Experimental parasitology最新文献_第2页

A deep learning-based tool for rapid and automated detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts: A new approach for veterinary diagnostics and epizootiological surveys 基于深度学习的隐孢子虫卵囊快速自动检测工具：兽医诊断和流行病学调查的新方法。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2026.109099

Şima Şahinduran , İsmail Kırbaş , Ahmet Çifci

Cryptosporidiosis, caused by Cryptosporidium spp., is a significant zoonotic parasitic disease impacting neonatal calves, leading to severe diarrhea, dehydration, and substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. Rapid and accurate detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts is crucial for effective disease management and control, contributing to both animal and human health under a One Health perspective. This study investigates the application of state-of-the-art object detection algorithms, YOLOv10 and YOLOv11, for the automated identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in microscopic images of calf fecal samples. A dataset of 406 annotated images was used to train and evaluate these models using metrics including precision, recall, and mean Average Precision (mAP). YOLOv11 demonstrated superior precision (88.94 %), indicating a reduced false-positive rate, which is critical for avoiding unnecessary treatments and for the accurate assessment of prevalence in epidemiological studies. Conversely, YOLOv10 exhibited higher recall (92.57 %), ensuring high sensitivity for screening purposes where minimizing false negatives is paramount. These findings highlight the potential of advanced object detection as a rapid, scalable, and cost-effective AI-assisted screening and support tool for Cryptosporidium. This automated system has the potential to standardize diagnostic procedures, facilitate high-throughput microscopy-based surveillance, and improve our understanding of oocyst shedding dynamics in infected animals.

隐孢子虫病是由隐孢子虫引起的一种重要的人畜共患寄生虫病，影响新生牛犊，导致严重的腹泻、脱水和畜牧业的重大经济损失。快速准确地检测隐孢子虫卵囊对于有效的疾病管理和控制至关重要，有助于在“同一个健康”的观点下促进动物和人类的健康。本研究探讨了最先进的目标检测算法YOLOv10和YOLOv11在小牛粪便样本显微图像中隐孢子虫卵囊的自动识别中的应用。使用406个带注释的图像数据集来训练和评估这些模型，使用包括精度、召回率和平均平均精度（mAP）在内的指标。YOLOv11显示出更高的准确性（88.94%），表明假阳性率降低，这对于避免不必要的治疗和准确评估流行病学研究中的患病率至关重要。相反，YOLOv10表现出更高的召回率（92.57%），确保了筛选目的的高灵敏度，最大限度地减少假阴性是至关重要的。这些发现突出了先进的目标检测作为隐孢子虫快速、可扩展且具有成本效益的人工智能辅助筛查和支持工具的潜力。这种自动化系统有可能标准化诊断程序，促进基于高通量显微镜的监测，并提高我们对感染动物卵囊脱落动力学的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Assessment of GC-MS and antioxidant properties of seaweed extracts as a new larvicidal agent targeting Culex quinquefasciatus 海藻提取物作为新型致倦库蚊杀幼虫剂的气相色谱-质谱及抗氧化性能评价

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2026.109096

Pachaan Kolanchinathan , Paramasivan Deepa , Dharmaraj Praveenkumar , Alagan Subbiah Vijayakumar

Mosquito-borne illnesses present a major public health issue, requiring the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly approaches to control vectors. The present study explores the larvicidal potential of seaweed extracts and the antioxidant activities of Codium fragile and Turbinaria conoides-derived bioactive substances as a natural alternative to synthetic insecticides. The phytochemical analysis indicated that both C. fragile and T. conoides ethanolic extracts contained a total of fourteen compounds, which is greater than the other extracts. The GC-MS analysis performed on the ethanolic extract of C. fragile and T. conoides revealed the presence of twenty distinct compounds. C. fragile was found to have hexadecanoic acid (27.79 %), 4-methanocycloocta[d]pyridaz (7.39 %), 1,1-dimethoxy-2-hepten-7-al (7.04 %), and octadecanoic acid (5.9 %). For T. conoides, the main compounds discovered were dibutyl phthalate (69.56 %), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (14.01 %), and phthalic acid (2.58 %), all of which exhibited the highest area percentages. The ethanolic extract of T. conoides demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity, with DPPH at 81.48 ± 1.0 %, ABTS at 88.29 ± 1.0 %, and hydroxyl radical scavenging at 86.51 ± 1.0 %, followed by other extracts. The antioxidant exhibited IC50 values of 22.50 ± 1 μg mL⁻¹, 34.86 ± 0.9 μg mL⁻¹, and 40.69 ± 1.1 μg mL⁻¹ for DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, respectively. The findings suggest that the compound acts as a powerful antioxidant, with lower IC₅₀ values indicating a greater antioxidant potential. Chloroform extracts from C. fragile and T. conoides demonstrated significant effects on Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. Consequently, the bioactive compounds derived from the ethanolic extracts could be utilized as alternatives for both antioxidant and larvicidal applications, potentially reducing the negative environmental impacts associated with synthetic insecticides. Seaweed presents a promising option for controlling mosquitoes due to its larvicidal characteristics.

