 0.27], p = .004). There was also a significant main effect of time, Beck Depression Inventory: F(15, 4050) = 3.74, p < .001; Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale: F(15, 4050) = 2.24, p = .004, with scores decreasing over the experimental period across experimental conditions. In conclusion, providing VLNC cigarettes in combination with e-cigarettes appeared to ameliorate modest increases in affective symptoms observed when VLNC cigarettes were provided alone. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Co-use of tobacco and cannabis poses adverse health consequences. Few studies have incorporated spatial analysis into smartphone-based assessments of co-use. This study aims to detect patterns of tobacco and cannabis co-use to inform the delivery of tailored interventions. We analyzed data from 30 young adults aged 18-30 in Northern California who used both tobacco and cannabis. Substance use/nonuse events were collected on participants' smartphones via geographic ecological momentary assessment over 30 days. Substance use events were categorized as tobacco use, cannabis use, or co-use and analyzed using the Space-Time Permutation Scan Statistic to identify distinct spatiotemporal clusters. Cluster characteristics were summarized to further explore use patterns. Substance use events showed clear clustering patterns in space and time, with 76% of events captured within clusters (interquartile range = 69%-87%). The number of tobacco use clusters peaked in the afternoon and dropped in the evening, while cannabis and co-use clusters peaked in the evening. Home was consistently a prevalent location. Additionally, tobacco use was clustered at others' homes (42.9%) in the early morning and then shifted to work (34.5%). Cannabis use clustered at work (17.6%) in the morning. Co-use clustered at others' homes (18.2%) in the early morning and then shifted to work (18.2%). This study identified individual patterns of tobacco and cannabis use on an event-level basis. Findings can inform the development of smartphone-based interventions that use contextual data to align with established co-use routines and intervene at the most likely times and locations of use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The extant literature hints at the existence of substance-specific differences in rates of cross-commodity discounting (CCT). However, direct examinations are currently lacking. The present experiment aimed to replicate previous studies examining CCT of substances and to extend their findings by examining potential substance-specific relationships with discounting. Participants (n = 122) on recovery pathways from substance use disorders indicated the substances they were still actively using and then ranked these substances from most to least preferred. Participants then completed four discounting tasks: (a) money now-money later, (b) money now-drug later, (c) drug now-drug later, and (d) drug now-money later. Monetary and drug amounts were always equated. In these tasks, the drug commodity was always the participant's most preferred except if participants indicated they used multiple substances, in which case they completed additional discounting tasks with their second most preferred substance. Results revealed that discounting rates across substances did not differ significantly in conditions where the same commodity was both the immediate and the delayed option. In contrast, in the drug now-money later condition, we found that rates of discounting varied significantly according to the specific drug commodity. Further, this relationship was inverted in the money now-drug later condition. Overall, results from previous examinations of the CCT of alcohol and stimulants were replicated. In addition, we provide the first direct evidence that rates of CCT may differ across different substances. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Nicotine improves withdrawal-related executive dysfunction and enhances task performance in chronic users, regardless of the delivery method. Research on combustible cigarette users shows that nicotine boosts performance by increasing activity in prefrontal and parietal brain regions. It remains unclear whether e-cigarettes offer the same improvements and involve similar neurobiological mechanisms. Nicotine-abstinent (14 hr) regular e-cigarette users completed working memory tasks (i.e., Rapid Visual Information Processing, n-back) before and after a 10-min e-cigarette protocol, with the n-back completed while fMRI measurements were taken. Whole-brain voxel-wise analyses were used to assess BOLD activation during an n-back task before and after e-cigarette use, examining the association between activation and nicotine boost (serum nicotine changes) and craving. Participants were 55% female, 87% White, and had a mean age of 36 years (N = 18). There were increases in Rapid Visual Information Processing accuracy after (M = 17.79, SD = 7.78) compared to before e-cigarette use (M = 14.41, SD = 7.76; t[16] = -4.35, p < .001). Rapid Visual Information Processing reaction time increased after (M = 412.33, SD = 47.53) compared to before (M = 380.64, SD = 67.16; t[16] = -2.69, p = .02). During the n-back task, there was increased activation in task-positive executive and attention networks and decreased activation in task-negative networks (e.g., the default mode network) after e-cigarette use. Although e-cigarette use did not alter BOLD signal during the task, higher nicotine boost was linked to reduced