Experimental parasitology最新文献_第4页

Genome-wide screening, identification and analysis of BAR domain-containing proteins in Toxoplasma gondii 刚地弓形虫BAR结构域蛋白的全基因组筛选、鉴定和分析。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109068

Weiwei Sun, An Yan, Lifang Wang, Bohan Wang, Baoliang Pan

Toxoplasma gondii is an important zoonotic pathogen that infects nucleated cells in all warm-blooded animals, and affects about one-third of the world's population. The treatment for T. gondii relies on drugs, but there is no specific cure. The discovery, identification and understanding of key protein families of T. gondii are of great significance for candidate antigen screening, vaccine development, and novel prevention and control program. The Bin, amphiphysin and Rvs (BAR) superfamily is a category of proteins with the BAR domain, which plays an important role in membrane tubulation and constriction during vesicle formation in mammalian cells, and is essential for material transport. However, the information of BAR proteins in T. gondii is not comprehensive. In present study, we screened and identified four BAR domain-containing proteins (Bcps), including TGGT1_259720, TGGT1_320760, TGGT1_232180 and TGGT1_224070 in the T. gondii genome using HMM search and local blast. All above-mentioned Bcps contained the BAR domain, and the 3D structures present the typical crescent shaped helical dimer of BAR. The classification of BAR domains was analyzed by evolutionary tree clustering, and it was found that TGGT1_259720 belonged to F-BAR and the other three belonged to N-BAR. The phylogenetic analysis of four protozoa showed that the Bcps of T. gondii were the closest relative to those of N. caninum, which was consistent with the result of collinearity analysis among species. Moreover, conserved motif and gene composition analysis further confirmed that these closely related proteins are more similar in these structures. The prediction of interacting proteins also showed that Bcps had strong interaction with the key proteins of vesicle transport. The quantification of BAR genes by qPCR showed that these BAR genes were expressed during the growth and proliferation of T. gondii, and the expression patterns were different under different nutritional conditions with the increase of FBS concentration gradient, indicating that these genes played different roles.

刚地弓形虫是一种重要的人畜共患病原体，感染所有温血动物的有核细胞，影响世界上约三分之一的人口。弓形虫的治疗依赖于药物，但没有特效药。弓形虫关键蛋白家族的发现、鉴定和认识，对候选抗原筛选、疫苗研制和新型防控规划具有重要意义。Bin, amphiphysin and Rvs （BAR）超家族是一类具有BAR结构域的蛋白质，在哺乳动物细胞囊泡形成过程中，在膜管和收缩中起重要作用，对物质运输至关重要。然而，关于弓形虫中BAR蛋白的信息并不全面。本研究利用隐马尔可夫搜索和局部blast技术，从弓形虫基因组中筛选出4个BAR结构域蛋白（bps），分别为TGGT1_259720、TGGT1_320760、TGGT1_232180和TGGT1_224070。上述Bcps均含有BAR结构域，三维结构呈现典型的BAR新月形螺旋二聚体。采用进化树聚类方法对BAR结构域进行分类，发现TGGT1_259720属于F-BAR，其余3个属于N-BAR。4种原生动物的系统发育分析表明，弓形虫的Bcps与犬奈虫的Bcps最接近，这与种间共线性分析结果一致。此外，保守基序和基因组成分析进一步证实了这些密切相关的蛋白在这些结构上更加相似。相互作用蛋白的预测也表明，Bcps与囊泡运输的关键蛋白具有较强的相互作用。通过qPCR对BAR基因的定量分析发现，这些BAR基因在弓形虫生长和增殖过程中均有表达，且随着FBS浓度梯度的增加，不同营养条件下BAR基因的表达模式不同，说明这些基因发挥了不同的作用。

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引用次数: 0

A predictive model for predicting the occurrence of liver cancer in patients with schistosomiasis cirrhosis 血吸虫病肝硬化患者肝癌发生的预测模型

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109071

Yiming Wu , Jing Huang , Chenzhou Xu

Objective

Early diagnosis of liver cancer following schistosomiasis cirrhosis remains challenging. This study aims to develop a predictive model for identifying precancerous liver lesions and early-stage liver cancer in patients with schistosomiasis cirrhosis.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with schistosomiasis cirrhosis over the past 14 years and managed by the Jiaxing Schistosomiasis Management Office were included in the study. Univariate regression analysis was conducted to assess the correlation between various indices and liver cancer. The predictive diagnostic efficiency was evaluated using the AUROC's cross-sectional area, with the optimal cutoff point identified through the Youden index.

