Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology最新文献

A behavioral economic reinforcer pathology model theorizes that alcohol problems are influenced by steep delay discounting, overvaluation of alcohol reinforcement, and low reinforcement from alcohol-free activities. Extending this account to the comorbidity of alcohol problems and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the present study tested the hypothesis that alcohol problems and PTSD symptom severity would interact and be positively associated with indicators from these three domains. High-risk emerging adults from North America (Study 1, n = 1,311, M_age = 22.13) and general community adults from Canada (Study 2, n = 1,506, M_age = 36.80) completed measures of alcohol problems, PTSD symptoms, delay discounting, alcohol demand, and proportionate alcohol-related reinforcement. Across studies, regression analyses revealed significant main effects of alcohol problems and PTSD symptoms in relation to selected reinforcer pathology indicators, but no significant interactions were present for delay discounting or proportionate alcohol-related reinforcement. Interactions were observed for alcohol consumption at $0 (intensity) and the rate of change in consumption across the demand curve (elasticity; Study 1) and for elasticity and maximum alcohol expenditure (O_max; Study 2), but not in the predicted directions. Higher synergistic severity was associated with lower alcohol reinforcing value in each case. These findings reveal expected relations between reinforcer pathology indicators and both alcohol problems and PTSD symptomatology in general but did not support the hypothesized synergistic relationship. The relation between alcohol problems and PTSD is more complex than predicted by existing extensions of the reinforcer pathology model, warranting further investigation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

E-cigarettes with ice flavors, which are products with a cooling agent added to a characterizing flavor (e.g., grape-ice), are widely sold. Whether ice flavors appeal to only those who already use them or a to wider population is not widely understood. This secondary analysis of a clinical laboratory experiment tested effects of experimental exposure to e-cigarettes with fruit-ice versus other flavors on the appeal and sensory attributes of vaping and whether fruit-ice effects are moderated by preexisting e-cigarette flavor preference. In a controlled double-blind within-subject randomized online experiment, adults who currently use e-cigarettes, N = 85, M (SD) = 35.5 (13.2) years, 50% female, 54.3% White, self-administered e-liquids varying in flavors (fruit-ice [grape + menthol], tobacco-only, dessert-only [caramel], and fruit-only [strawberry]). Participants rated each product's appeal (liking, disliking, willingness to use again) and sensory attributes (sweetness, smoothness, harshness, bitterness, and coolness). In the overall sample, fruit-ice flavor produced (a) higher appeal, sweetness, smoothness, and coolness and lower bitterness and harshness compared to tobacco and dessert-only flavors and (b) higher coolness and lower sweetness than fruit-only flavors. The appeal-enhancing effect of fruit-ice (vs. tobacco and dessert-only flavors) was stronger among those with preexisting preferences for menthol/mint, fruit, and ice flavors, but not for those who typically used tobacco-only flavors. Our findings suggest that restrictions on fruit-ice-flavored e-cigarettes may reduce the appeal of vaping, particularly among vapers with preferences for products with cooling, fruit, and/or sweet sensory attributes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a major public health issue, and greater cocaine use severity has been associated with worse treatment retention and outcomes. Therefore, greater understanding of processes that influence cocaine use is needed. Both anhedonia (i.e., undervaluation of nondrug rewards) and cocaine demand (i.e., cocaine valuation) are related to cocaine use severity and thematically related to each other at face value, but no studies have directly compared these outcomes to our knowledge. The present study represents a secondary analysis from a two-phase sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial aimed at developing adaptive interventions for CUD. We examined the relationship between anhedonia and cocaine demand and how these measures were related to cocaine use severity. Participants (N = 116) were treatment-seeking adults with CUD. All measures were taken at baseline before treatment initiation. Analyses revealed (a) moderate and very strong evidence of relationships between cocaine demand factors (i.e., persistence, amplitude) and anhedonia (PP values ≥ 77.8%); (b) positive association between cocaine demand (both persistence and amplitude) and measures of cocaine use severity, with the exception of one relationship, which was in the opposite direction; and (c) demand amplitude continued to be positively related to cocaine use severity, even when considering anhedonia. Overall, findings from this study indicate cocaine demand relates to cocaine use severity more strongly than anhedonia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Hypothetical purchase tasks offer effective and efficient methods to assess the reinforcing value of various substances, including cigarettes. The purpose of the present study is to examine the validity and reliability of the Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) in an experimental arrangement in which participants were receiving free cigarettes. Critical to the validity of the CPT is that those who smoke can accurately estimate how much they would smoke under varying economic constraints. Participants (N = 