Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology最新文献

Nicotine improves withdrawal-related executive dysfunction and enhances task performance in chronic users, regardless of the delivery method. Research on combustible cigarette users shows that nicotine boosts performance by increasing activity in prefrontal and parietal brain regions. It remains unclear whether e-cigarettes offer the same improvements and involve similar neurobiological mechanisms. Nicotine-abstinent (14 hr) regular e-cigarette users completed working memory tasks (i.e., Rapid Visual Information Processing, n-back) before and after a 10-min e-cigarette protocol, with the n-back completed while fMRI measurements were taken. Whole-brain voxel-wise analyses were used to assess BOLD activation during an n-back task before and after e-cigarette use, examining the association between activation and nicotine boost (serum nicotine changes) and craving. Participants were 55% female, 87% White, and had a mean age of 36 years (N = 18). There were increases in Rapid Visual Information Processing accuracy after (M = 17.79, SD = 7.78) compared to before e-cigarette use (M = 14.41, SD = 7.76; t[16] = -4.35, p < .001). Rapid Visual Information Processing reaction time increased after (M = 412.33, SD = 47.53) compared to before (M = 380.64, SD = 67.16; t[16] = -2.69, p = .02). During the n-back task, there was increased activation in task-positive executive and attention networks and decreased activation in task-negative networks (e.g., the default mode network) after e-cigarette use. Although e-cigarette use did not alter BOLD signal during the task, higher nicotine boost was linked to reduced task-negative activity, and reduced craving following e-cigarette use was tied to increased task-positive activity. This pilot study supports that e-cigarette use improves target detection and alters brain function for e-cigarette users through nicotine exposure, with craving reductions potentially contributing to these effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has proposed a nicotine-limiting standard, which would increase the unit price of nicotine in cigarettes and could cause people who smoke and are unable/unwilling to quit nicotine to switch to other products. This study examined the substitutability of little cigars/cigarillos (LCCs), e-cigarettes, and other nicotine products for cigarettes using the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace. Participants (N = 145) recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk completed hypothetical purchases for 7 days' worth of nicotine/tobacco products in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace. Purchases required participants to allocate their usual weekly expenditure across products at five escalating cigarette prices while alternative product prices remained fixed. Purchases were made in three marketplaces: (a) with a range of products, including e-cigarettes and LCCs, (b) without e-cigarettes, and (c) without LCCs. Participants were 45.7 (mean; SD = 10.3) years old and primarily female (70.3%) and White (82.1%) and smoked 17.6 (mean; SD = 8.9) cigarettes/day. Cigarette purchasing decreased as price increased (p < .001). When all products were available, the most appealing substitutes were e-cigarettes, followed by nicotine replacement therapy, LCCs, and chew (p < .05). Findings were similar for products other than e-cigarettes and LCCs in marketplaces without e-cigarettes and LCCs, respectively. Findings demonstrate the potential for noncombusted and combusted products to substitute for cigarettes, with experimental evidence that LCCs substitute for cigarettes, although less effectively than other products. Results underscore the importance of regulation that limits the potential for LCC substitution for cigarettes and maintains noncombusted alternatives in the marketplace to promote harm reduction among those unable to quit nicotine. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Impulsivity is the tendency to act hastily in reaction to internal and external cues without consideration of all potential outcomes. Limited research has used a person-centered approach to explore patterns of impulsivity and risky behavior involvement, but not how different dimensions of impulsivity relate to multiple risk behaviors within the same individuals. The present study aimed to identify latent groups based on five self-report impulsivity measures and to assess differences in latent profiles as related to alcohol use and problems, drug use, gambling, and polysubstance use. Participants were 1,608 college students (Mage = 20.52; 67% female) who completed an online survey assessing impulsivity and risky behavior engagement. Latent profile analysis indicated three profiles best represented the data: preference for reward/stimulation (39.2%), low sensitivity to punishment (39.1%), and behavioral activation (21.7%). Significant differences were found among profiles and risky behaviors, with Profile 1 "preference for reward/stimulation" exhibiting significantly higher levels of alcohol use and problems, drug use, gambling, and polysubstance use than other profiles. Results suggested that impulsivity, particularly marked by heightened responsiveness to rewards and elevated levels of rash impulsivity, may be associated with increased engagement in several risky behaviors, including polysubstance use and gambling. Findings offered more depth to the conceptualization of impulsivity and provided novel information on polysubstance use and behavioral addictions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is increasingly used to examine risk and protective factors associated with alcohol-involved sexual assault (SA). Whereas extant literature demonstrates limited reactivity (i.e., systematic behavior change) to repeated assessment of risk behaviors (e.g., drinking), we know little about the impact of EMA on protective behaviors (i.e., harm reduction strategies). The present study examined between- and within-person reactivity to EMA participation using data from a larger study of alcohol and SA protective behavioral