Pub Date : 2017-09-21DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000118
C. Ioannou, D. Harris, N. Dahlstrom
Five aviation service providers participated in a study aiming to identify factors that impact the implementation of a safety management system and the safety performance of the organization. Safety managers were interviewed and their comments analyzed using grounded theory approach. Hindering factors were categorized and integrated into a model.
{"title":"Safety Management Practices Hindering the Development of Safety Performance Indicators in Aviation Service Providers","authors":"C. Ioannou, D. Harris, N. Dahlstrom","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000118","url":null,"abstract":"Five aviation service providers participated in a study aiming to identify factors that impact the implementation of a safety management system and the safety performance of the organization. Safety managers were interviewed and their comments analyzed using grounded theory approach. Hindering factors were categorized and integrated into a model.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115291496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-21DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000120
H. Mansikka, D. Harris, K. Virtanen
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the flight-related core competencies for professional airline pilots and to structuralize them as components in a team performance framework. To achieve this, the core competency scores from a total of 2,560 OPC (Operator Proficiency Check) missions were analyzed. A principal component analysis (PCA) of pilots’ performance scores across the different competencies was conducted. Four principal components were extracted and a path analysis model was constructed on the basis of these factors. The path analysis utilizing the core competencies extracted adopted an input–process–output’ (IPO) model of team performance related directly to the activities on the flight deck. The results of the PCA and the path analysis strongly supported the proposed IPO model.
{"title":"An Input–Process–Output Model of Pilot Core Competencies","authors":"H. Mansikka, D. Harris, K. Virtanen","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000120","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the flight-related core competencies for professional airline pilots and to structuralize them as components in a team performance framework. To achieve this, the core competency scores from a total of 2,560 OPC (Operator Proficiency Check) missions were analyzed. A principal component analysis (PCA) of pilots’ performance scores across the different competencies was conducted. Four principal components were extracted and a path analysis model was constructed on the basis of these factors. The path analysis utilizing the core competencies extracted adopted an input–process–output’ (IPO) model of team performance related directly to the activities on the flight deck. The results of the PCA and the path analysis strongly supported the proposed IPO model.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121605792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-20DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000114
Yoriko Kikkawa, Timothy J. Mavin
There appears to be a wide acceptance that debriefing plays an important role in the learning process of simulation-based programs. Indeed, the past decade has witnessed an increasing number of studies into debriefing across disciplines. Our research team has been conducting field research with airlines, over a number of years, to clarify what constitutes effective debriefing for airline pilot training. To assist this clarification, a comprehensive systematic review of existing studies into debriefing across disciplines was designed to direct further analysis of the data the team had collected. A preliminary investigation into this broad debriefing literature exposed that there was little consensus among many papers about effective debriefing practice owing to inconsistencies in: (a) methodological approaches, (b) terminology, and (c) professional focus. As a way of overcoming these inconsistencies, this paper initially synthesized research findings from a small number of existing systematic reviews scrutinizing debriefing across a variety of professional disciplines. The literature search identified 10 papers, three meta-analyses, and seven qualitative systematic reviews. This paper aims to identify key elements influencing learning outcomes from debriefing practices and presents the findings of this study as a single framework of debriefing elements.
