Experimental parasitology最新文献_第6页

Efficacy of nitrofurantoin in treatment of murine model of trichinellosis 呋喃妥因对小鼠旋毛虫病模型的治疗作用。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109022

Basma M. Elmansory , Hager S. Zoghroban , Dina M. El-Guindy , Dina A. El-Guindy

Treatment of trichinellosis is still challenging. Lack of an established effective and safe treatment for trichinellosis, directed attention towards repurposing the already available drugs. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nitrofurantoin (NF) as compared to albendazole (ABZ) and their combination in treatment of trichinellosis in mice. Mice were divided into five groups; Group I: negative control; Group II: positive control; Groups III, IV and V: infected and treated with ABZ, NF, and combined ALB with NF respectively. They were subdivided into subgroups (a) started treatment on 3rd day postinfection (PI) and were sacrificed on 6th day PI, and subgroups (b) started treatment on 21st day PI and were sacrificed on 35th day PI. Parasitological, histopathological, immunohistochemical, immunological and biochemical studies were done. The results showed that NF was potential effective in treatment of trichinellosis and its combination with ABZ achieved the best results as compared to ABZ alone. This combination significantly reduced adults (66.5 %) and larvae (87.1 %) counts in the intestinal and muscular phases respectively. Also, it significantly decreased the inflammation and serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels with mean of 11.6 ± 0.43 and 15.8 ± 0.74 in the early and late stages of trichinellosis respectively. Additionally, it had antiangiogenic effects evidenced by decreasing the microvessel density/HPF with a reduction rate of 91.65 %, antioxidant effects by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) with mean ± SD of 0.73 ± 0.09 and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) with mean ± SD of 156.6 ± 5.2 in addition to its apoptotic effects by decreasing B-cell lymphoma (BCL-2) levels with mean ± SD of 0.81 ± 0.08 in the infected muscle cells. Thus, It was concluded that NF could be a promising anti-trichinellosis drug and its combination with ABZ could be an efficient treatment for early and late experimental trichinellosis.

旋毛虫病的治疗仍然具有挑战性。由于缺乏针对旋毛虫病的既定有效和安全的治疗方法，人们将注意力转向重新利用现有药物。因此，本研究的目的是评价呋喃妥英（NF）与阿苯达唑（ABZ）及其联合治疗小鼠旋毛虫病的有效性。将小鼠分为五组；第一组：阴性对照；第二组：阳性对照；III、IV、V组：分别用ABZ、NF和ALB联合NF感染和治疗。再分为感染后第3天开始治疗，第6天处死的亚组(a)和感染后第21天开始治疗，第35天处死的亚组(b)。进行了寄生虫学、组织病理学、免疫组织化学、免疫学和生化研究。结果表明，NF对旋毛虫病具有潜在的治疗效果，与ABZ合用效果优于单用ABZ。该组合可显著降低肠道期成虫数量（66.5%）和肌肉期幼虫数量（87.1%）。血清干扰素γ (IFN-γ)水平在旋毛虫病早期和晚期的平均值分别为11.6±0.43和15.8±0.74。此外，它还具有抗血管生成作用，降低微血管密度/HPF，降低率为91.65%；抗氧化作用，降低丙二醛（MDA），平均±SD为0.73±0.09；提高超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），平均±SD为156.6±5.2；凋亡作用，降低b细胞淋巴瘤（BCL-2）水平，平均±SD为0.81±0.08。因此，NF可能是一种有前景的抗旋毛虫病药物，与ABZ联合治疗早期和晚期实验性旋毛虫病可能是一种有效的治疗方法。

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引用次数: 0

In-vitro anthelmintic activity and phytochemistry of Salvia sclarea extracts against Haemonchus contortus 鼠尾草提取物对弯血螨体外驱虫活性及植物化学研究。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109029

Zeenat Islam , Aqleemul Islam , Khurshid Ahmad Tariq , Jasmeena Syed , Shabbir Hussain , Fayaz Ahmad