蚊媒疾病是一个重大的公共卫生问题，需要制定可持续和环境友好的方法来控制病媒。本研究探讨了海藻提取物的杀幼虫潜力，以及龙舌兰和贝壳鼻甲衍生生物活性物质作为合成杀虫剂的天然替代品的抗氧化活性。植物化学分析结果表明，松香和松香乙醇提取物中含有14种化合物，比其他提取物多。气相色谱-质谱联用分析结果显示，两种植物的乙醇提取物中含有20种不同的化合物。易碎草中含有十六烷酸（27.79%）、4-甲烷环己酸（7.39%）、1,1-二甲氧基-2-庚烯-7-al（7.04%）和十八烷酸（5.9%）。发现的主要化合物为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（69.56%）、1,2-苯二甲酸（14.01%）和邻苯二甲酸（2.58%），其面积百分比最高。其抗氧化活性最高，DPPH为81.48±1.0%，ABTS为88.29±1.0%，羟基自由基清除能力为86.51±1.0%，其他提取物次之。该抗氧化剂对DPPH、ABTS和羟基自由基的IC50分别为22.50±1 μg mL−1、34.86±0.9 μg mL−1和40.69±1.1 μg mL−1。研究结果表明，该化合物是一种强大的抗氧化剂，IC50值越低，表明其抗氧化潜力越大。三氯甲烷提取物对Cx有显著的抑制作用。quinquefasciatus幼虫。因此，从乙醇提取物中提取的生物活性化合物可以作为抗氧化和杀幼虫的替代品，潜在地减少与合成杀虫剂相关的负面环境影响。由于海藻具有杀幼虫的特性，它是一种很有前途的控制蚊子的选择。

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引用次数: 0

Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein and vaccine strategies in murine models: A scoping review 小鼠模型中间日疟原虫环孢子子蛋白和疫苗策略：范围综述

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109081

Marrara P. Sampaio , Marcelo Cerilo-Filho , Maria Naely G. Almeida , Maria Alice T. Matos , Amanda A. Silva , Dulce J.V. Fernando , Raisa P. Bras , Andréa R.S. Baptista , Tatiana X. de Castro , Ricardo L.D. Machado

引用次数: 0

Larvicidal and macrofilaricidal efficacy of closantel and morantel against mosquito larvae and Setaria digitata nematodes Closantel和Morantel对蚊虫幼虫和狗尾草线虫的杀幼虫和大丝虫效果。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109083

Megan Hall , Swetha Babu , Nallathambi Baranidharan , Priyabrata Bhattacharya , Manju Rahi , Appadurai Daniel Reegan

Vector-borne diseases are major public health problems in the growing world and insecticide resistance threatens the elimination programs. Repurposed drugs could be a solution to develop novel larvicides to combat growing insecticide resistance among mosquito vectors and novel macrofilaricides to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF). In the present study, two veterinary drugs, closantel, and morantel were assessed for larvicidal activity against three mosquito larvae and macrofilaricidal activity against Setaria digitata, a lymphatic filariasis model organism. The larvicidal activity was assessed with a bioassay against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae with concentrations between 0.1 ppm and 10 ppm. The macrofilaricidal activity was assessed using worm motility and MTT assays against Setaria digitata nematodes with concentrations between 0.05 mg/mL to 0.001 mg/mL. Among the two drugs tested, closantel was found to be effective against An. stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti larvae with LC₅₀ values of 0.183, 0.658, 0.773 ppm, and LC₉₀ values of 1.577, 2.560, 2.108, respectively. Both closantel and morantel demonstrated macrofilaricidal activity. However, morantel showed strong macrofilaricidal activity with 87.29 % and 87.49 % inhibition at 492 and 510 nm, respectively, in the MTT assay at the lowest concentration of 0.01 mg/mL. But closantel showed 85.26 % and 86.28 % inhibition at 492 and 510 nm, respectively, in the MTT assay at 0.05 mg/mL. These findings suggest that closantel and morantel could be promising candidates as repurposed drugs for larvicides and macrofilaricides and may provide valuable insights into effective target mechanisms against vector-borne diseases.