strategy (PBS) use. First-year college women (N = 138) were randomized to a 14-day EMA or a reactivity control condition. Both conditions completed baseline/follow-up measures of drinking behavior, alcohol PBS, and SA PBS. The EMA condition reported alcohol and SA PBS use each morning after drinking. We used 2 × 2 analyses of variance to examine differences in PBS use by condition (EMA vs. control) over time (baseline vs. follow-up); within-person changes in PBS use were probed with multilevel models. We found Significant Condition × Time interactions for both alcohol PBS and SA PBS; the EMA condition increased PBS use relative to the control condition across the first semester of college. Across the 14-day EMA protocol, women marginally increased alcohol PBS use and significantly increased SA PBS use. Participation in a 14-day EMA protocol may lead to changes in PBS use among first-semester college women. Results encourage examination of and controlling for potential reactivity in etiology and intervention studies of PBS use and highlight the potential of momentary interventions to increase PBS use over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Alcohol-related consequences remain a major public health issue, especially for emerging adults. Additionally, experiences of discrimination can have a deleterious impact on an individuals' drinking habits and mental health, especially when an individual is discriminated against for multiple, intersecting aspects of their identity. For example, experiencing multiple forms of discrimination has been linked to anxiety, depression, and alcohol-related consequences. The purpose of this study was to investigate if experiences of multiple discrimination are associated with alcohol-related consequences and if a pathway exists between multiple discrimination, anxiety and depression coping motives, and alcohol-related consequences. Participants (N = 399; 54.9% female, 48.1% White) were emerging adults who completed a survey on Prolific Academic, including questionnaires on number of drinks per week, alcohol-related consequences, experiences of perceived discrimination, depression and anxiety, and substance use coping motives. Results supported a significant association between multiple forms of discrimination and alcohol consequences. Serial mediation analyses supported an indirect effect of multiple forms of discrimination on alcohol-related consequences through both depression and depression coping motives, and anxiety and anxiety coping motives. Overall, the results of this study build upon previous research on the association between coping motives and alcohol consequences, demonstrate the depth of the impact of experiencing discrimination, and highlight the need for research to consider discrimination from an intersectional lens. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Subjective responses to alcohol, which encompass the subjective feelings and experiences elicited by alcohol consumption, are important factors implicated in the etiology of alcohol use disorder. Previous human laboratory studies have investigated how subjective responses to priming doses of alcohol influence alcohol self-administration (SA) but have not accounted for responses throughout the task. The present study investigated how subjective responses to alcohol, measured at multiple time points during a progressive ratio SA task, impacted subsequent motivation to self-administer alcohol. Participants (n = 67; 36 male/31 female) who drank heavily completed a 120-min progressive ratio alcohol intravenous SA paradigm. Every 15 min, participants were breathalyzed and completed self-report questionnaires to measure alcohol-induced stimulation, sedation, alcohol wanting, alcohol liking, negative mood, and positive mood. Alcohol SA was indicated by an increase in breath alcohol concentration. Time-lagged subjective response outcomes were examined as predictors of subsequent SA using multilevel modeling. Sex and family history of alcohol-related problems were investigated as potential moderators of the impact of subjective response measures on SA. Higher levels of alcohol-induced stimulation, as well as wanting and liking alcohol, predicted increased SA of alcohol. An increase in time, as a proxy for task demand, predicted a decreased likelihood of subsequent SA and moderated the effect of liking on SA. Family history of alcohol-related problems moderated the impact of alcohol-induced wanting and negative mood on motivation to consume alcohol. Overall, these findings emphasize the significant role of subjective responses to alcohol, as well as their interactions with task demand and family history, in influencing alcohol consumption behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

A number of studies have been conducted to assess the efficacy of exercise-based interventions for substance-use disorders. Nicotine use has been overrepresented in prior meta-analytic and systematic reviews, potentially obscuring the effects of exercise on outcomes related to other drugs. The aim of this meta-analysis and systematic review was to offer an updated account of the impact of exercise on substance-use outcomes for drugs other than nicotine. Eligible studies included peer reviewed articles published before August 2023 describing randomized controlled trials or clinical trials involving adults in which exercise served as the primary treatment intervention and substance use and/or craving outcomes were assessed for drugs other than nicotine. In addition to omnibus effects, meta-regression models were conducted to assess study design (within vs. between), data collection (acute vs. long-term), and outcome measure (drug craving vs. drug use) as potential moderating variables. A total of 19 articles describing 17 unique studies were selected for analysis, including data from 1,363 individual participants. An omnibus robust variance estimation meta-analysis indicated a significant reduction in substance-use outcomes following exercise intervention. The moderator analysis additionally indicated a significant effect of design type such that