Haemonchus contortus –the barber's pole worm poses a critical threat to ruminant health and productivity worldwide. This is due to its high host pathogenicity and poor susceptibility to chemical anthelmintics. To address this threat, sustainable and natural solutions are needed to control its infections. This study evaluated the anthelmintic efficacy of Salvia sclarea extracts against H. contortus in comparison to reference drug – the Albendazole. The extracts were obtained in ethyl acetate, ethanol, and petroleum ether, analyzed phytochemically and subjected to in-vitro testing at different concentrations using the Adult Motility Inhibition Assay (AMIA) and Egg Hatch Inhibition Assay (EHIA). The most effective extract was ethyl acetate in terms of its 100 % worm mortality at all tested concentrations 6 h post treatment and 87.38 % inhibition of egg hatching at 2 mg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the greatest potency, with an LC₅₀ of 0.22 mg/mL, compared to ethanol (LC₅₀ = 0.55 mg/mL) and petroleum ether (LC₅₀ = 3.66 mg/mL), confirming its superior ovicidal efficacy against H. contortus. Terpenoids, coumarins, and phenolics were the main bioactive agents present in the extract. Using complementary GC-MS profiling, prominent anti-parasitic components including Sclareol and Geranylgeraniol were identified. These findings demonstrate potential of S. sclarea as a natural substitute for synthetic anthelmintics; however, in vivo studies are needed to validate the efficacy and safety of the bio-active constituents of S. sclarea against the target parasite in host animals.

弯曲Haemonchus -理发师的杆状蠕虫对全世界反刍动物的健康和生产力构成严重威胁。这是由于它的高宿主致病性和对化学驱虫药的敏感性差。为应对这一威胁，需要可持续和自然的解决方案来控制其感染。本研究比较了鼠尾草提取物与对照药物阿苯达唑的驱虫效果。在乙酸乙酯、乙醇和石油醚中提取提取物，进行植物化学分析，并在不同浓度下进行体外测试，使用成体运动抑制实验（AMIA）和卵孵化抑制实验（EHIA）。处理6 h后，乙酸乙酯在所有浓度下的虫死亡率均为100%，在2 mg/mL浓度下对虫卵孵化的抑制率为87.38%。与乙醇（LC50 = 0.55 mg/mL）和石油醚（LC50 = 3.66 mg/mL）相比，乙酸乙酯提取物的杀卵效果最好，LC50为0.22 mg/mL，表明乙酸乙酯提取物具有较好的杀卵效果。萜类、香豆素和酚类是其主要的生物活性成分。利用互补的气相色谱-质谱分析，鉴定出主要的抗寄生虫成分包括香叶醇和香叶醇。这些研究结果表明，葡萄球菌具有作为合成驱虫药天然替代品的潜力；然而，还需要在宿主动物体内验证其生物活性成分对目标寄生虫的有效性和安全性。

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引用次数: 0

Vacuum-sealed anaerobic plate culture enhances growth and confluence of Giardia intestinalis trophozoites 真空密封厌氧平板培养促进肠贾第鞭毛虫滋养体的生长和融合。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109010

Nor-Athirah Mohd-Najib , Hasmah Abdullah , Candy Chuah , Basripuzi-Nurul-Hayyan Hassan-Basri , Weng-Kin Wong

Giardia intestinalis trophozoites, the replicative stage responsible for human giardiasis, require anaerobic settings for microtiter plate culture. However, residual ambient oxygen (AAO₂) within plates and enclosed compartments could hinder consistent confluence. This study evaluated a vacuum-sealed bag (VS) combined with an anaerobic gas generator sachet (AS) (VS + AS) as an alternative culture method to minimize residual AAO₂. The conventional airtight compartment plus AS (AT + AS) served as the reference, while VS without AS (VS–AS) functioned as the negative control. Two-fold serially diluted trophozoites were seeded in 96-well plates, and confluence was scored at 48-, 96-, and 144-h post-seeding using a 5-point scale (0: 0–20 % to 4+: 80–100 %). MTT assays were used to validate the association between seeded cell number and parasite viability, as well as inter-well variation among fully confluent wells. VS + AS cultures achieved ≥3+ confluence within 48 h and maintained this through 96 h, whereas AT + AS required 96–144 h to reach comparable levels. VS–AS consistently showed poor growth. Optimal confluence in the VS + AS system was observed with seeding densities of 6 × 10⁴ to 5 × 10⁵ trophozoites per well. MTT assays confirmed a strong linear correlation between seeded cell number (10³^.⁹–10⁵^.⁷) and OD₅₄₀ readings (r² = 0.98). The inter-well variation among fully confluence wells was below 10 %. In conclusion, the VS + AS system accelerates trophozoite growth and improves reproducibility compared with conventional methods. This approach provides a reliable platform for studying Giardia trophozoite biology and supports the discovery of novel anti-giardial compounds.