媒介传播的疾病是日益增长的世界中主要的公共卫生问题，杀虫剂耐药性威胁着消除计划。重新利用的药物可能是开发新型杀幼虫剂的一种解决方案，以对抗蚊子媒介中日益增长的杀虫剂耐药性，以及开发大丝虫病剂来消除淋巴丝虫病（LF）。本文研究了closantel和morantel两种兽药对3种蚊子幼虫的杀虫活性和对淋巴丝虫病模式生物狗尾草（Setaria digitata）的杀虫活性。采用生物测定法对浓度为0.1 ppm ~ 10 ppm的埃及伊蚊、斯氏按蚊和致倦库蚊幼虫进行杀幼虫活性测定。对浓度为0.05mg/mL ~ 0.001mg/mL的数字狗尾草（Setaria digitata）线虫，采用虫动法和MTT法测定其大丝虫杀灭活性。在测试的两种药物中，发现closantel对An有效。stephensi,残雪。致倦库蚊和伊蚊。LC50分别为0.183、0.658、0.773 ppm， LC90分别为1.577、2.560、2.108。closantel和morantel均表现出杀灭大丝虫的活性。在MTT试验中，在最低浓度为0.01 mg/mL时，在492 nm和510 nm处，morantel的抑菌活性分别为87.29%和87.49%。在0.05 mg/mL的MTT条件下，closantel在492 nm和510 nm的抑制作用分别为85.26%和86.28%。这些发现表明，closantel和morantel可能是有希望作为杀幼虫剂和大丝虫剂的重新用途药物的候选药物，并可能为针对媒介传播疾病的有效靶标机制提供有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of a low-protein diet on the spleen of Swiss Webster mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni 低蛋白饮食对感染曼氏血吸虫瑞士韦氏小鼠脾脏的影响。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109085

Joana Bernardo , Magda Sanches , Christiane Leal Corrêa , Luciana Brandão-Bezerra , José Roberto Machado-Silva , Renata Heisler Neves

Schistosomiasis is the second most prevalent parasitic disease globally. It is common in tropical and subtropical regions, with transmission dependent on human contact with contaminated water and the presence of an intermediate host. The disease is associated with poverty and coexists with inefficient nutrient consumption among populations lacking basic sanitation. In this study, we performed a histopathological analysis of the spleen in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice fed a low-protein diet. Mice were divided into four groups (n = 5 animals per group): uninfected, standard diet (US); uninfected, low-protein diet (ULP); infected, standard diet (IS); and infected, low-protein diet (ILP). S. mansoni infection (BH strain, with approximately 100 cercariae via subcutaneous route) occurred at the 4th week of diet administration, and euthanasia was performed after 9 weeks of infection. After euthanasia, the spleen was excised, cleaved, fixed, and then underwent histological processing and staining for the relevant analyses. Splenic alterations were investigated through qualitative and quantitative histological analyses, utilizing white pulp and capsule morphometry, stereology (D36 method), and megakaryocyte quantification. Histopathological analyses of the ILP group revealed a notable increase in hemosiderin and bilirubin pigment deposits, a 100 % increase in the volume density of trabeculae and megakaryocytes (albeit with deficient synthesis), and intense organizational changes in the splenic parenchyma. Therefore, the presented data suggest that protein deficiency exacerbates splenic tissue disorganization, a common condition in schistosomiasis, significantly impacting disease pathogenesis and host response.