{"title":"A Review of Debriefing Practices: Toward a Framework for Airline Pilot Debriefing","authors":"Yoriko Kikkawa, Timothy J. Mavin","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000114","url":null,"abstract":"There appears to be a wide acceptance that debriefing plays an important role in the learning process of simulation-based programs. Indeed, the past decade has witnessed an increasing number of studies into debriefing across disciplines. Our research team has been conducting field research with airlines, over a number of years, to clarify what constitutes effective debriefing for airline pilot training. To assist this clarification, a comprehensive systematic review of existing studies into debriefing across disciplines was designed to direct further analysis of the data the team had collected. A preliminary investigation into this broad debriefing literature exposed that there was little consensus among many papers about effective debriefing practice owing to inconsistencies in: (a) methodological approaches, (b) terminology, and (c) professional focus. As a way of overcoming these inconsistencies, this paper initially synthesized research findings from a small number of existing systematic reviews scrutinizing debriefing across a variety of professional disciplines. The literature search identified 10 papers, three meta-analyses, and seven qualitative systematic reviews. This paper aims to identify key elements influencing learning outcomes from debriefing practices and presents the findings of this study as a single framework of debriefing elements.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128511961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-20DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000109
S. Kearns, Julie Aitken Schermer
With a growing volume of traffic, the aviation industry is moving to fully embrace a predictive approach to safety management, which requires the implementation of safety management system (SMS) training on an international scale. An online survey was distributed through an International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) State Letter to solicit perceptions of SMS training from a variety of international aviation professionals. The survey collected 1,103 complete responses. The results identified robust differences in how SMS training is perceived by men and women and by professionals from different geographic regions. Female respondents had more negative attitudes toward training than did males. Regarding regional differences, Middle Eastern participants had the most positive attitudes while Europeans reported the most negative attitudes toward SMS training. The data suggest caution is warranted before global distribution of SMS training and illustrate the importance of a learner analysis, as individual differences among learners may impact the effectiveness and adoption of SMSs.
{"title":"Survey of Attitudes Toward Aviation Safety Management System (SMS) Training: Impact of Gender and National Culture","authors":"S. Kearns, Julie Aitken Schermer","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000109","url":null,"abstract":"With a growing volume of traffic, the aviation industry is moving to fully embrace a predictive approach to safety management, which requires the implementation of safety management system (SMS) training on an international scale. An online survey was distributed through an International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) State Letter to solicit perceptions of SMS training from a variety of international aviation professionals. The survey collected 1,103 complete responses. The results identified robust differences in how SMS training is perceived by men and women and by professionals from different geographic regions. Female respondents had more negative attitudes toward training than did males. Regarding regional differences, Middle Eastern participants had the most positive attitudes while Europeans reported the most negative attitudes toward SMS training. The data suggest caution is warranted before global distribution of SMS training and illustrate the importance of a learner analysis, as individual differences among learners may impact the effectiveness and adoption of SMSs.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124744375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-20DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000110
S. Winter, S. Rice, Kasey Friedenreich, Rian Mehta, B. Kaiser
In the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks against the United States, numerous changes were implemented to aviation security. One of those programs was the arming of commercial airline pilots with handguns while they were on duty in a flight capacity. Since its inception, the Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) program has been controversial in nature. The purpose of this study was to examine participant perceptions and their willingness to fly based on whether or not the pilot of their hypothetical flight was armed and participating in the FFDO program. A sample of 812 participants was selected from both India and the United States using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk® (MTurk). In general, the findings indicate that participants were more willing to fly when their pilot was armed; however, American females indicated no significant difference between the two conditions. Affect measures were also collected from participants and suggest that the relationship between the condition and the participants’ willingness to fly was mediated by emotions. The findings of the study provide information on participants’ view of the arming of pilots and suggest that, for the most part, participants in this study seem supportive of FFDO and the arming of pilots of commercial airliners. This finding is limited to participants who take part in online human intelligence tasks through services such as MTurk, who may or may not have been a commercial flight passenger.