肠贾第虫滋养体，负责人类贾第虫病的繁殖阶段，需要厌氧环境进行微滴平板培养。然而，在板和封闭隔间内残留的环境氧（AAO2）可能会阻碍一致的融合。本研究评估了真空密封袋（VS）与厌氧气体发生器（AS）（VS+AS）作为最小化残余AAO2的替代培养方法。常规密闭隔间加AS （AT+AS）作为参比，不加AS的VS （VS-AS）作为阴性对照。将两倍连续稀释的滋养体播种在96孔板上，并在播种后48、96和144小时使用5分制（0:0-20%至4+:80-100%）对合流度进行评分。MTT试验用于验证种子细胞数量与寄生虫活力之间的关系，以及完全融合井之间的井间变化。VS+AS培养在48小时内达到≥3+融合，并维持96小时，而AT+AS需要96-144小时才能达到可比水平。VS-AS一直表现出较差的增长。VS+AS系统的最佳合流密度为每孔6 × 104 ~ 5 × 105个滋养体。MTT试验证实种子细胞数（103.9-105.7）与OD450读数之间存在很强的线性相关性（r2 = 0.98）。完全合流井的井间变化小于10%。综上所述，与传统方法相比，VS+AS系统加速了滋养体的生长，提高了重现性。该方法为研究贾第鞭毛虫滋养体生物学提供了可靠的平台，并为发现新的抗贾第鞭毛虫化合物提供了支持。

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引用次数: 0

Acaricidal activity of various essential oil components against acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) 不同精油成分对抗螨小蜱（蜱螨科）的杀螨活性研究

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109018

Jyoti, Manisha, Harkirat Singh, Nirbhay Kumar Singh

Rhipicephalus microplus, an important ixodid tick species, poses significant economic and health challenges to the livestock directly by impairing animal productivity and serving as a vector for various pathogens. Although tick control strategies broadly integrate synthetic acaricides and environmental management, the emergence of acaricide resistance undermines these efforts thereby, necessitating alternative approaches. This study evaluated the acaricidal efficacy of six essential oil components (EOCs) such as cedrol, cinnamaldehyde, citral, eugenol, limonene and menthol against deltamethrin and ivermectin resistant R. microplus population by larval packet test. Among the studied EOCs, cinnamaldehyde exhibited the highest acaricide potential (LC₅₀ = 0.042 %), followed by menthol (LC₅₀ = 0.084 %), eugenol (LC₅₀ = 0.171 %) and citral (LC₅₀ = 0.185 %). Cedrol (LC₅₀ = 1.09 %) demonstrated a lower activity, while limonene (LC₅₀ = 22.0 %) was least effective. Probit regression analysis revealed steep dose-response slopes for cinnamaldehyde, citral and eugenol indicating strong acaricidal effects at low concentrations. These findings identify cinnamaldehyde, menthol, eugenol and citral as promising candidates for the development of plant-based acaricides, supporting their potential integration into the sustainable tick management strategies for management of acaricide-resistant R. microplus populations.