血吸虫病是全球第二大流行的寄生虫病。该病常见于热带和亚热带地区，传播依赖于人类接触受污染的水和中间宿主的存在。该病与贫困有关，并与缺乏基本卫生设施的人群中营养消耗效率低下并存。在这项研究中，我们对喂食低蛋白饮食的感染曼氏血吸虫的小鼠的脾脏进行了组织病理学分析。小鼠分为四组（每组n = 5只）：未感染，标准饮食（US）；未感染低蛋白饮食（ULP）；受感染，标准饮食（IS）；感染，低蛋白饮食（ILP）。进食第4周发生曼氏链球菌感染（BH株，皮下感染约100条尾蚴），感染9周后进行安乐死。安乐死后，切除脾脏，切开，固定，然后进行组织学处理和染色进行相关分析。通过定性和定量组织学分析，利用白髓和包膜形态测定、体视学（D36法）和巨核细胞定量来研究脾脏的改变。ILP组的组织病理学分析显示含铁血黄素和胆红素色素沉积明显增加，小梁和巨核细胞体积密度增加100%（尽管合成不足），脾实质组织改变强烈。因此，这些数据表明，蛋白质缺乏加剧了血吸虫病常见的脾组织紊乱，显著影响了疾病的发病机制和宿主的反应。

{"title":"Effect of a low-protein diet on the spleen of Swiss Webster mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni","authors":"Joana Bernardo , Magda Sanches , Christiane Leal Corrêa , Luciana Brandão-Bezerra , José Roberto Machado-Silva , Renata Heisler Neves","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Schistosomiasis is the second most prevalent parasitic disease globally. It is common in tropical and subtropical regions, with transmission dependent on human contact with contaminated water and the presence of an intermediate host. The disease is associated with poverty and coexists with inefficient nutrient consumption among populations lacking basic sanitation. In this study, we performed a histopathological analysis of the spleen in <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em>-infected mice fed a low-protein diet. Mice were divided into four groups (n = 5 animals per group): uninfected, standard diet (US); uninfected, low-protein diet (ULP); infected, standard diet (IS); and infected, low-protein diet (ILP). <em>S. mansoni</em> infection (BH strain, with approximately 100 cercariae via subcutaneous route) occurred at the 4th week of diet administration, and euthanasia was performed after 9 weeks of infection. After euthanasia, the spleen was excised, cleaved, fixed, and then underwent histological processing and staining for the relevant analyses. Splenic alterations were investigated through qualitative and quantitative histological analyses, utilizing white pulp and capsule morphometry, stereology (D36 method), and megakaryocyte quantification. Histopathological analyses of the ILP group revealed a notable increase in hemosiderin and bilirubin pigment deposits, a 100 % increase in the volume density of trabeculae and megakaryocytes (albeit with deficient synthesis), and intense organizational changes in the splenic parenchyma. Therefore, the presented data suggest that protein deficiency exacerbates splenic tissue disorganization, a common condition in schistosomiasis, significantly impacting disease pathogenesis and host response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 109085"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145800049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Infection dynamics of Metarhizium anisopliae in Rhipicephalus microplus and the role of tick traits in susceptibility 金龟子绿僵菌在微小鼻头虫中的感染动态及蜱虫性状对其易感性的影响。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109070

Nurul Fatin Amirah Mohd Azmi , Samsuddin Ahmad Syazwan , Ruhil Hayati Hamdan , Tan Li Peng

Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) pose a major threat to global livestock production, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, and their burden is projected to increase worldwide in the coming decades as a result of climate change. In Brazil, tick infestations are responsible for economic losses estimated at about USD 3.24 billion annually. Growing resistance to chemical acaricides necessitates alternative control strategies such as biological agents. This study assessed the pathogenicity of a local strain of Metarhizium anisopliae (PR1) against adult Rhipicephalus microplus ticks using the Adult Immersion Test at conidial concentrations of 10⁷, 10⁸, and 10⁹ conidia/mL, each tested in triplicate alongside positive and negative controls. All concentrations caused complete tick mortality within 14 days, with higher concentrations accelerating tick death and completely inhibiting oviposition and larval hatchability. The estimated LT₅₀ and LT₉₀ values for the 10⁹ conidia/mL treatment were 2.46 [2.09–2.75] days and 3.63 [3.25–4.29] days, respectively. In contrast, untreated ticks exhibited only 6.7 % mortality and laid an average of 1567 ± 314 eggs, of which 84 % hatched. A significant positive correlation was observed between tick weight and the time to death at the highest concentration, suggesting heavier ticks resisted infection longer, potentially due to higher energy reserves or thicker cuticular. These results underline the potent in vitro pathogenic and reproductive-suppressing effects of M. anisopliae strain PR1 under laboratory conditions, while emphasizing the need for further field validation before considering its application in broader vector management programs.

