Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology最新文献

Fentanyl-related, cocaine-overdose deaths have drastically increased, yet research on how people who use cocaine perceive fentanyl adulteration is limited. This study developed the novel Adulterated Cocaine Purchasing Task, a modification of the original Cocaine Purchasing Task, to quantify how people respond to fentanyl adulteration in cocaine. In the Adulterated Cocaine Purchasing Task, participants indicated how much cocaine they would purchase when cocaine had no (0%) versus some (10%) probability of fentanyl adulteration. Study aims were to (a) determine how possible fentanyl adulteration affects cocaine demand and (b) determine which individual characteristics predict continued demand for cocaine despite fentanyl adulteration. This Amazon Mechanical Turk study included self-reported cocaine purchasers (N = 64), who completed self-report questionnaires (demographics, substance use history, depression/posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, fentanyl knowledge quiz), and the Adulterated Cocaine Purchasing Task. Results showed (a) that a greater probability of fentanyl adulteration (10%) lowered cocaine demand, but only for intensity (Q₀; amount of cocaine consumed when free; p < .001); (b) no effect on other demand indices (O_max, P_max, essential value, breakpoint); (c) significantly more zero responders with 10% probability of fentanyl adulteration than 0%, p < .001; and (d) that opioid couse, depression, age, posttraumatic stress disorder, fentanyl knowledge, and cocaine use severity did not moderate the relationship between fentanyl adulteration and intensity. Overall, fentanyl adulteration reduced cocaine demand but only for volume preferred at minimal cost, not general motivational drive for use, illustrating the dangerous insensitivity to toxic contamination. The internal validity of the paradigm provides proof-of-concept for this approach to identify individuals at risk from fentanyl-adulterated cocaine. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Human laboratory alcohol administration studies are crucial for advancing knowledge of cognitive processes and behaviors that precede alcohol consequences in a controlled environment, improving our understanding of etiology of alcohol problems and ability to develop and test safety and efficacy of interventions. However, conducting lab administration studies is challenging in part due to high participant burden, limiting generalizability of results to individuals who do not typically present for lab studies. Given the advantages of lab administration methods coupled with their challenges, remote alcohol administration was pursued as an alternative to enhance generalizability by removing barriers to participation and reducing participant burden. To establish feasibility and acceptability of this new remote method, we conducted qualitative interviews of 27 individuals (51.8% male; M_age = 21.96) and found that an average of 80% of individuals were willing to potentially participate in remote administration. Several themes emerged concerning participants' willingness and ability to participate, including (1) study location, (2) ease of participation, and (3) wanting to participate with a friend. However, some participants also cited specific barriers to participation, such as (1) living situation not conducive to participation, (2) study safety concerns, and (3) not wanting to participate with a romantic partner. Understanding both facilitators and barriers to potential participation will enable researchers to better design remote studies and enroll individuals not commonly included in current lab administration studies which has important implications for improved generalizability of findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Both laboratory model and real-world study data suggest that cocaine use is associated with impulsivity and risk-taking. Further, many people who use cocaine report polysubstance use; however, there is a lack of research investigating associations between and among impulsivity, risk-taking, and polysubstance use. Polysubstance use involving cannabis is especially relevant given its use by over half of Americans who use cocaine. No work to date has examined the potential relations between concurrent use of cannabis and cocaine and outcomes of impulsivity and risk-taking. The present study compared participants whose urine was positive for cocaine, positive for cocaine and cannabis, and negative for cocaine and cannabis during an initial pretreatment baseline visit for 122 participants prior to enrollment in a randomized clinical trial for cocaine use disorder. Data suggest participants who co-used cocaine and cannabis were likely to use more cocaine and other substances (e.g., alcohol, other drugs) and self-report risky sexual behavior. Participants who abstained from cocaine and cannabis prior to the baseline appointment gambled at greater rates in a gambling task. Groups did not differ with respect to self-reported impulsivity. Co-use of cocaine and cannabis among those with cocaine use disorder is associated with increased drug use but may have limited association with self-reported impulsivity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Financial scarcity is associated with greater delay discounting and cigarette smoking. In experimental research, narrative simulation of scarcity increases delay discounting, but the effects of simulated scarcity on smoking behaviors have not yet been examined. In an online survey study, we examined the effects of scarcity narratives on delay discounting, cigarette craving, and behavioral economic demand for cigarettes. Adults who smoke cigarettes were randomized to read brief narratives describing either scarcity (n = 102) or neutral (control; n = 105) income conditions and imagine they were experiencing the conditions described. Participants then