微头蜱是一种重要的蜱类，它通过损害动物生产力和作为各种病原体的媒介，直接对牲畜造成重大的经济和健康挑战。尽管蜱虫控制策略广泛整合了合成杀螨剂和环境管理，但杀螨剂耐药性的出现破坏了这些努力，因此需要其他方法。本研究采用幼虫包试验的方法，评价了香柏醇、肉桂醛、柠檬醛、丁香酚、柠檬烯和薄荷醇6种精油成分对溴氰菊酯和伊维菌素耐药小夜蛾的杀螨效果。其中，肉桂醛的杀螨力最强（LC50 = 0.042%），其次是薄荷醇（LC50 = 0.084%）、丁香酚（LC50 = 0.171%）和柠檬醛（LC50 = 0.185%）。杉木醇（LC50 = 1.09%）的活性较低，柠檬烯（LC50 = 22.0%）的活性最低。概率回归分析显示，肉桂醛、柠檬醛和丁香酚在低浓度下具有较强的杀螨效果。这些发现确定肉桂醛、薄荷醇、丁香酚和柠檬醛是开发植物基杀螨剂的有希望的候选者，支持将它们整合到可持续的蜱虫管理策略中，以管理抗杀螨剂的小夜蛾种群。

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引用次数: 0

Sublethal exposure of emamectin benzoate and thiamethoxam alters the biological parameters and genes expression in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) 亚致死暴露于苯甲酸埃维菌素和噻虫嗪可改变埃及伊蚊（双翅目：库蚊科）的生物学参数和基因表达。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109021

Khalid Mehmood , Muhammad Nadir Naqqash , Nimra Batool , Bander Albogami , Hadeer Darwish , Ahmed Noureldeen , Fatemah E. Alajmi

Excessive use of agrochemicals results in contamination of water due to runoff or leaching. Insecticide induced-hormesis, a phenomenon characterized by low dose stimulation following exposure to insecticide, is crucial to insect pest resurgence. In this study, the effects of low or sublethal concentrations of emamectin benzoate and thiamethoxam on biological traits and genes expression were investigated for yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti following 48 h exposures. Bioassay was conducted to compute LC₁₀ and LC₂₀ values for both test insecticides. The low lethal (LC₁₀) and sublethal (LC₂₀) concentrations of emamectin benzoate and thiamethoxam significantly reduced longevity and fecundity of the exposed mosquitoes. However, population parameters showed a negative change in the F₁ progeny of emamectin exposed A. aegypti mosquitoes. While, stimulatory effects on pre-adult stage, longevity, and fertility were observed in the progeny generation (F₁) of A. aegypti, when parental generation (F₀) were exposed to LC₁₀ and LC₂₀ of thiamethoxam. However, at F₂ generation the population parameters in all the treatments were statistically similar to the control except in the LC₂₀ treatment of emamectin benzoate. The LC₁₀ and LC₂₀ of thiamethoxam significantly increased the expression level of vitellogenin in progeny generation, while inhibitory effects were observed for both treatments of emamectin benzoate. Additionally, the expression levels of P450 genes including CYP6P15, CYP6BB2, and CYP9J26 were up-regulated in the exposed insects. Taken together, our results show the hormetic effects in thiamethoxam on F₁ and F₂ individuals, which might be due to the intermittent changes in expression of genes involved in fertility, growth and insecticide detoxification in A. aegypti.

过度使用农用化学品会导致水因径流或浸出而受到污染。杀虫剂致激效是一种暴露于杀虫剂后的低剂量刺激现象，是害虫复生的关键。本研究研究了低浓度或亚致死浓度的甲维菌素苯甲酸酯和噻虫嗪对埃及伊蚊生物学性状和基因表达的影响。采用生物测定法计算两种试验杀虫剂的LC10和LC20值。低致死浓度（LC10）和亚致死浓度（LC20）显著降低了暴露蚊虫的寿命和繁殖力。然而，种群参数显示，接触埃维菌素的埃及伊蚊F1后代呈负变化。而当亲代（F0）暴露于噻虫嗪LC10和LC20时，对埃及伊蚊后代（F1）的成虫前期期、寿命和育性均有刺激作用。然而，在F2代时，除苯甲酸埃维菌素LC20处理外，所有处理的种群参数与对照组具有统计学上的相似。噻虫嗪LC10和LC20显著提高了子代卵黄蛋白原的表达水平，而两种处理对苯甲酸埃马菌素均有抑制作用。此外，P450基因CYP6P15、CYP6BB2和CYP9J26的表达水平在暴露昆虫中上调。综上所述，我们的研究结果表明噻虫嗪对F1和F2个体的激效作用可能是由于埃及伊蚊生育、生长和杀虫剂解毒相关基因表达的间歇性变化。