蜱传疾病（tbd）对全球畜牧业生产构成重大威胁，特别是在热带和亚热带地区，预计未来几十年，由于气候变化，其负担将在全球范围内增加。在巴西，蜱虫侵扰每年造成的经济损失估计约为32.4亿美元。对化学杀螨剂的抗药性日益增强，需要采用生物制剂等替代控制策略。本研究采用成虫浸没试验，在分生孢子浓度分别为107、108和109分生孢子/mL的情况下，对当地一株金银绿僵菌（PR1）对微头蜱成虫的致病性进行了评估。各浓度均能使蜱在14 d内完全死亡，浓度越高，则加速了蜱的死亡，并完全抑制了其产卵和幼虫的孵化能力。109个分生孢子/mL处理的LT50和LT90分别为2.46[2.09-2.75]天和3.63[3.25-4.29]天。相比之下，未经处理的蜱死亡率仅为6.7%，平均产卵1567±314枚，其中84%孵化。在最高浓度下，蜱的体重与死亡时间呈显著正相关，表明较重的蜱对感染的抵抗力较长，可能是由于能量储备较高或表皮较厚。这些结果强调了绿僵菌PR1在实验室条件下具有强大的体外致病和生殖抑制作用，同时强调了在考虑将其应用于更广泛的媒介管理计划之前需要进一步的现场验证。

{"title":"Infection dynamics of Metarhizium anisopliae in Rhipicephalus microplus and the role of tick traits in susceptibility","authors":"Nurul Fatin Amirah Mohd Azmi , Samsuddin Ahmad Syazwan , Ruhil Hayati Hamdan , Tan Li Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) pose a major threat to global livestock production, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, and their burden is projected to increase worldwide in the coming decades as a result of climate change. In Brazil, tick infestations are responsible for economic losses estimated at about USD 3.24 billion annually. Growing resistance to chemical acaricides necessitates alternative control strategies such as biological agents. This study assessed the pathogenicity of a local strain of <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em> (PR1) against adult <em>Rhipicephalus microplus</em> ticks using the Adult Immersion Test at conidial concentrations of 10<sup>7</sup>, 10<sup>8</sup>, and 10<sup>9</sup> conidia/mL, each tested in triplicate alongside positive and negative controls. All concentrations caused complete tick mortality within 14 days, with higher concentrations accelerating tick death and completely inhibiting oviposition and larval hatchability. The estimated LT<sub>50</sub> and LT<sub>90</sub> values for the 10<sup>9</sup> conidia/mL treatment were 2.46 [2.09–2.75] days and 3.63 [3.25–4.29] days, respectively. In contrast, untreated ticks exhibited only 6.7 % mortality and laid an average of 1567 ± 314 eggs, of which 84 % hatched. A significant positive correlation was observed between tick weight and the time to death at the highest concentration, suggesting heavier ticks resisted infection longer, potentially due to higher energy reserves or thicker cuticular. These results underline the potent in vitro pathogenic and reproductive-suppressing effects of <em>M. anisopliae</em> strain PR1 under laboratory conditions, while emphasizing the need for further field validation before considering its application in broader vector management programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 109070"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145586046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Histopathological changes, dynamics of macrophage polarization and deposition of type I and III collagen along the course of experimental hepatic toxocariasis 实验性肝弓形虫病过程中的组织病理学变化、巨噬细胞极化动态及I型和III型胶原沉积。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109082

Iman F. Abou-El-Naga , Eman Dorry Elkerdany , Rania G. Aly , Enas Mohammed Mostafa Zaytoun