between-subject designs displayed smaller magnitude reductions than within-subject designs. Other potential moderators were not significant. These findings indicate that a variety of exercise-based interventions produce moderate improvements in substance use and craving for people using nonmedical drugs and corroborate prior reports that exercise is effective as an adjunctive or standalone treatment for substance-use disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The operant demand cigarette purchase task conventionally prompts participants to report imagined purchases in units of single cigarettes. Although this purchasing modality diverges from the units deployed in real purchasing scenarios (i.e., packs of 20), no research has examined how simulated purchasing of the more ecologically valid unit of cigarette packs maps onto single cigarette purchasing metrics. A sample of 212 participants in this study reported hypothetical cigarette purchases across three iterations of the cigarette purchase task. Two of these collected responses in a binary format-would or would not purchase-at yoked unit prices, where tasks were distinguished as purchases of single cigarettes or packs of cigarettes. This binary framework permitted a simplified probabilistic description of purchasing that maintained a consistent timeframe. Participants also completed the standard cigarette purchase task, reporting the quantity of single cigarettes they would purchase and consume at each unit price. Purchasing breakpoint, or the highest price at which participants reported purchasing cigarettes, was broadly consistent across these tasks, weakly so when comparing purchases made on the binary tasks (r = .183). Tests of equivalence suggested that there were meaningful differences between breakpoint values reported on the single cigarette binary task and the per pack binary task, t(211) = -5.85, p < .001, and between breakpoint values reported on the standard purchase task and the per pack binary task, t(211) = 11.49, p < .001. Results suggest more research is needed to determine what environmental factors or imposed constraints are practically influencing reported cigarette valuation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

We assessed heart rate variability (HRV) as a measure of autonomic nervous system function during an ongoing double blind, placebo-controlled, trial of adjunct gabapentin during a buprenorphine-assisted taper and transition to injection naltrexone to explore how adjunctive pharmacotherapy and time influence autonomic nervous system activity and whether HRV metrics are predictive of treatment outcomes. Individuals with opioid use disorder who began their participation in an ongoing trial of adjunct gabapentin during an outpatient 10-day buprenorphine-assisted transition to injection naltrexone underwent experimental sessions at Weeks 1, 2, and 3 of the parent trial. HRV metrics were assessed for 2 min each while standing, sitting, and sitting while performing paced breathing (PB) using the ProComp2 System with sensor belt and analysis suite. Multiple imputation was used to analyze the HRV metrics due to some participants lacking data at all three weekly timepoints. Among 28 participants, logistic regression analyses indicated significant effects for frequency distributions and heart rate during PB exercises. Trends in frequency distribution during PB suggested potential influences of gabapentin on autonomic balance, resulting in lower HRV. Predictor variables for outcomes indicated a significant effect with higher low frequency/high frequency ratio during PB decreasing the odds of completing supervised withdrawal. Higher respiration rate and low frequency values while sitting showed trends and significant effects, respectively, for decreasing the odds of receiving Week 4 injection naltrexone. Selected HRV metrics change during supervised opioid withdrawal and are associated with treatment outcomes during supervised opioid withdrawal procedures. The significance of HRV metrics during PB exercises underscores the impact of specific activities on autonomic function, highlighting the importance of considering such effects when recording HRV metrics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Self-report is the most common way to measure substance use expectancies. Using such measures has led to insights regarding how, why, and for whom expectancies relate to use behavior. In fact, such insights have translated into interventions, such as expectancy challenges seeking to change one's expectancies. However, expectancy measures may be tricky for cannabis use, which has several product types and modalities that may impact the introspection of self-reported cannabis experiences. This study assessed whether a modern expectancies measure was invariant across cannabis use type/modality self-reported upon and whether cannabis type/modality moderated the influence of expectancies on use behavior. Young adults who recreationally used cannabis (N = 387) reported their cannabis use frequency and expectancies via the Anticipated Effects of Cannabis Scale. Participants also reported cannabis modality/type through which expectancies were self-reported upon. Each expectancy domain (high arousal negative, low arousal negative, positive) was invariant across cannabis type/modality. High arousal negative expectancies were higher when reporting vaping versus smoking, and positive expectancies were higher when reporting smoking versus vaping, but no other differences emerged. However, positive expectancies were associated with more frequent cannabis use when reporting on smoked (vs. vaporized) cannabis, and high arousal negative expectancies were associated with less frequent cannabis use when reporting on hash oil (vs. marijuana) and when reporting on vaporized (vs. smoked) cannabis. Cannabis type and modality may be important qualifiers in self-report research on cannabis expectancies. Future research should consider assessing modality- and type-specific cannabis constructs that are susceptible to such influences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).