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引用次数: 0

Laparoscopic surgical treatment of liver echinococcosis in Uzbekistan: Outcomes and implementation challenges of minimally invasive surgery 乌兹别克斯坦腹腔镜手术治疗肝包虫病：微创手术的结果和实施挑战

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109005

Sapaev Duschan Shukhratovich , Yakubov Farkhod Radjabovich , Ruzibaev Rashid Yusupovich , Babajanov Kudratbek Bakhtiyarovich , Ruzmetov Navruzbek Alisherovich , Rakhimov Dadakhon Djalaladinovich , Matkurbonov Navruz Odilbek ogli , Khayitboeva Komila Khujayazovna , Sharipova Aziza Umarovna

Liver echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, remains a significant public health concern in Uzbekistan, particularly in rural agricultural communities. While open surgery has traditionally been the primary treatment, it is associated with prolonged recovery and higher complication rates. This study aims to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and clinical outcomes of laparoscopic surgery in managing liver echinococcosis in Uzbekistan. A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted on 120 patients who underwent either laparoscopic (n = 60) or open surgery (n = 60) between 2020 and 2024 at three tertiary medical centers. Key parameters included operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative pain (VAS), hospital stay, complication rates, and recurrence. The laparoscopic group demonstrated significantly shorter operative time (95 vs. 130 min; p < 0.001), reduced blood loss (80 vs. 180 mL; p < 0.001), lower pain scores (3.2 vs. 6.7; p < 0.001), and shorter hospital stays (4.1 vs. 10.3 days; p < 0.001). Complication rates were also significantly lower in the laparoscopic group (6.7 % vs. 18.3 %; p = 0.045), while recurrence rates showed no significant difference after one year (3.3 % vs. 5.0 %; p = 0.65). These findings suggest that laparoscopic surgery offers substantial advantages over open surgery in terms of safety, recovery, and resource utilization.

由细粒棘球绦虫引起的肝棘球蚴病仍然是乌兹别克斯坦的一个重大公共卫生问题，特别是在农村农业社区。虽然开放手术传统上是主要的治疗方法，但它与恢复时间较长和并发症发生率较高有关。本研究旨在评估乌兹别克斯坦腹腔镜手术治疗肝包虫病的安全性、有效性和临床结果。对2020年至2024年间在三家三级医疗中心接受腹腔镜手术（n = 60）或开放式手术（n = 60）的120例患者进行了回顾性队列分析。关键参数包括手术时间、术中出血量、术后疼痛（VAS）、住院时间、并发症发生率和复发率。腹腔镜组明显缩短手术时间（95 vs 130分钟；p < 0.001），减少出血量（80 vs 180 mL; p < 0.001），降低疼痛评分（3.2 vs 6.7; p < 0.001），缩短住院时间（4.1 vs 10.3天；p < 0.001）。腹腔镜组并发症发生率明显低于腹腔镜组（6.7% vs. 18.3%, p = 0.045），术后1年复发率无显著差异（3.3% vs. 5.0%, p = 0.65）。这些发现表明，腹腔镜手术在安全性、恢复和资源利用方面比开放手术有实质性的优势。

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引用次数: 0

Development of an in vitro assay using abscisic acid to study Toxoplasma gondii infectivity 用脱落酸研究刚地弓形虫感染性的体外测定方法的建立。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109011

Tina Wagner , Ildiko Rita Dunay , Arwid Daugschies , Stefanie Wiedmer , Berit Bangoura

The common parasite Toxoplasma gondii can infect all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Although most infections in humans remain asymptomatic, clinical toxoplasmosis can develop into a fatal disease. Infections are usually contracted by oral ingestion of tissue cysts or oocysts contained in cat feces.