{"title":"Perceptions Toward the Federal Flight Deck Officer Program and Willingness to Fly","authors":"S. Winter, S. Rice, Kasey Friedenreich, Rian Mehta, B. Kaiser","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000110","url":null,"abstract":"In the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks against the United States, numerous changes were implemented to aviation security. One of those programs was the arming of commercial airline pilots with handguns while they were on duty in a flight capacity. Since its inception, the Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) program has been controversial in nature. The purpose of this study was to examine participant perceptions and their willingness to fly based on whether or not the pilot of their hypothetical flight was armed and participating in the FFDO program. A sample of 812 participants was selected from both India and the United States using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk® (MTurk). In general, the findings indicate that participants were more willing to fly when their pilot was armed; however, American females indicated no significant difference between the two conditions. Affect measures were also collected from participants and suggest that the relationship between the condition and the participants’ willingness to fly was mediated by emotions. The findings of the study provide information on participants’ view of the arming of pilots and suggest that, for the most part, participants in this study seem supportive of FFDO and the arming of pilots of commercial airliners. This finding is limited to participants who take part in online human intelligence tasks through services such as MTurk, who may or may not have been a commercial flight passenger.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131371169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-01DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000113
R. D. de Boer, K. Hurts
Automation surprise (AS) has often been associated with aviation safety incidents. Although numerous laboratory studies have been conducted, few data are available from routine flight operations. A survey among a representative sample of 200 Dutch airline pilots was used to determine the prevalence of AS and the severity of its consequences, and to test some of the factors leading to AS. Results show that AS is a relatively widespread phenomenon that occurs three times per year per pilot on average but rarely has serious consequences. In less than 10% of the AS cases that were reviewed, an undesired aircraft state was induced. Reportable occurrences are estimated to occur only once every 1–3 years per pilot. Factors leading to a higher prevalence of AS include less flying experience, increasing complexity of the flight control mode, and flight duty periods of over 8 hr. It is concluded that AS is a manifestation of system and interface complexity rather than cognitive errors.
{"title":"Automation Surprise: Results of a Field Survey of Dutch Pilots","authors":"R. D. de Boer, K. Hurts","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000113","url":null,"abstract":"Automation surprise (AS) has often been associated with aviation safety incidents. Although numerous laboratory studies have been conducted, few data are available from routine flight operations. A survey among a representative sample of 200 Dutch airline pilots was used to determine the prevalence of AS and the severity of its consequences, and to test some of the factors leading to AS. Results show that AS is a relatively widespread phenomenon that occurs three times per year per pilot on average but rarely has serious consequences. In less than 10% of the AS cases that were reviewed, an undesired aircraft state was induced. Reportable occurrences are estimated to occur only once every 1–3 years per pilot. Factors leading to a higher prevalence of AS include less flying experience, increasing complexity of the flight control mode, and flight duty periods of over 8 hr. It is concluded that AS is a manifestation of system and interface complexity rather than cognitive errors.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132216558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000111
Simon Müller, Karolin Schreiter, R. Luckner, D. Manzey
In order to enable pilots to better maintain energy awareness and energy management in manual flight, a new concept has been proposed, which transfers the demand control principle of fly-by-wire control laws also to the control of thrust. It includes a total-energy-related augmented thrust controller combined with a modified cockpit instrumentation enriched by specific energy displays. In order to empirically evaluate the human performance consequences of this new approach, an experimental study was conducted in a flight simulator investigating its effects on pilots’ performance, workload, and situation awareness. A total of 24 commercial aircraft pilots performed a landing and approach on a complex flight trajectory with and without the new system elements. The results confirm the expected beneficial effects of the new system on flight precision and lowered effort involved in thrust control as compared with conventional raw data flying. No negative side effects, for example, impaired situation awareness, were found.
{"title":"Manual Flying and Energy Awareness: Beneficial Effects of Energy Displays Combined With a New Approach of Augmented Thrust Control","authors":"Simon Müller, Karolin Schreiter, R. Luckner, D. Manzey","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000111","url":null,"abstract":"In order to enable pilots to better maintain energy awareness and energy management in manual flight, a new concept has been proposed, which transfers the demand control principle of fly-by-wire control laws also to the control of thrust. It includes a total-energy-related augmented thrust controller combined with a modified cockpit instrumentation enriched by specific energy displays. In order to empirically evaluate the human performance consequences of this new approach, an experimental study was conducted in a flight simulator investigating its effects on pilots’ performance, workload, and situation awareness. A total of 24 commercial aircraft pilots performed a landing and approach on a complex flight trajectory with and without the new system elements. The results confirm the expected beneficial effects of the new system on flight precision and lowered effort involved in thrust control as compared with conventional raw data flying. No negative side effects, for example, impaired situation awareness, were found.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126899211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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