Results

Univariate regression revealed significant associations with RBC count, ALT level, and other factors (P<0.1). Multivariate regression analysis identified AST, GGT, and additional factors as significant predictors (P<0.05). From these findings, two predictive models were developed: one for early-stage liver cancer (ESLC model) and another for precancerous lesions (PL model). The AUROC confirmed the superior diagnostic performance of both models compared to AFP, particularly in predicting precancerous lesions, thus addressing some of AFP's limitations.

Conclusion

The proposed predictive model serves as a valuable tool for early detection of precancerous liver lesions. It outperforms AFP in this regard, with AST, GGT, TB, BA, PT, PCIII, and AFP identified as independent predictors of liver cancer.

目的血吸虫病肝硬化后肝癌的早期诊断仍然具有挑战性。本研究旨在建立血吸虫病肝硬化患者癌前病变和早期肝癌的预测模型。方法选取嘉兴市血吸虫病管理办公室管理的14年内确诊为肝硬化的患者为研究对象。采用单因素回归分析评价各指标与肝癌的相关性。使用AUROC的横截面积评估预测诊断效率，并通过约登指数确定最佳截止点。结果单因素回归显示与RBC计数、ALT水平及其他因素有显著相关性（P<0.1）。多因素回归分析发现AST、GGT和其他因素是显著的预测因子（P<0.05）。根据这些发现，开发了两种预测模型：一种用于早期肝癌（ESLC模型），另一种用于癌前病变（PL模型）。AUROC证实，与AFP相比，这两种模型的诊断性能更好，特别是在预测癌前病变方面，从而解决了AFP的一些局限性。结论该预测模型可作为早期发现肝癌前病变的有效工具。在这方面，它优于AFP， AST、GGT、TB、BA、PT、PCIII和AFP被确定为肝癌的独立预测因子。

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引用次数: 0

Axenic culture of Entamoeba histolytica alters its ability to interact with pathogenic bacteria and leads to loss of virulence and pathogenicity 溶组织内阿米巴的无菌培养改变了其与致病菌相互作用的能力，并导致毒性和致病性的丧失

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109072

Fabrício Marcus Silva Oliveira , Sávio Henrique de Cicco Sandes , Mario Abatemarco Junior , Elisabeth Neumann , Álvaro Cantini Nunes , Maria Aparecida Gomes , Marcelo Vidigal Caliari

Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic eukaryotic protozoan capable of infecting humans and causing amoebiasis, a disease responsible for approximately 50 million cases and an estimated 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. The virulence of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites and their ability to cause amoebic colitis and hepatic abscesses in the host involve various molecules, such as a specific lectin that recognizes galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine residues, cysteine proteinases, and amoebapores. To determine whether axenization of the Entamoeba histolytica strain affects its ability to interact with and respond to the presence of other microorganisms, we cultured trophozoites of an Entamoeba histolytica EGG strain in both xenic and axenic media. We then associated them with Salmonella typhimurium and evaluated the expression of virulence factors by real-time PCR. Subsequently, we infected rats to assess whether the Enatmoeba histolytica EGG strain cultured under xenic and axenic conditions exhibited differences in pathogenicity. This study showed that the absence of bacterial microbiota in axenic culture led to a reduced capacity to produce virulence factors in vitro, even when stimulated with Salmonella typhimurium. Furthermore, in vivo analysis revealed that axenic culture altered the parasite's behavior by reducing its ability to produce intestinal lesions, even in a co-infection setting. We suggest that the expression profiles of virulence genes are influenced by continuous environmental stress and that the presence of microbiota in xenic cultures of Enatmoeba histolytica contributes to such stress and supports the maintenance of virulence gene expression.