Toxocariasis is a helminthic infection that predominantly affects the liver and induces significant pathological changes mediated by host immune response. Both M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypes exert opposing yet complementary functions during infection. This study aimed to characterize the sequential immunopathological and fibrogenic events in hepatic toxocariasis over 16 weeks post-infection (wpi) in a murine model. Liver samples were collected from infected mice at different time points, and immunohistochemical (IHC) examination revealed the presence of both macrophage phenotypes up to 8 wpi (group If), indicating mixed immune response. In early stages of infection, macrophage polarization was skewed toward M1 phenotype, with a statistically significant increase in functional M1/M2 macrophage ratio at 2 days post-infection (dpi), followed by a significant decrease in this ratio up to 4 wpi (group Ie) (p < 0.001 compared to 2 dpi ). Thereafter, polarization shifted toward M2 phenotype accompanied by a further significant reduction in M1/M2 ratio, whereas at 16 wpi (group Ig), no distinct polarization was observed, although M2 count remained significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.001). M1 predominance was associated with a higher grades and elevated liver enzyme levels, while M2 cells were associated with significantly lower inflammation grades but higher stages of fibrosis. Type III collagen fibers predominated in early stages of infection, while type I collagen fibers were dominant in the late stages (p < 0.001), suggesting a progression toward irreversible fibrotic lesions in chronic hepatic toxocariasis. These findings may support the development of stage-specific diagnostic markers and targeted therapeutic strategies throughout the course of hepatic toxocariasis.

弓形虫病是一种蠕虫感染，主要影响肝脏，引起宿主免疫反应介导的显著病理改变。在此过程中，M1和M2巨噬细胞发挥相反的功能。本研究旨在描述小鼠肝弓形虫病感染后16周（wpi）的顺序免疫病理和纤维化事件。在不同时间点从感染小鼠身上切除肝脏样本，检查显示两种巨噬细胞表型高达8 wpi （If组），表明混合类型的免疫反应。在感染早期，极化向M1表型倾斜，感染后2天（dpi） M1/M2巨噬细胞比例有统计学意义增加，随后表型和功能M1/M2巨噬细胞比例有统计学意义下降，高达4 wpi （Ie组），与2 dpi （Ib组）相比（p < 0.001）。到8 wpi时（If组），极化向M2转移，M1/M2巨噬细胞比例有统计学意义降低，而在16 wpi时（Ig组），虽然M2细胞仍显著高于对照组，但未观察到明显的极化（p < 0.001）。M1巨噬细胞与较高的炎症级别和肝酶升高有统计学相关性，而M2巨噬细胞与较低的炎症级别有统计学意义，但与较高的纤维化阶段有统计学意义。III型胶原蛋白在感染的早期阶段占主导地位，而I型胶原蛋白在晚期占主导地位（p < 0.001），这种胶原沉积模式可能是慢性肝弓形虫病中不可逆纤维化病变发展的基础。因此，这些数据可能支持在肝弓形虫病的整个过程中以阶段为导向的诊断标志物和靶向治疗策略的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of the efficacy of four fasciolicides in naturally infected cattle in Beni-Suef governorate, Egypt: First report of therapeutic failure of triclabendazole 埃及贝尼-苏韦夫省四种杀片虫剂对自然感染牛的疗效评价：首次报道三氯咪唑治疗失败。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109067

Mohamed G. Abdelrahman , Shawky M. Aboelhadid , Sherin R. Rouby , Ahmed Zaitoun , Ahmed M. El-Sherif

The emergence of anthelmintic resistance presents a major threat to the health and productivity of grazing livestock. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of commonly used fasciolicides against Fasciola spp. in naturally infected cattle from Beni-Suef, Egypt—an area where fasciolosis is endemic. Twenty adult female cattle, confirmed by microscopic examination to be infected with Fasciola spp., were selected and divided into three experimental trials to evaluate the efficacy of four commercial fasciolicides: triclabendazole (TCBZ), rafoxanide (RAF), nitroxynil (NIT), and oxyclozanide (OCZ). Experiment I evaluated possible resistance to TCBZ, RAF, and NIT by administering two consecutive doses of each drug. Experiment II investigated potential multidrug resistance by treating animals resistant to RAF and NIT with a single dose of TCBZ. Experiment III examined the efficacy of OCZ as an alternative treatment. The fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used as the primary assessment method in all trials. In Experiment I, cattle treated with RAF or NIT showed no reduction in egg counts, even after the second dose. TCBZ treatment resulted in a marked decrease in egg counts at day 7 post-treatment, but counts gradually increased from day 14 onwards, returning to pre-treatment levels by day 56. In Experiment II, animals treated with TCBZ again showed a significant drop in egg counts at day 7, followed by a steady rise to baseline values by day 28. In Experiment III, OCZ achieved complete elimination of eggs by day 7, with 100 % efficacy. This study provides the first documented evidence of triclabendazole (TCBZ) treatment failure in animals in Egypt, highlighting the urgent need for large-scale investigations across the country. In contrast, oxyclozanide (OCZ) showed high efficacy in eliminating Fasciola infections in cattle, emphasizing its potential as a valuable alternative for improving fasciolosis control and management strategies in Egypt.