task-negative activity, and reduced craving following e-cigarette use was tied to increased task-positive activity. This pilot study supports that e-cigarette use improves target detection and alters brain function for e-cigarette users through nicotine exposure, with craving reductions potentially contributing to these effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has proposed a nicotine-limiting standard, which would increase the unit price of nicotine in cigarettes and could cause people who smoke and are unable/unwilling to quit nicotine to switch to other products. This study examined the substitutability of little cigars/cigarillos (LCCs), e-cigarettes, and other nicotine products for cigarettes using the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace. Participants (N = 145) recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk completed hypothetical purchases for 7 days' worth of nicotine/tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace. Purchases required participants to allocate their usual weekly expenditure across products at five escalating cigarette prices while alternative product prices remained fixed. Purchases were made in three marketplaces: (a) with a range of products, including e-cigarettes and LCCs, (b) without e-cigarettes, and (c) without LCCs. Participants were 45.7 (mean; SD = 10.3) years old and primarily female (70.3%) and White (82.1%) and smoked 17.6 (mean; SD = 8.9) cigarettes/day. Cigarette purchasing decreased as price increased (p < .001). When all products were available, the most appealing substitutes were e-cigarettes, followed by nicotine replacement therapy, LCCs, and chew (p < .05). Findings were similar for products other than e-cigarettes and LCCs in marketplaces without e-cigarettes and LCCs, respectively. Findings demonstrate the potential for noncombusted and combusted products to substitute for cigarettes, with experimental evidence that LCCs substitute for cigarettes, although less effectively than other products. Results underscore the importance of regulation that limits the potential for LCC substitution for cigarettes and maintains noncombusted alternatives in the marketplace to promote harm reduction among those unable to quit nicotine. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Impulsivity is the tendency to act hastily in reaction to internal and external cues without consideration of all potential outcomes. Limited research has used a person-centered approach to explore patterns of impulsivity and risky behavior involvement, but not how different dimensions of impulsivity relate to multiple risk behaviors within the same individuals. The present study aimed to identify latent groups based on five self-report impulsivity measures and to assess differences in latent profiles as related to alcohol use and problems, drug use, gambling, and polysubstance use. Participants were 1,608 college students (Mage = 20.52; 67% female) who completed an online survey assessing impulsivity and risky behavior engagement. Latent profile analysis indicated three profiles best represented the data: preference for reward/stimulation (39.2%), low sensitivity to punishment (39.1%), and behavioral activation (21.7%). Significant differences were found among profiles and risky behaviors, with Profile 1 "preference for reward/stimulation" exhibiting significantly higher levels of alcohol use and problems, drug use, gambling, and polysubstance use than other profiles. Results suggested that impulsivity, particularly marked by heightened responsiveness to rewards and elevated levels of rash impulsivity, may be associated with increased engagement in several risky behaviors, including polysubstance use and gambling. Findings offered more depth to the conceptualization of impulsivity and provided novel information on polysubstance use and behavioral addictions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is increasingly used to examine risk and protective factors associated with alcohol-involved sexual assault (SA). Whereas extant literature demonstrates limited reactivity (i.e., systematic behavior change) to repeated assessment of risk behaviors (e.g., drinking), we know little about the impact of EMA on protective behaviors (i.e., harm reduction strategies). The present study examined between- and within-person reactivity to EMA participation using data from a larger study of alcohol and SA protective behavioral strategy (PBS) use. First-year college women (N = 138) were randomized to a 14-day EMA or a reactivity control condition. Both conditions completed baseline/follow-up measures of drinking behavior, alcohol PBS, and SA PBS. The EMA condition reported alcohol and SA PBS use each morning after drinking. We used 2 × 2 analyses of variance to examine differences in PBS use by condition (EMA vs. control) over time (baseline vs. follow-up); within-person changes in PBS use were probed with multilevel models. We found Significant Condition × Time interactions for both alcohol PBS and SA PBS; the EMA condition increased PBS use relative to the control condition across the first semester of college. Across the 14-day EMA protocol, women marginally increased alcohol PBS use and significantly increased SA PBS use. Participation in a 14-day EMA protocol may lead to changes in PBS use among first-semester college women. Results encourage examination of and controlling for potential reactivity in etiology and intervention studies of PBS use and highlight the potential of momentary