溶组织内阿米巴原虫是一种厌氧真核原生动物，能够感染人类并引起阿米巴病，阿米巴病每年在全世界造成约5000万例病例和估计10万人死亡。溶组织内阿米巴滋养体的毒力及其在宿主中引起阿米巴结肠炎和肝脓肿的能力涉及各种分子，如识别半乳糖和n -乙酰半乳糖胺残基的特定凝集素、半胱氨酸蛋白酶和阿米巴孢子。为了确定溶组织内阿米巴菌株的无菌化是否会影响其与其他微生物相互作用和反应的能力，我们在xenic和xenic培养基中培养了溶组织内阿米巴卵细胞菌株的滋养体。然后，我们将它们与鼠伤寒沙门菌联系起来，并通过实时PCR评估毒力因子的表达。随后，我们感染了大鼠，以评估在无菌和无菌条件下培养的溶组织肠内巴卵细胞菌株是否具有不同的致病性。这项研究表明，无菌培养中细菌微生物群的缺乏导致体外产生毒力因子的能力降低，即使用鼠伤寒沙门菌刺激也是如此。此外，体内分析显示，即使在共同感染环境中，无菌培养也会通过降低其产生肠道病变的能力来改变寄生虫的行为。我们认为，毒力基因的表达谱受到持续环境胁迫的影响，而溶组织肠杆菌异种培养中微生物群的存在有助于这种胁迫，并支持毒力基因表达的维持。

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引用次数: 0

Relationship between toxoplasmosis and addiction: A systematic review and meta-analysis 弓形虫病与成瘾的关系：一项系统综述和荟萃分析。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109062

Tooran Nayeri , Mosayeb Rostamian , Mahmood Moosazadeh , Fatemeh Ghaffarifar , Abdolhossein Dalimi Asl

Chronic toxoplasmosis has been associated with behavioral alterations in both humans and animal models. Given that substance addiction involves behavioral and neurochemical changes, this study aimed to investigate the potential association between Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection and substance use disorders by synthesizing available evidence through a meta-analysis. A systematic search of five databases was conducted using relevant keywords to identify English-language articles published up to January 19, 2025. Studies were screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A random-effects model was applied to calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR) and corresponding p-value. A total of 18 studies were included in the systematic review, of which 9 met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, encompassing 2499 participants (1018 individuals with substance use disorders and 1481 controls). The random-effects model estimated an OR of 1.86 (95 % CI: 1.25–2.76) for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies among individuals with substance use disorders compared with controls. Egger's test indicated no publication bias. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness and stability of the observed association between anti-T. gondii IgG seropositivity and addiction. These findings demonstrate a statistically significant association between T. gondii infection and substance use disorders. However, the limited number of available studies highlights the need for further epidemiological investigations, particularly longitudinal studies, to clarify the nature and direction of this relationship.

在人类和动物模型中，慢性弓形虫病与行为改变有关。鉴于物质成瘾涉及行为和神经化学变化，本研究旨在通过荟萃分析综合现有证据，探讨弓形虫感染与物质使用障碍之间的潜在关联。利用相关关键词对5个数据库进行系统检索，确定2025年1月19日前发表的英文文章。根据预先确定的纳入和排除标准筛选研究。采用随机效应模型计算合并优势比（OR）及相应的p值。系统评价共纳入18项研究，其中9项符合纳入荟萃分析的标准，共纳入2499名参与者（1018名物质使用障碍患者和1481名对照）。随机效应模型估计抗t的OR为1.86 （95% CI: 1.25-2.76）。药物使用障碍患者的弓形虫IgG抗体与对照组比较。Egger的检验显示没有发表偏倚。敏感性分析证实了观察到的抗t。弓形虫IgG血清阳性与成瘾性。这些发现表明，弓形虫感染与药物使用障碍之间存在统计学上显著的关联。然而，现有研究数量有限，需要进一步进行流行病学调查，特别是纵向研究，以澄清这种关系的性质和方向。

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引用次数: 0

WITHDRAWN: Advances in Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Leishmaniases: A review. 利什曼病药物输送系统研究进展综述。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109061

Antara Banerjee

This article has been withdrawn: please see Elsevier policy on article withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies-and-standards/article-withdrawal). This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor and publisher. The publisher regrets that an error occurred which led to the publication of this paper. This error bears no reflection on the article or its authors. The publisher apologizes to the authors and the readers for this unfortunate error.