Currently, the mouse bioassay is applied as a final experiment to evaluate meat infectivity. This study aims to establish an alternative cell culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based in vitro infectivity assay for tissue cysts. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is applied to increase parasite multiplication.

A human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) host cell culture was infected with bradyzoites from mouse tissue. Treatment groups included uninfected controls, infected untreated controls, and infected ABA treated groups. The applied ABA concentrations used ranged from 0.2 ng/μl to 20 ng/μl, and ABA incubation times ranged from 2 h to 18 h before ABA removal. At 48 h after infection, T. gondii deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the cell cultures was quantified by qPCR. The results indicate that parasite DNA copy numbers are markedly increased when using ABA at 2 ng/μl for 4–6 h or at 20 ng/μl for 2 h incubation. Our results indicate that this newly established in vitro assay is suitable to determine T. gondii cyst infectivity.

常见的弓形虫寄生虫可以感染所有温血动物，包括人类。虽然大多数人类感染仍无症状，但临床弓形虫病可发展成致命疾病。感染通常是通过口服摄入猫粪便中的组织囊肿或卵囊而感染的。目前，小鼠生物试验是评价肉品感染性的最后实验。本研究旨在建立一种基于细胞培养和定量聚合酶链反应（qPCR）的组织囊肿体外感染性检测方法。植物激素脱落酸（ABA）被用于增加寄生虫的繁殖。用小鼠组织中的慢殖子感染人包皮成纤维细胞（HFF）宿主细胞。治疗组包括未感染对照组、感染未治疗组和感染ABA治疗组。添加的ABA浓度为0.2 ~ 20 ng/μl，去除ABA的时间为2 ~ 18 h。感染后48 h，用qPCR法测定培养细胞中弓形虫脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）的含量。结果表明，用浓度为2 ng/μl的ABA孵育4 ~ 6 h或用浓度为20 ng/μl的ABA孵育2 h，疟原虫DNA拷贝数显著增加。结果表明，该体外检测方法适用于弓形虫囊感染性的检测。

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引用次数: 0

Niosomes as a vehicle for excretory/secretory antigens enhance immunization efficacy of Toxoplasma gondii vaccine 作为排泄/分泌抗原载体的Niosomes增强了弓形虫疫苗的免疫效果。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109024

Salwa S. Younis , Ghada A. Gamea , Gamal M. El Maghraby , Mona F. Arafa , Rana A. Khalifa , Sara M. Shoeib , Rehab M. El-Gohary , Basma M. Elmansory

Till now, there is no well-established vaccine for toxoplasmosis in humans. This study evaluated the efficacy of niosomes to enhance the immunogenicity of Toxoplasma gondii excretory/secretory antigens (ESAs) vaccine in mice. The mice were divided into the following groups: group I (naïve), group II (naïve challenged), group III (alum), group IV (niosomes), group V (ESAs), group VI (ESAs and alum) and group VII (ESAs-loaded niosomes). All immunized mice received three doses of vaccine intraperitoneally two weeks apart. Two weeks later, mice were challenged with intraperitoneal injection of 10³ viable tachyzoites of virulent RH strain. Parasitological, histopathological, and immunological studies were done. ESAs-loaded niosomes offered the best protection as they significantly decreased the mean parasitic count in liver and spleen with reduction rates of 85 and 90 %, respectively. Also, it reduced efficiently the inflammation and parenchymal injury in liver with intense iNOS immunostaining expression. In addition, it was effective in stimulation of humoral and cellular immune responses evidenced by the high significant anti-Toxoplasma IgG, increasing of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ percentages by flowcytometry and serum IFN-γ levels. Therefore, niosomes were proved to be promising vaccine candidates due to enhancing the antigenicity of ESA and their long acting antiparasitic effect.