抗虫性的出现对放牧牲畜的健康和生产力构成了重大威胁。本研究旨在评估常用的杀片形虫剂对埃及贝尼-苏韦夫自然感染的牛片形虫的疗效。贝尼-苏韦夫是片形虫病流行的地区。选取镜检证实感染片吸虫病的成年母牛20头，分为3个试验，分别评价三氯苄达唑（TCBZ）、拉福昔尼（RAF）、硝基尼（NIT）和羟氯胺酮（OCZ） 4种市售片吸虫药的杀灭效果。实验1通过连续给药两剂来评估对TCBZ、RAF和NIT的可能耐药性。实验二通过单剂量TCBZ治疗对RAF和NIT耐药的动物，研究潜在的多药耐药。实验三考察了OCZ作为一种替代疗法的疗效。所有试验均采用粪卵计数减少试验（FECRT）作为主要评估方法。在实验1中，用RAF或NIT处理的牛，即使在第二次剂量后，卵子数量也没有减少。TCBZ处理导致鸡蛋数量在处理后第7天显著下降，但从第14天开始逐渐增加，到第56天恢复到处理前水平。在实验二中，经TCBZ处理的动物在第7天再次显示卵子数量显著下降，随后在第28天稳定上升到基线值。在实验三中，OCZ在第7天完全消除了卵子，有效率为100%。本研究首次提供了埃及动物使用三氯咪唑（TCBZ）治疗失败的文献证据，强调了在全国范围内开展大规模调查的迫切需要。相比之下，羟氯胺（oxyclozanide， OCZ）在消除牛片形虫感染方面表现出高效率，强调了其作为改善埃及片形虫病控制和管理战略的一种有价值的替代方案的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Seaweed-derived nanoparticles for mosquito control: An eco-nanotechnology approach 用于蚊虫控制的海藻衍生纳米颗粒：生态纳米技术方法

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109084

Aravinth Annamalai

Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and chikungunya remain major global health challenges, further exacerbated by escalating insecticide resistance and ecological risks linked to synthetic agents. This review highlights the potential of seaweed-derived nanoparticles (NPs) as sustainable biopesticides for vector control. While multiple types of seaweed-mediated NPs have been reported, particular emphasis is placed on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), given their dominance in the literature, with additional coverage of TiO₂, ZnO, and AuNPs for broader context. Synthesized via green chemistry approaches using marine macroalgal metabolites such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, these NPs exhibit potent larvicidal, adulticidal, and ovicidal effects against major mosquito vectors, including Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex species. Mechanistic studies reveal that seaweed-mediated NPs impair mosquito physiology through midgut epithelial disruption, oxidative stress induction, enzyme inhibition, reproductive interference, and apoptosis. Their nanoscale dimensions and multi-targeted actions reduce the likelihood of resistance development, while low toxicity toward non-target organisms and efficient biodegradability enhance ecological compatibility. Comparative evaluations suggest that seaweed-derived NPs often match or surpass conventional insecticides in efficacy under laboratory settings, with distinct advantages in environmental safety. Nonetheless, limitations persist, including the absence of standardized synthesis protocols, limited field trials, and insufficient data on long-term ecological impacts. Future research should focus on scalable synthesis, comprehensive toxicological evaluation, and integration into existing vector management frameworks. By uniting marine biotechnology with nanoscience, seaweed-derived NPs represent a promising, eco-safe alternative for mosquito control with implications for global health and environmental sustainability.