利什曼病是一种被忽视的热带病，由不同的临床形式和表现组成，取决于利什曼原虫的许多不同致病物种，是世界各地普遍存在的主要公共卫生问题之一。从广义上讲，疾病可分为皮肤（CL）和内脏（VL）形式，取决于组织侵犯，发病机制和表现。所有传统的治疗性抗利什曼原虫药物，如锑化合物、两性霉素B、米特福辛、喷他脒、帕罗霉素等，都有其自身的局限性。利什曼原虫寄生虫在网状内皮系统深处的巨噬细胞内以细胞内无梭菌的形式窝藏和增殖，对药物进入感染组织的递送效率、可用性和保留提出了重大挑战。近年来，新型药物输送系统（NDDS）的进展，结合了各种常规药物的纳米配方和新的候选药物，在这方面显示出更好的解决方案。有效靶向药物也减少了有效剂量，从而减少了副作用，减少了出现耐药性的机会。本文结合NDDS在CL和VL中的应用，综述了NDDS的各种方法和研究进展。虽然很少有制剂已被批准用于人类，而且AmBisome已被推荐为印度治疗VL的一线药物，但大多数其他制剂仍在不同实验模型的体外和/或体内研究中。简要介绍了未来的前景、障碍和监管问题。

引用次数: 0

Molecular diagnosis of tropical theileriosis: Development and validation of species-specific qPCR assays in Pakistan 热带血吸虫病的分子诊断：巴基斯坦物种特异性qPCR检测的发展和验证

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109033

Ayesha Malik , Kiran Afshan , Min-Kuang Lee , Abdul Razzaq , Munib Hussain , Sabika Firasat , Muhammad Morshed

Background

Theileria spp. are economically important tick-borne hemoprotozoan parasites that threaten livestock health and productivity, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, we developed and validated a qPCR-based diagnostic panel for the sensitive and specific detection of Theileria infections in ruminants from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The panel included a broad-range Pan-Theileria assay as well as four species-specific assays for Theileria annulata, T. parva, T. lestoquardi, and T. ovis, the main species infecting domestic ruminants in the region.

Methods

A total of 1026 tick-infested animals were examined, including sheep (n = 514), goats (n = 462), and cattle (n = 50). Blood was collected from symptomatic animals, and 51 microscopically confirmed Theileria-positive samples were selected for further analysis. DNA was extracted using the phenol-chloroform method for clinical validation. Primers and hydrolysis probes were designed to target the hypervariable V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene, allowing high-resolution species identification.

Results

Analytical validation using synthetic gBlock™ gene fragments showed strong assay performance, with excellent linearity (R² = 0.982–0.9965), high PCR efficiency (86.2 %–105.2 %), and detection limits of 10–100 copies per reaction. Reproducibility was confirmed with coefficients of variation ≤5 %. The Pan-Theileria assay detected 47 positives. Sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene confirmed these results and additionally identified three cases of T. orientalis, two of which were also detected by qPCR. One sample tested positive for T. ovis. Overall, the assay achieved 100 % clinical sensitivity and specificity within this validation set, though larger multi-site field evaluations are needed to confirm these findings.

Conclusion

This is the first comprehensive qPCR-based diagnostic platform for simultaneous detection and speciation of Theileria spp. in Pakistan. The tool provides a powerful approach for large-scale surveillance, timely diagnosis, and improved control of tropical theileriosis in endemic areas.

其背景是蜱传血原动物寄生虫，具有重要的经济意义，威胁着牲畜的健康和生产力，特别是在热带和亚热带地区。在这项研究中，我们开发并验证了一种基于qpcr的诊断试剂盒，用于敏感和特异性检测巴基斯坦开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省（KP）反刍动物的希氏杆菌感染。该小组包括一项广泛的泛蛲虫检测，以及针对环状蛲虫、细小绦虫、lestoquardi绦虫和ovis绦虫的四项物种特异性检测，这些是感染该地区家养反刍动物的主要物种。方法共检测染蜱动物1026只，其中绵羊514只，山羊462只，牛50只。从有症状的动物身上采集了血液，并选择了51份经显微镜检查确认为大肠杆菌阳性的样本进行进一步分析。采用苯酚-氯仿法提取DNA进行临床验证。引物和水解探针针对18S rRNA基因的高可变V4区设计，从而实现高分辨率的物种鉴定。结果合成的gBlock™基因片段具有良好的线性关系（R2 = 0.982 ~ 0.9965）， PCR效率高（86.2% ~ 105.2%），每个反应的检出限为10 ~ 100拷贝。变异系数≤5%，证实重复性好。Pan-Theileria试验检测出47例阳性。18S rRNA基因测序证实了上述结果，并鉴定出3例东方弓形虫，其中2例也通过qPCR检测到。其中一份样本检测呈阳性。总体而言，该试验在该验证集中达到了100%的临床敏感性和特异性，尽管需要更大的多地点现场评估来证实这些发现。结论在巴基斯坦建立了首个基于qpcr的同时检测和分种的综合诊断平台。该工具为在流行地区进行大规模监测、及时诊断和改善对热带血吸虫病的控制提供了一种强有力的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Mosquitocidal, immunostimulatory, and molecular effects of Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) essential oil on Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) 柑桔Cymbopogon citratus的杀蚊、免疫刺激及分子效应白纹伊蚊精油（Skuse, 1894）。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109046