completed assessments of delay discounting (adjusting-delay task), cigarette craving (Questionnaire on Smoking Urges-Brief), cigarette demand (purchase task), and affect (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Short Form). Adjusting for affect, the scarcity group showed higher delay discounting (p < .001) and higher overall craving (p < .001). Moreover, delay discounting partially mediated the observed effect scarcity on craving (p < .001). No statistically significant group differences in cigarette demand were observed (all p values > .05). Exploratory analyses examining the two-factor latent structure of the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges showed that delay discounting partially mediated the effects of narrative group on craving Factor 1 (anticipated positive reinforcement) and fully mediated the effects of group on craving Factor 2 (anticipated relief from negative affect). Together, these findings show that narrative simulation of financial scarcity increases cigarette craving and identifies delay discounting as a mechanism of action in this effect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Alcohol use disorder has primarily been a male-dominated problem, but gaps in alcohol use and consumption are closing, with females increasingly engaging in heavy and binge drinking. However, there has been limited research that has examined how alcohol-related cues affect inhibitory control differently in males and females. The present study investigated sex differences in alcohol-cued inhibitory control across a spectrum of drinkers. Participants (N = 267) aged 21-60 were recruited via Prolific and categorized as nondrinkers, light, moderate, or heavy drinkers based on self-reported alcohol consumption and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism classifications. Participants completed the Attentional Bias-Behavioral Activation task. Results revealed a significant Sex × Drinking Status × Go Condition interaction, F(3, 251) = 2.753, p = .043, η2 = 0.032. Specifically, within the alcohol go condition, heavy- and moderate-drinking females exhibited significantly greater inhibitory failures in the presence of alcohol cues compared to their male counterparts and to nondrinking and light-drinking females. By contrast, the same effects were not observed within the neutral go condition. These findings suggest that alcohol cues may disproportionately disrupt inhibitory control in female heavy drinkers. This study extends prior research by including all drinker types, distinguishing between moderate and heavy drinkers, and using a broad age range. These findings underscore the importance of considering sex-specific cognitive vulnerabilities in alcohol use and suggest that interventions targeting inhibitory control may be particularly beneficial for females. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The Point-Scoring Reaction-Time Task (PSRTT) is designed to measure sensitivity to reward and punishment; the task has empirically demonstrated associations with substance use and related variables. However, like most performance-based paradigms, applications of the PSRTT have not usually applied falsifiable tests of reliability of measurement in the samples used to make inferences. Participants were (n = 150) 18- to 20-year-olds, recruited via social media advertisements and required to report drinking on average on 2+ occasions per month. We apply psychometric tests of reliability of measurement (e.g., confirmatory factor analysis) to the PSRTT and evaluate links with alcohol consumption (past 6-month average frequency, quantity, and maximum drinking) and problem alcohol use via the Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire. The task yields an internally consistent sensitivity to reward factor. However, there was no evidence for reliable measurement of sensitivity to punishment. Sensitivity to reward was associated with frequency of drinking (β = .24, p < .01) and quantity of drinking (β = .21, p < .05), but not maximum number of drinks consumed (β = .09, p > .05). Sensitivity to reward was significantly associated with alcohol-related problems (β = .21, p < .05). Integrating modern measurement theories with performance-based methodologies has the potential to improve the precision of science by providing falsifiable estimates of the quality of measurement. The PSRTT provides reliable scores to index individual differences in reward sensitivity but may not be a reliable measure of punishment sensitivity. Sensitivity to reward may be involved in the etiology of alcohol use and problem use during young adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Despite awareness of polysubstance use-the co-use of multiple drugs-and its associated risks, there is a lack of research consensus on how to identify and classify individuals engaging in polysubstance use. Latent class analysis (LCA) and latent profile analysis (LPA) are data-driven approaches that may improve the identification and classification of polysubstance use. By clustering data using different indicators, LCA/LPA can extract subgroups of common drug use patterns within a sample. Variability in how LCA/LPA are conducted, however, can substantially impact how subgroups are extracted and have not been thoroughly reviewed. The present review was one of a two-part series preregistered on PROSPERO entitled, "A systematic review of studies using latent class analysis to examine patterns of polysubstance use in adults (Part 1) and adolescents (Part 2)" (CRD42022352293). The present review sourced relevant studies using LCA/LPA in the context of characterizing adult polysubstance use and identified factors influencing the number of latent classes extracted. Across several articles using LCA/LPA (n = 136), the current review found differences, for example, in the number of extracted classes based on study sample sizes (ρ = .275, p < .001) and the number of indicators used (r = .244, p = .004). The present review noted substantial heterogeneity in study methodologies, statistical analyses, and latent class solutions. For future research, the review suggests some methodological considerations including attention to sample sizes, study locations, and the number of indicators included in LCA/LPAs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