interventions to increase PBS use over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Alcohol-related consequences remain a major public health issue, especially for emerging adults. Additionally, experiences of discrimination can have a deleterious impact on an individuals' drinking habits and mental health, especially when an individual is discriminated against for multiple, intersecting aspects of their identity. For example, experiencing multiple forms of discrimination has been linked to anxiety, depression, and alcohol-related consequences. The purpose of this study was to investigate if experiences of multiple discrimination are associated with alcohol-related consequences and if a pathway exists between multiple discrimination, anxiety and depression coping motives, and alcohol-related consequences. Participants (N = 399; 54.9% female, 48.1% White) were emerging adults who completed a survey on Prolific Academic, including questionnaires on number of drinks per week, alcohol-related consequences, experiences of perceived discrimination, depression and anxiety, and substance use coping motives. Results supported a significant association between multiple forms of discrimination and alcohol consequences. Serial mediation analyses supported an indirect effect of multiple forms of discrimination on alcohol-related consequences through both depression and depression coping motives, and anxiety and anxiety coping motives. Overall, the results of this study build upon previous research on the association between coping motives and alcohol consequences, demonstrate the depth of the impact of experiencing discrimination, and highlight the need for research to consider discrimination from an intersectional lens. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Subjective responses to alcohol, which encompass the subjective feelings and experiences elicited by alcohol consumption, are important factors implicated in the etiology of alcohol use disorder. Previous human laboratory studies have investigated how subjective responses to priming doses of alcohol influence alcohol self-administration (SA) but have not accounted for responses throughout the task. The present study investigated how subjective responses to alcohol, measured at multiple time points during a progressive ratio SA task, impacted subsequent motivation to self-administer alcohol. Participants (n = 67; 36 male/31 female) who drank heavily completed a 120-min progressive ratio alcohol intravenous SA paradigm. Every 15 min, participants were breathalyzed and completed self-report questionnaires to measure alcohol-induced stimulation, sedation, alcohol wanting, alcohol liking, negative mood, and positive mood. Alcohol SA was indicated by an increase in breath alcohol concentration. Time-lagged subjective response outcomes were examined as predictors of subsequent SA using multilevel modeling. Sex and family history of alcohol-related problems were investigated as potential moderators of the impact of subjective response measures on SA. Higher levels of alcohol-induced stimulation, as well as wanting and liking alcohol, predicted increased SA of alcohol. An increase in time, as a proxy for task demand, predicted a decreased likelihood of subsequent SA and moderated the effect of liking on SA. Family history of alcohol-related problems moderated the impact of alcohol-induced wanting and negative mood on motivation to consume alcohol. Overall, these findings emphasize the significant role of subjective responses to alcohol, as well as their interactions with task demand and family history, in influencing alcohol consumption behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

A number of studies have been conducted to assess the efficacy of exercise-based interventions for substance-use disorders. Nicotine use has been overrepresented in prior meta-analytic and systematic reviews, potentially obscuring the effects of exercise on outcomes related to other drugs. The aim of this meta-analysis and systematic review was to offer an updated account of the impact of exercise on substance-use outcomes for drugs other than nicotine. Eligible studies included peer reviewed articles published before August 2023 describing randomized controlled trials or clinical trials involving adults in which exercise served as the primary treatment intervention and substance use and/or craving outcomes were assessed for drugs other than nicotine. In addition to omnibus effects, meta-regression models were conducted to assess study design (within vs. between), data collection (acute vs. long-term), and outcome measure (drug craving vs. drug use) as potential moderating variables. A total of 19 articles describing 17 unique studies were selected for analysis, including data from 1,363 individual participants. An omnibus robust variance estimation meta-analysis indicated a significant reduction in substance-use outcomes following exercise intervention. The moderator analysis additionally indicated a significant effect of design type such that between-subject designs displayed smaller magnitude reductions than within-subject designs. Other potential moderators were not significant. These findings indicate that a variety of exercise-based interventions produce moderate improvements in substance use and craving for people using nonmedical drugs and corroborate prior reports that exercise is effective as an adjunctive or standalone treatment for substance-use disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).