Perumal Vivekanandhan

In this study, essential oils extracted from Cymbopogon citratus leaves were, tested for toxicity against Aedes albopictus, and their chemical components were identified using GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, molecular docking techniques were employed to verify the interactions between key compounds and their target proteins. The results showed that C. citratus essential oils caused mortality rate of 100%, 85 %, and 65.33% in larvae, pupae, and adults of A. albopictus, respectively, at 48 h post-treatment. The essential oils exhibited lower LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values in larvae (5.865 and 47.553 ppm) pupae (13.071 and 253.897 ppm), and adults (45.804 and 938.143 ppm) at 48 h post treatment. The study also identified significant variations in the levels of detoxification and antioxidant enzymes, as well as insect-specific enzymes. Specifically, catalase enzyme activity decreased, while glutathione S-transferase levels increased compared to the control group. The impact of essential oils from C. citratus leaves on Artemia nauplii showed 40 % mortality at 24 h and 54.66 % at 48 h post-treatment. GC-MS analysis of the essential oils identified six primary chemical constituents: limonene (1.95 %), propyl amyl ketone (2.10 %), isogeranial (1.65 %), citral b (40.10 %), citral a (49.15 %), and caryophyllene oxide (1.35 %). Among these, citral a major chemical element demonstrating strong potential for mosquitocidal activity. Docking analysis revealed pocket C1 as the most promising binding site, with the lowest vina score (−7.1 kcal/mol) and the largest volume (3603 Å³), compared to the smaller and weaker pockets C2–C5. This study clearly demonstrates that essential oils from C. citratus leaves are a promising candidate for controlling mosquito-borne diseases.

本研究采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对香茅叶中提取的精油进行了对白纹伊蚊的毒性测定，并对其化学成分进行了鉴定。此外，利用分子对接技术验证了关键化合物与其靶蛋白之间的相互作用。结果表明，柑桔精油处理后48 h对白纹伊蚊幼虫、蛹和成虫的死亡率分别为100%、85%和65.33%。处理48 h后，精油对幼虫（5.865和47.553 ppm）、蛹（13.071和253.897 ppm）和成虫（45.804和938.143 ppm）的LC50和LC90值较低。该研究还发现了解毒和抗氧化酶以及昆虫特有酶水平的显著差异。具体来说，与对照组相比，过氧化氢酶活性降低，而谷胱甘肽s -转移酶水平升高。柑桔叶精油处理后24 h死亡率为40%，48 h死亡率为54.66%。GC-MS分析鉴定出6种主要化学成分：柠檬烯（1.95%）、丙基戊酮（2.10%）、异戊醛（1.65%）、柠檬醛b（40.10%）、柠檬醛a（49.15%）和石竹烯氧化物（1.35%）。其中，柠檬醛是一种主要的化学元素，具有很强的杀蚊活性。对接分析显示，与较小且较弱的口袋C2-C5相比，口袋C1具有最低的vina分数（-7.1 kcal/mol）和最大的体积（3603 Å3），是最有希望的结合位点。该研究清楚地表明，柑橘叶精油是控制蚊媒疾病的有希望的候选者。

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引用次数: 0

Eimeria acervulina is a promising surrogate for Toxoplasma gondii oocysts exposed to chemical and physical treatments 针状艾美耳球虫是一种很有前途的替代刚地弓形虫卵囊暴露于化学和物理处理。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109049

Laure Augendre , Sandie Escotte-Binet , Dominique Aubert , Isabelle Villena , Jean-Michel Répérant , Stéphanie La Carbona , Aurélien Dumètre