9) were provided free study cigarettes for 8 weeks. Participants completed the CPT once weekly. To examine the validity of the five CPT demand indices (i.e., demand intensity, P_max, O_max, breakpoint, and α), we used a simple linear regression stratified by session number to model which of the five CPT demand indices were associated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day during Week 1 of the experiment. Significant associations in the hypothesized direction were noted across the five CPT indices, with the evidence for validity greatest for intensity, followed by O_max, P_max, breakpoint, and α. To examine CPT test-retest reliability, we estimated interclass correlation coefficients between Sessions 1 and 4 and Sessions 5 and 8. All but one interclass correlation coefficient supported "good" or "excellent" reliability, with the only exception seen with the α index between Sessions 1 and 4, which was moderate reliability. Collectively, these results provide evidence supporting the construct validity and temporal stability/reliability of the CPT demand indices under conditions of limited economic constraint. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a highly prevalent, yet heterogenous condition linked to anxiety, reward sensitivity, and cognitive biases. Understanding cognitive mechanisms of specific AUD symptoms is crucial for developing tailored, effective interventions. This pilot study sought to assess whether two potential cognitive correlates of AUD-intolerance of uncertainty and delay discounting-differentially influence the relationship between AUD, anxiety sensitivity, and drinking motives. Individuals with mild-to-moderate AUD (n = 31) and healthy control participants (n = 31) completed a single-session lab study in which they performed a decision making under uncertainty task as a behavioral measure of uncertainty tolerance, completed a delay discounting task as a measure of reward sensitivity, and responded to surveys related to anxiety sensitivity, state and trait anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and drinking motives. Hierarchical regression results demonstrated a significant interaction between AUD status (AUD vs. control) on both self-reported (β = 0.687, p = .020) and behavioral (β = 0.777, p = .012) intolerance of uncertainty. Greater anxiety sensitivity was associated with heightened intolerance of uncertainty in those with AUD but not controls. Correlations showed that the coping drinking motive was significantly positively associated with anxiety sensitivity (r = 0.462, p = .010), self-reported (r = 0.535, p = .002), and behavioral intolerance of uncertainty (r = 0.396, p < .027) in participants with AUD but not controls. No significant associations between anxiety sensitivity, drinking motives, and delay discounting were observed in either the AUD or the control group. Intolerance of uncertainty may therefore represent a cognitive bias in which individuals with AUD and anxiety sensitivity drink to cope with environmental and internal uncertainty. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Impaired control (i.e., difficulty adhering to limits on alcohol use) prospectively predicts self-reported alcohol-related problems in undergraduates yet remains understudied. In particular, there is little evidence regarding whether brief interventions can reduce impaired control. An efficacious, very brief, web-based intervention focused on protective behavioral strategy (PBS) use may be well suited to reducing impaired control, but there is also little evidence regarding relationships between impaired control and PBS use. Data were analyzed from a randomized controlled trial of U.S. Tertiary Health Research Intervention via Email (Leeman et al., 2016) that yielded evidence of reduced weekly and peak alcohol use among undergraduates who drink heavily (N = 208). Multilevel models were tested to determine efficacy in reducing impaired control over alcohol use. The parent trial tested variants providing both direct (e.g., avoiding drinking games) and indirect (e.g., securing a designated driver) PBS, direct only or indirect only. Given this focus of the parent trial, self-reported PBS use was included in the model. U.S. Tertiary Health Research Intervention via Email did not significantly reduce impaired control over alcohol use compared to a control condition (p = .15-.96), and there was no significant main effect of time or interactions with time. However, direct and indirect PBS use was significantly inversely related to impaired control. An efficacious, very brief web-based intervention associated with decreased alcohol use did not decrease impaired control over alcohol significantly. More intensive, or longer, interventions may be needed to reduce impaired control. Greater PBS use was associated with less impaired control; thus, interventions that increase PBS use may decrease impaired control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Experimental research has identified pain as a determinant of alcohol urge mediated via negative affect. This study aimed to test acceptance coping (vs. distraction) as a moderator of this relationship. Using a randomized 2 × 2 between-subjects repeated-measures experimental design, pain-free hazardous drinkers (N = 135) were randomly assigned to receive acceptance or distraction coping training. They were asked to use the strategy while receiving an acutely painful or nonpainful stimulus. It was hypothesized that the effects of pain on negative affect would be weaker among those who received acceptance training, resulting in lower ratings on alcohol urge and approach inclinations. There were no moderating effects of Pain Condition × Coping Condition on negative affect. Given this, the moderator