到目前为止，还没有针对人类弓形虫病的成熟疫苗。本研究评价了乳质体对刚地弓形虫排泄/分泌抗原（ESAs）疫苗免疫原性的增强作用。将小鼠分为1组（naïve）、2组（naïve攻毒）、3组（明矾）、4组（niosome）、5组（ESAs）、6组（ESAs +明矾）和7组（ESAs加载niosome）。所有免疫小鼠间隔两周腹腔注射三剂疫苗。2周后，小鼠腹腔注射103个有活力的RH毒株速殖子。进行了寄生虫学、组织病理学和免疫学研究。负载esas的niosome提供了最好的保护，因为它们显著降低了肝脏和脾脏的平均寄生虫计数，分别减少了85%和90%。并能有效减轻肝脏炎症和实质损伤，iNOS免疫染色表达强烈。此外，它还能有效刺激体液和细胞免疫反应，其抗弓形虫IgG显著升高，流式细胞术检测CD4+和CD8+百分比升高，血清IFN-γ水平升高。因此，乳小体可以增强ESA的抗原性，并具有长效抗寄生虫作用，因此被证明是有希望的疫苗候选物。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the diagnostic utility of recombinant low molecular weight cystic fluid proteins, Ag2 and Ag2V1, for serosurveillance of porcine cysticercosis 探讨重组低分子囊液蛋白Ag2和Ag2V1在猪囊虫病血清监测中的诊断价值。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109027

Pinaki Prasad Sengupta, Siju Susan Jacob, Samer Shamshad, S. Sudhagar, A.G.S. Chandu, S.S. Patil, S Madhaba Maharana

Porcine cysticercosis caused by the metacestode stage of Taenia solium is an economically challenging disease having public health importance. Being one of the neglected tropical diseases, surveillance of porcine cysticercosis is essentially warranted in endemic countries to detect the transmission foci of infection to humans. Keeping this as background, in the present study, the genes encoding for two cystic fluid antigens (Ag2 and Ag2V1) of metacestode of T.solium were amplified, ligated into cloning vector, transformed into E.coli Top 10 cells and sequenced. After analysis and confirmation of nucleotide sequence of Ag2 and Ag2V1 genes, the purified and restriction enzyme digested PCR products were cloned. The confirmed positive clones were induced for expression of recombinant proteins and the proteins were purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The hyperimmune sera raised against native antigens of metacestode of T.solium were employed to characterize the purified recombinant proteins by Western blotting. After confirming the recombinant proteins, indirect enzyme linked immuno sorbent assays (iELISA) using recombinant Ag2 and Ag2V1 antigens were standardized. The iELISA employing recombinant Ag2 and Ag2V1 antigens revealed sensitivity of 98.1 % and 93.4 % and specificity of 91.2 % and 97.5 %, respectively. The weighted Cohen's kappa was calculated as 0.89 (95 % CI 0.804 to 0.975) for Ag2 and 0.857 (95 % CI 0.755 to 0.959) for Ag2V1. The assays developed in the present study can be employed for the surveillance of porcine cysticercosis to help in clean pork production. However, further studies involving larger sample sizes, particularly from scavenging pigs, are warranted to validate these findings.

猪带绦虫甲壳期引起的猪囊虫病是一种具有经济挑战性的疾病，具有公共卫生重要性。猪囊虫病是一种被忽视的热带病，在流行国家监测猪囊虫病是必要的，以发现人类感染的传播焦点。在此背景下，本研究扩增了猪梭菌囊液抗原Ag2和Ag2V1的编码基因，并将其连接到克隆载体上，转化到大肠杆菌Top 10细胞中进行测序。对Ag2和Ag2V1基因的核苷酸序列进行分析和确认后，对纯化后的限制性内切酶酶切PCR产物进行克隆。将确定的阳性克隆诱导表达重组蛋白，并用Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化重组蛋白。采用免疫印迹法（Western blotting）对猪绦虫metacestode天然抗原培养的高免疫血清进行鉴定。确认重组蛋白后，采用重组Ag2和Ag2V1抗原进行间接酶联免疫吸附试验（iELISA）。采用重组Ag2和Ag2V1抗原的iELISA检测结果显示，灵敏度分别为98.1%和93.4%，特异性分别为91.2%和97.5%。Ag2的加权Cohen's kappa为0.89 (95% CI 0.804至0.975)，Ag2V1的加权Cohen's kappa为0.857 （95% CI 0.755至0.959）。本研究建立的检测方法可用于猪囊虫病的监测，为清洁猪肉生产提供帮助。然而，涉及更大样本量的进一步研究，特别是来自食腐猪的研究，有必要验证这些发现。