Oocysts of the coccidian parasite Toxoplasma gondii withstand a wide range of chemical and physical factors, contributing to their food- and water-borne transmission to humans worldwide. Assessing the efficacy of processes to remove or inactivate oocysts at a pilot or industrial scale encounters major ethical, economic, and methodological constraints. The coccidian parasite Eimeria acervulina has been proposed as a non-human pathogenic alternative of T. gondii to assess food decontamination, however it is not known whether the two parasites exposed to chemical and thermal treatments parallel in terms of oocyst structure and infectivity. Using bioassays and lectin-based assays combined with flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy analyses, this study shows that E. acervulina and T. gondii oocysts display similar response to heating and/or freezing and bleach or NaOH treatments, as in maintaining infectivity, with E. acervulina oocysts retaining their size and structure better than T. gondii. Collectively, our results suggest that E. acervulina is a reliable model for studying the response of T. gondii oocysts to certain chemical and physical agents. It could therefore serve as an affordable, non-pathogenic substitute for T. gondii when evaluating food decontamination processes, particularly in industrial settings.

球虫寄生虫刚地弓形虫的卵囊经受了广泛的化学和物理因素，有助于它们通过食物和水传播给全世界的人类。在试验或工业规模上评估去除或灭活卵囊的过程的有效性遇到了主要的伦理、经济和方法上的限制。球虫acervulina艾美耳虫（Eimeria acervulina）已被提出作为弓形虫的非人类致病替代品来评估食品去污，但目前尚不清楚这两种寄生虫暴露于化学和热处理是否在卵囊结构和传染性方面相似。通过生物测定和凝集素检测结合流式细胞术和荧光显微镜分析，本研究表明，在保持感染性方面，尖头弓形虫卵囊和弓形虫卵囊在加热和/或冷冻、漂白剂或氢氧化钠处理下表现出相似的反应，尖头弓形虫卵囊比弓形虫卵囊更能保持其大小和结构。综上所述，我们的研究结果表明，刺状芽胞杆菌是研究弓形虫卵囊对某些化学和物理制剂反应的可靠模型。因此，在评估食品净化过程时，特别是在工业环境中，它可以作为一种负担得起的、非致病性的弓形虫替代品。

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引用次数: 0

Developmental disruption and midgut histopathology induced by β-isocostic acid in Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) β-异戊二酸对埃及伊蚊和致倦库蚊发育和中肠组织病理学的影响（双翅目：库蚊科）

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109044

Alex Yagoo , M.C. John Milton , Jelin Vilvest , Mariya Vaishnika A

Background

Mosquito-borne diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus pose major public health challenges worldwide. The emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides, along with concerns about their ecological and health impacts, highlights the urgent need for novel, eco-friendly alternatives. This study investigates the larvicidal and growth-disrupting effects of β-isocostic acid, a sesquiterpene isolated from Sphaeranthus indicus, while considering its relevance for non-target safety and integrated vector control.

Methods

Larvae of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus were exposed to β-isocostic acid at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/L. Developmental parameters—including larval, pupal, and adult durations were monitored. Growth index was calculated to assess developmental progression. Histopathological analysis of third-instar larvae was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining to examine midgut alterations. Emergence quality and behavioural abnormalities in adults were also recorded.

Results

β-Isocostic acid significantly delayed larval and pupal development in both mosquito species. At 0.5 mg/L, Ae. aegypti larvae developed in 8.4 ± 1.0 days versus 6.0 ± 0.0 days in controls, while Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae required 7.5 ± 1.0 days compared to 6.2 ± 0.2 days. Growth index values confirmed reduced developmental rates. Histopathological changes included epithelial vacuolization, disruption of microvilli, and peritrophic membrane rupture. Deformities such as crumpled wings and sluggish behaviour were observed in emerging adults, indicating compromised viability.

Conclusion

β-Isocostic acid exerts potent, multi-stage developmental disruption in mosquito vectors through growth retardation and midgut damage. These findings support its potential as a botanical larvicide; however, further studies are warranted to evaluate non-target toxicity and feasibility for use in sustainable mosquito control strategies.