疟疾、登革热和基孔肯雅热等蚊媒疾病仍然是全球健康面临的主要挑战，杀虫剂耐药性不断升级以及与合成剂有关的生态风险进一步加剧了这种挑战。这篇综述强调了海藻衍生纳米颗粒（NPs）作为病媒控制的可持续生物农药的潜力。虽然已经报道了多种类型的海藻介导的纳米粒子，但鉴于其在文献中的主导地位，特别强调的是银纳米粒子（AgNPs），并在更广泛的背景下对TiO2， ZnO和AuNPs进行了额外的报道。这些NPs通过绿色化学方法合成，利用多酚、黄酮类化合物和多糖等海洋大藻代谢物，对伊蚊、按蚊和库蚊等主要蚊媒具有杀幼虫、杀成虫和杀卵作用。机制研究表明，海藻介导的NPs通过中肠上皮破坏、氧化应激诱导、酶抑制、生殖干扰和细胞凋亡等途径损害蚊子的生理机能。它们的纳米级尺寸和多靶点作用降低了耐药性发展的可能性，而对非靶标生物的低毒性和高效的生物降解性增强了生态相容性。对比评价表明，在实验室环境下，海藻衍生NPs的药效往往与传统杀虫剂相当或超过传统杀虫剂，在环境安全方面具有明显优势。尽管如此，限制仍然存在，包括缺乏标准化的合成方案，有限的实地试验，以及长期生态影响的数据不足。未来的研究应侧重于可扩展的合成、全面的毒理学评估以及与现有病媒管理框架的整合。通过将海洋生物技术与纳米科学结合起来，海藻衍生的NPs代表了一种有前途的、生态安全的蚊虫控制替代方案，对全球健康和环境可持续性具有影响。

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引用次数: 0

Novel anticoagulant proteins identified in the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus sanguineus and their interaction with coagulation factor X 在血鼻猪唾液腺中鉴定的新型抗凝蛋白及其与凝血因子X的相互作用

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109063

YaJun Lu , YaE Zhao , XingZhi Feng

In the salivary glands of the hematophagous arthropod R. sanguineus, a total of 122 protein coding sequences interacting with coagulation factor X (FX) were identified using the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) technology, including 100 characterized proteins, and 22 uncharacterized. Three proteins, ferritin-like, tyrosine-protein phosphatase Lar-like, and elongation factor 1 alpha, were selected for cloning, demonstrated significant impacts on four key coagulation parameters: prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), and fibrinogen (FIB) levels. They significantly prolonged PT, APTT, and TT, and reduced FIB levels, indicating interactions with both extrinsic and endogenous coagulation pathways and potential interference with fibrinogen synthesis, metabolism, or functional activity. Docking simulations between the proteins and FX provided evidence of stable, specific protein-protein complexes, mediated by hydrophobic forces. The high confidence scores and diverse interaction modes suggested evolutionary refinement for tight, specific binding to FX. The study introduced promising anticoagulant molecules from hematophagous arthropods, rigorously validated their activity, and highlighted their potential for research and therapeutic applications. These findings have implications for the development of new anticoagulant and antithrombotic therapeutics, underscoring the importance of exploring natural sources for new drugs to expand the drug pipeline in cardiovascular medicine.

利用酵母双杂交（Y2H）技术，在嗜血节肢动物R. sanguineus唾液腺中共鉴定出122个与凝血因子X （FX）相互作用的蛋白编码序列，其中已鉴定蛋白100个，未鉴定蛋白22个。选择铁蛋白样、酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶样和延伸因子1 α 3种蛋白进行克隆，发现它们对凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化的部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）和纤维蛋白原（FIB）水平等4个关键凝血参数有显著影响。它们显著延长了PT、APTT和TT，并降低了FIB水平，表明它们与外源性和内源性凝血途径相互作用，并可能干扰纤维蛋白原合成、代谢或功能活性。蛋白质和FX之间的对接模拟提供了由疏水力介导的稳定、特异性蛋白质复合物的证据。高置信度分数和多样化的相互作用模式表明，进化改进了与FX的紧密、特异性结合。本研究从食血节肢动物中引入了有前途的抗凝血分子，严格验证了它们的活性，并强调了它们在研究和治疗应用方面的潜力。这些发现对开发新的抗凝血和抗血栓治疗药物具有重要意义，强调了探索新药天然来源以扩大心血管医学药物管道的重要性。

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引用次数: 0