was removed and a simple mediation model was tested. Results showed significant indirect effects for alcohol urge through negative affect. Results suggested no differences between acceptance and distraction coping in ameliorating acute pain effects on negative affect and alcohol-related outcomes. The mediation model was partially replicated. Findings provide information that may accelerate the design of interventions to curtail drinking for pain coping by better understanding the utility of acceptance training and the pain-alcohol relation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Heavy episodic drinking (HED) is common among college students and poses risks for negative consequences. Evidence suggests that HED is more frequent among those with stronger implicit alcohol associations, and the impact of these implicit associations on drinking may be moderated by executive functioning. This study examined the role of two executive function components-working memory (WM) and planning-as moderators of implicit alcohol-approach associations and HED among college students who drink alcohol. One hundred forty-one participants completed measures of alcohol use, implicit alcohol-approach associations, WM, and planning. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the respective two-way and three-way interactions between implicit alcohol associations, WM, and planning on HED. Results showed that WM and planning each moderated the relation between alcohol implicit association test (IAT) and HED. IAT scores were positively associated with HED when WM and planning were low (-1 SD) but not high (+1 SD). Although results from the three-way interaction exhibited a nonsignificant trend, the pattern of results showed that the association between IAT and HED was stronger at lower levels of WM, but only when planning was also low, not high. Findings support the view that HED among college students who drink alcohol may be a function of automatic alcohol associations and that these associations may be stronger among those with lower WM and planning abilities. These results replicate and extend our understanding of how executive functioning may moderate the impact of implicit alcohol cognitions on risky drinking and suggests potential intervention targets. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Nicotine functions effectively as an interoceptive operant discriminative stimulus (S^D) that sets the occasion for voluntarily emitted behavior to be reinforced by biologically relevant outcomes (e.g., food). This has been demonstrated primarily with male rats. Far less is known about nicotine's operant S^D functions in female rats. There are no reports of sex differences in extinction and recovery of the SD functions of nicotine, which may elucidate smoking cessation and relapse. In view of this, eight male and eight female rats were trained to nose poke differentially among quasirandomly intermixed sessions of food reinforcement variable interval (VI-30 s) and nonreinforcement in a go/no-go across session one-manipulanda operant drug discrimination procedure. For half the rats, presession administration of nicotine (0.30 mg/kg, subcutaneous) occasioned reinforcement sessions of nose pokes (i.e., S^D); for the remaining rats, it occasioned nonreinforcement (S^Δ). Saline sessions occasioned the opposite contingencies. Training was conducted first under feeding restriction and then under free feeding, which was then followed by extinction sessions that were also conducted with free feeding. During discrimination training, response rates for females did not differ from males when conducted under restricted feeding but did so during training and later extinction conducted under free feeding. Females also exhibited greater reinstatement of responding under the nicotine S^D but not the S^Δ. These data provide additional evidence for sex differences in rats with the discriminative stimulus functions of nicotine under low, but not high, food-drive states-and may have implications for sex/gender differences in smoking cessation and relapse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Previous research has shown that (ACEs) are associated with negative health outcomes, including depression, problematic alcohol use, and disordered patterns of overeating, including food addiction (FA). Moreover, anhedonia, or an inability to feel pleasure, has been also shown to increase risk for problematic alcohol use, as well as FA. It is possible that anhedonia may be implicated in health risk behaviors as individuals with anhedonia may seek out highly hedonic activities. The purpose of the present study was to explore the direct and indirect relationship between ACEs and alcohol use disorder (AUD) and FA symptoms via anhedonia in a diverse sample of emerging adults with histories of heavy drinking. A cross-sectional, quantitative design was used. The sample was 42.6% male, 45.5% White, and 39.9% Black, and the average age of participants was 22.64 (SD = 1.01). A confirmatory factor analysis was used to specify the model, and structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. The initial measurement model was overidentified and demonstrated acceptable to favorable fit. Standardized results from a bootstrap analysis of the structural regression model showed significant direct effects of ACEs on FA and AUD symptoms. Results also found a significant indirect effect of ACEs on AUD symptoms through anhedonia, though this indirect effect was not significant for FA. Anhedonia could be a key target for the prevention and treatment of problematic alcohol use. Future research should examine the role of anhedonia in the maintenance of FA in nonheavy drinking samples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).