背景由埃及伊蚊和致倦库蚊传播的蚊媒疾病在世界范围内构成了重大的公共卫生挑战。合成杀虫剂抗药性的出现，以及对其生态和健康影响的担忧，突出表明迫切需要新的、生态友好的替代品。本研究研究了从球菊中分离的倍半萜β-异戊酸的杀幼虫和破坏生长的作用，同时考虑了其与非靶安全性和综合病媒介控制的相关性。方法：选取白纹伊蚊幼虫；埃及伊蚊和Cx。致倦库蚊分别暴露于浓度为0.5、1.0和1.5 mg/L的β-异戊酸环境中。发育参数——包括幼虫、蛹和成虫的持续时间进行了监测。计算生长指数来评估发育进程。采用苏木精-伊红染色法对三龄幼虫进行组织病理学分析，观察中肠变化。还记录了成人的出现质量和行为异常。结果β-异戊酸显著延缓了两种蚊的幼虫和蛹发育。在0.5 mg/L浓度下，Ae。埃及伊蚊幼虫发育时间为8.4±1.0 d，对照组为6.0±0.0 d；致倦库蚊幼虫需要7.5±1.0 d，而致倦库蚊幼虫需要6.2±0.2 d。生长指数值证实发育速率降低。组织病理学改变包括上皮空泡化、微绒毛破坏和营养周膜破裂。在新生成人中观察到的畸形，如皱巴巴的翅膀和迟钝的行为，表明生存能力受损。结论β-异戊二酸对蚊媒具有多阶段发育干扰作用，主要表现为发育迟缓和中肠损伤。这些发现支持其作为植物性杀幼虫剂的潜力；然而，需要进一步的研究来评估非靶毒性和可持续蚊虫控制策略的可行性。

{"title":"Developmental disruption and midgut histopathology induced by β-isocostic acid in Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"Alex Yagoo , M.C. John Milton , Jelin Vilvest , Mariya Vaishnika A","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Mosquito-borne diseases transmitted by <em>Aedes aegypti</em> and <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em> pose major public health challenges worldwide. The emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides, along with concerns about their ecological and health impacts, highlights the urgent need for novel, eco-friendly alternatives. This study investigates the larvicidal and growth-disrupting effects of β-isocostic acid, a sesquiterpene isolated from <em>Sphaeranthus indicus</em>, while considering its relevance for non-target safety and integrated vector control.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Larvae of <em>Ae. aegypti</em> and <em>Cx. quinquefasciatus</em> were exposed to β-isocostic acid at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/L. Developmental parameters—including larval, pupal, and adult durations were monitored. Growth index was calculated to assess developmental progression. Histopathological analysis of third-instar larvae was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining to examine midgut alterations. Emergence quality and behavioural abnormalities in adults were also recorded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>β-Isocostic acid significantly delayed larval and pupal development in both mosquito species. At 0.5 mg/L, <em>Ae. aegypti</em> larvae developed in 8.4 ± 1.0 days versus 6.0 ± 0.0 days in controls, while <em>Cx. quinquefasciatus</em> larvae required 7.5 ± 1.0 days compared to 6.2 ± 0.2 days. Growth index values confirmed reduced developmental rates. Histopathological changes included epithelial vacuolization, disruption of microvilli, and peritrophic membrane rupture. Deformities such as crumpled wings and sluggish behaviour were observed in emerging adults, indicating compromised viability.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>β-Isocostic acid exerts potent, multi-stage developmental disruption in mosquito vectors through growth retardation and midgut damage. These findings support its potential as a botanical larvicide; however, further studies are warranted to evaluate non-target toxicity and feasibility for use in sustainable mosquito control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 109044"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145359794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of ethanolic extract and isolated α-bisabolol from Siparuna guianensis in the treatment of experimental neurotoxoplasmosis 贵阳狐猴醇提物和分离α-双abolol治疗实验性神经弓形虫病的疗效评价。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109045

Victor da Silva Siqueira , Thais Santos Anjo Reis , Stéfanne Rodrigues Rezende Ferreira , Sarah Gomes Rodrigues , Benílton Alves Rodrigues Júnior , Amanda Cristina Corrêa Fleury , Claudinei Alves da Silva , Liliane Nebo , Hellen Bertoletti Barbieri , Júlio César Jeronimo Barbosa , Ludimila Paula Vaz Cardoso , Carla Silva Siqueira , Hanstter Hallison Alves Rezende