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引用次数: 0

A dual In vitro and In silico approach to evaluate 1,4-naphthoquinone-1,2,3-triazole hybrids against atovaquone-resistant malaria 体外和计算机双方法评价1,4-萘醌-1,2,3-三唑杂种抗阿托伐醌耐药疟疾的作用。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Experimental parasitology

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108991

Priyanka Agarwal , David D. N’Da , C. Johan van der Westhuizen , Robyn L. van Zyl

Malaria continues to pose a major global health burden affecting millions annually. Despite advancements in treatment, the emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium strains has undermined current treatment strategies, including atovaquone. Atovaquone is a key mitochondrial inhibitor targeting the cytochrome bc₁ (cyt bc₁) complex, with resistance primarily driven by mutation in the cytochrome b gene. Moreover, atovaquone's reliance on a single target site and its pharmacokinetic limitations further underscore the urgent need for alternative drugs. To address these challenges, this dual in vitro and in silico study evaluated ten 1,4-naphthoquinone-1,2,3-triazole hybrids targeting atovaquone-resistant (FCR3) P. falciparum. Molecular modelling studies were performed on Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PDB ID 3CX5), involving the building of a mutant model to simulate the Y279S mutation (equivalent to Y268S mutation in P. falciparum), in order to rationalise the observed results. Additionally, pharmacokinetic properties and drug-likeness of these hybrids were predicted in silico. Hybrids D12 and D13 exhibited strong antiplasmodial activities, 61- and 52-fold, respectively, more than atovaquone. Molecular modelling studies indicated a strong correlation between in silico and in vitro activities by displaying binding interactions between the ligand and the mutant model. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) analysis identified key structural features essential for favourable binding interactions with target binding site residues. Furthermore, in silico evaluations of these hybrids suggested good oral bioavailability and high gastrointestinal absorption, with no significant risk of severe toxicity. Hybrids D12 and D13 exhibit potential as lead candidates, with their strong in vitro efficacy well-supported by in silico data, warranting further optimisation and development.

疟疾继续造成重大的全球健康负担，每年影响数百万人。尽管在治疗方面取得了进展，但耐药疟原虫菌株的出现破坏了目前的治疗策略，包括阿托伐醌。Atovaquone是一种针对细胞色素bc1 （cyt bc1）复合物的关键线粒体抑制剂，其耐药性主要由细胞色素b基因突变驱动。此外，阿托伐酮对单一靶点的依赖及其药代动力学的局限性进一步强调了替代药物的迫切需要。为了应对这些挑战，这项体外和计算机双试验评估了10个针对阿托伐醌耐药（FCR3）恶性疟原虫的1,4-萘醌-1,2,3-三唑杂交体。我们对酿酒酵母（PDB ID 3CX5）进行了分子模型研究，包括建立一个突变模型来模拟Y279S突变（相当于恶性疟原虫中的Y268S突变），以使观察到的结果合理化。此外，用计算机预测了这些杂交种的药代动力学性质和药物相似性。D12和D13表现出较强的抗疟原虫活性，分别是阿托伐醌的61倍和52倍。分子模型研究表明，通过显示配体和突变模型之间的结合相互作用，在硅和体外活性之间存在很强的相关性。结构-活性关系（SAR）分析确定了与目标结合位点残基有利的结合相互作用所必需的关键结构特征。此外，这些混合物的计算机评价表明，良好的口服生物利用度和高胃肠道吸收，没有严重毒性的显著风险。杂种D12和D13表现出作为主要候选物的潜力，其强大的体外功效得到了硅数据的支持，值得进一步优化和开发。

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引用次数: 0