A national nicotine-reduction policy could reduce cigarette smoking in the United States. The present study evaluated effects of cigarettes varying in nicotine content and provision of e-cigarettes on affective symptoms in populations with vulnerabilities to smoking. The overarching aim was to examine whether a nicotine-reduction policy could have unintended negative consequences, including exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms. This is a secondary analysis of three parallel 16-week randomized clinical trials examining four experimental conditions: normal nicotine content cigarettes, very-low-nicotine-content (VLNC) cigarettes, VLNC cigarettes plus e-cigarettes restricted to tobacco flavor (VLNC + TF), or VLNC cigarettes plus e-cigarettes in preferred flavors (VLNC + PF). Participants were adults who smoked daily from three vulnerable populations: socioeconomically disadvantaged reproductive-aged women (n = 80) and individuals with opioid use disorder (n = 74) or affective disorders (n = 172). Beck Depression Inventory and Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale scores were assessed weekly. There was a significant effect of experimental condition on Beck Depression Inventory, F(3, 315) = 4.26, p = .006, and Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale, F(3, 315) = 4.26, p = .006, scores, with scores in the VLNC only (least square means and standard error of the means: 12.68 [± 0.53] and 5.58 [± 0.27]), but not VLNC + TF or VLNC + PF conditions exceeding those in the normal nicotine content condition (least square means standard error of the means: 10.66 [± 0.53], p = .006 and 4.69 [± 0.27], p = .004). There was also a significant main effect of time, Beck Depression Inventory: F(15, 4050) = 3.74, p < .001; Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale: F(15, 4050) = 2.24, p = .004, with scores decreasing over the experimental period across experimental conditions. In conclusion, providing VLNC cigarettes in combination with e-cigarettes appeared to ameliorate modest increases in affective symptoms observed when VLNC cigarettes were provided alone. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Co-use of tobacco and cannabis poses adverse health consequences. Few studies have incorporated spatial analysis into smartphone-based assessments of co-use. This study aims to detect patterns of tobacco and cannabis co-use to inform the delivery of tailored interventions. We analyzed data from 30 young adults aged 18-30 in Northern California who used both tobacco and cannabis. Substance use/nonuse events were collected on participants' smartphones via geographic ecological momentary assessment over 30 days. Substance use events were categorized as tobacco use, cannabis use, or co-use and analyzed using the Space-Time Permutation Scan Statistic to identify distinct spatiotemporal clusters. Cluster characteristics were summarized to further explore use patterns. Substance use events showed clear clustering patterns in space and time, with 76% of events captured within clusters (interquartile range = 69%-87%). The number of tobacco use clusters peaked in the afternoon and dropped in the evening, while cannabis and co-use clusters peaked in the evening. Home was consistently a prevalent location. Additionally, tobacco use was clustered at others' homes (42.9%) in the early morning and then shifted to work (34.5%). Cannabis use clustered at work (17.6%) in the morning. Co-use clustered at others' homes (18.2%) in the early morning and then shifted to work (18.2%). This study identified individual patterns of tobacco and cannabis use on an event-level basis. Findings can inform the development of smartphone-based interventions that use contextual data to align with established co-use routines and intervene at the most likely times and locations of use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The extant literature hints at the existence of substance-specific differences in rates of cross-commodity discounting (CCT). However, direct examinations are currently lacking. The present experiment aimed to replicate previous studies examining CCT of substances and to extend their findings by examining potential substance-specific relationships with discounting. Participants (n = 122) on recovery pathways from substance use disorders indicated the substances they were still actively using and then ranked these substances from most to least preferred. Participants then completed four discounting tasks: (a) money now-money later, (b) money now-drug later, (c) drug now-drug later, and (d) drug now-money later. Monetary and drug amounts were always equated. In these tasks, the drug commodity was always the participant's most preferred except if participants indicated they used multiple substances, in which case they completed additional discounting tasks with their second most preferred substance. Results revealed that discounting rates across substances did not differ significantly in conditions where the same commodity was both the immediate and the delayed option. In contrast, in the drug now-money later condition, we found that rates of discounting varied significantly according to the specific drug commodity. Further, this relationship was inverted in the money now-drug later condition. Overall, results from previous examinations of the CCT of alcohol and stimulants were replicated. In addition, we provide the first direct evidence that rates of CCT may differ across different substances. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).