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, typically manifests asymptomatically in immunocompetent individuals, leading to persistent chronic infection. However, immunosuppressed patients, such as transplant recipients, often develop neurotoxoplasmosis. The most commonly used therapy for neurotoxoplasmosis involves a combination of sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and folinic acid, but this treatment is associated with numerous side effects, leading to high rates of discontinuation. Ethanolic extract (EE) and α-bisabolol derived from the Siparuna guianensis plant have demonstrated favorable potential as a therapeutic alternative to parasitic diseases. Therefore, this study is aimed to evaluate the antitoxoplasmic potential of the ethanolic extract and the isolated α-bisabolol from S. guianensis in the treatment of in vivo neurotoxoplasmosis in Swiss mice. After 14 days of treatment, the mice were euthanized and their blood, brain, liver and kidney were collected for analysis. Histopathological analysis of the brain revealed that treatment with EE at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day resulted in a lower parasite burden. Biochemical and histopathological analysis of the livers and kidneys indicated low liver and kidney toxicity of EE. Based on these results, it is concluded that EE at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day was more effective in controlling T. gondii, being able to cross the blood-brain barrier, as well as being less toxic to the host, showing an action similar to conventional treatment.

弓形虫病由原生动物刚地弓形虫引起，通常在免疫能力强的个体中无症状表现，导致持续的慢性感染。然而，免疫抑制的患者，如移植受者，经常发展为神经弓形虫病。神经弓形虫病最常用的治疗包括磺胺嘧啶、乙胺嘧啶和亚叶酸的联合治疗，但这种治疗有许多副作用，导致停药率很高。摘要从贵州芦杉植物中提取的乙醇提取物（EE）和α-双abolol已被证明具有良好的治疗寄生虫病的潜力。因此，本研究旨在评价贵州葡萄树乙醇提取物和分离的α-双abolol对瑞士小鼠体内神经弓形虫病的抗弓形虫潜能。治疗14天后，对小鼠实施安乐死，并采集其血液、脑、肝、肾进行分析。脑组织病理学分析显示，用浓度为200 mg/kg/天的EE治疗可降低寄生虫负担。肝脏和肾脏的生化和组织病理学分析表明，EE的肝脏和肾脏毒性较低。综上所述，浓度为200 mg/kg/天的EE对弓形虫的控制更有效，能够穿过血脑屏障，而且对宿主的毒性更小，其作用与常规治疗相似。

{"title":"Evaluation of ethanolic extract and isolated α-bisabolol from Siparuna guianensis in the treatment of experimental neurotoxoplasmosis","authors":"Victor da Silva Siqueira , Thais Santos Anjo Reis , Stéfanne Rodrigues Rezende Ferreira , Sarah Gomes Rodrigues , Benílton Alves Rodrigues Júnior , Amanda Cristina Corrêa Fleury , Claudinei Alves da Silva , Liliane Nebo , Hellen Bertoletti Barbieri , Júlio César Jeronimo Barbosa , Ludimila Paula Vaz Cardoso , Carla Silva Siqueira , Hanstter Hallison Alves Rezende","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em>, typically manifests asymptomatically in immunocompetent individuals, leading to persistent chronic infection. However, immunosuppressed patients, such as transplant recipients, often develop neurotoxoplasmosis. The most commonly used therapy for neurotoxoplasmosis involves a combination of sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and folinic acid, but this treatment is associated with numerous side effects, leading to high rates of discontinuation. Ethanolic extract (EE) and α-bisabolol derived from the <em>Siparuna guianensis</em> plant have demonstrated favorable potential as a therapeutic alternative to parasitic diseases. Therefore, this study is aimed to evaluate the antitoxoplasmic potential of the ethanolic extract and the isolated α-bisabolol from <em>S. guianensis</em> in the treatment of <em>in vivo</em> neurotoxoplasmosis in Swiss mice. After 14 days of treatment, the mice were euthanized and their blood, brain, liver and kidney were collected for analysis. Histopathological analysis of the brain revealed that treatment with EE at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day resulted in a lower parasite burden. Biochemical and histopathological analysis of the livers and kidneys indicated low liver and kidney toxicity of EE. Based on these results, it is concluded that EE at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day was more effective in controlling <em>T. gondii,</em> being able to cross the blood-brain barrier, as well as being less toxic to the host, showing an action similar to conventional treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 109045"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145426718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0