Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000142
M. Friedrich, C. Möhlenbrink
Owing to the different approaches for remote tower operation, a standardized set of indicators is needed to evaluate the technical implementations at a task performance level. One of the most influential factors for air traffic control is weather. This article describes the influence of weather metrics on remote tower operations and how to validate them against each other. Weather metrics are essential to the evaluation of different remote controller working positions. Therefore, weather metrics were identified as part of a validation at the Erfurt-Weimar Airport. Air traffic control officers observed weather events at the tower control working position and the remote control working position. The eight participating air traffic control officers answered time-synchronized questionnaires at both workplaces. The questionnaires addressed operationally relevant weather events in the aerodrome. The validation experiment targeted the air traffic control officer’s ability to categorize and judge the same weather event at different workplaces. The results show the potential of standardized indicators for the evaluation of performance and the importance of weather metrics in relation to other evaluation metrics.
{"title":"How to Evaluate Remote Tower Metrics in Connection With Weather Observations: An Extension of the Existing Metrics","authors":"M. Friedrich, C. Möhlenbrink","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000142","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to the different approaches for remote tower operation, a standardized set of indicators is needed to evaluate the technical implementations at a task performance level. One of the most influential factors for air traffic control is weather. This article describes the influence of weather metrics on remote tower operations and how to validate them against each other. Weather metrics are essential to the evaluation of different remote controller working positions. Therefore, weather metrics were identified as part of a validation at the Erfurt-Weimar Airport. Air traffic control officers observed weather events at the tower control working position and the remote control working position. The eight participating air traffic control officers answered time-synchronized questionnaires at both workplaces. The questionnaires addressed operationally relevant weather events in the aerodrome. The validation experiment targeted the air traffic control officer’s ability to categorize and judge the same weather event at different workplaces. The results show the potential of standardized indicators for the evaluation of performance and the importance of weather metrics in relation to other evaluation metrics.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121603626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-23DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000131
Kevin J. McMurtrie, B. Molesworth
The aim of the research was to investigate the reporting behavior of commercial pilots and explore whether flight crew trust organizational just culture as a functioning and integral part of an airline’s safety management system. In pursuit of this aim, 270 Australian-based pilots completed a series of behavioral questions focusing on past reporting behaviors. The results revealed that 54% of the participants lacked confidence in their organization’s just culture, and as a result failed to report safety information or selectively reported safety information. The main reason for this under-reporting was ‘fear of reprisal’ from their employer. The results suggest organizations need to work on improving trust in their just culture environment.
{"title":"Australian Flight Crews’ Trust in Voluntary Reporting Systems and Just Culture Policies","authors":"Kevin J. McMurtrie, B. Molesworth","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000131","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research was to investigate the reporting behavior of commercial pilots and explore whether flight crew trust organizational just culture as a functioning and integral part of an airline’s safety management system. In pursuit of this aim, 270 Australian-based pilots completed a series of behavioral questions focusing on past reporting behaviors. The results revealed that 54% of the participants lacked confidence in their organization’s just culture, and as a result failed to report safety information or selectively reported safety information. The main reason for this under-reporting was ‘fear of reprisal’ from their employer. The results suggest organizations need to work on improving trust in their just culture environment.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116353164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-23DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000134
Matthias Oberhauser, Daniel Dreyer, R. Braunstingl, I. Koglbauer
With the help of immersive virtual reality technology, novel cockpit systems can be evaluated with pilots in an early design phase. This comparative study investigates the functional fidelity of a virtual reality flight simulator (VRFS) in comparison with a conventional flight simulator. Pilots’ movement time to reach cockpit controls, deviation from the ideal flight path, workload, and simulator sickness are evaluated using an operational scenario. The results show statistically significant differences in heading, altitude, and flight path, as well as delays in operating the controls in virtual reality. Yet, most participants could safely and reliably complete the flight task. For use cases in which adaptations to pace, exposure time, and flight task are acceptable, which is often the case in early phases of the design process, VRFSs can be viable tools for human factors engineering.
{"title":"What’s Real About Virtual Reality Flight Simulation?: Comparing the Fidelity of a Virtual Reality With a Conventional Flight Simulation Environment","authors":"Matthias Oberhauser, Daniel Dreyer, R. Braunstingl, I. Koglbauer","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000134","url":null,"abstract":"With the help of immersive virtual reality technology, novel cockpit systems can be evaluated with pilots in an early design phase. This comparative study investigates the functional fidelity of a virtual reality flight simulator (VRFS) in comparison with a conventional flight simulator. Pilots’ movement time to reach cockpit controls, deviation from the ideal flight path, workload, and simulator sickness are evaluated using an operational scenario. The results show statistically significant differences in heading, altitude, and flight path, as well as delays in operating the controls in virtual reality. Yet, most participants could safely and reliably complete the flight task. For use cases in which adaptations to pace, exposure time, and flight task are acceptable, which is often the case in early phases of the design process, VRFSs can be viable tools for human factors engineering.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132322153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-23DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000129
R. Dismukes, Janeen A. Kochan, T. Goldsmith
Emergencies and other threatening situations challenge the cognitive capabilities of even the most skilled performers. While the effects of acute stress on cognition and performance have been examined in diverse laboratory studies, few studies have focused on skilled performers. We analyzed 12 airline accidents to determine the types of errors arising in situations that are highly challenging and probably stressful. We identified 212 flight crew errors from accident investigation reports; these errors were grouped into eight higher-level error categories. Cognitive factors contributing to vulnerability to these errors were identified and related to theoretical models of stress. Finally, we suggest specific ways to guard against stress-related errors by enhancing training, operating procedures, and cockpit interfaces.
{"title":"Flight Crew Errors in Challenging and Stressful Situations","authors":"R. Dismukes, Janeen A. Kochan, T. Goldsmith","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000129","url":null,"abstract":"Emergencies and other threatening situations challenge the cognitive capabilities of even the most skilled performers. While the effects of acute stress on cognition and performance have been examined in diverse laboratory studies, few studies have focused on skilled performers. We analyzed 12 airline accidents to determine the types of errors arising in situations that are highly challenging and probably stressful. We identified 212 flight crew errors from accident investigation reports; these errors were grouped into eight higher-level error categories. Cognitive factors contributing to vulnerability to these errors were identified and related to theoretical models of stress. Finally, we suggest specific ways to guard against stress-related errors by enhancing training, operating procedures, and cockpit interfaces.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131158628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-23DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000132
Wayne Martin, P. Murray, P. Bates, Paul S. Y. Lee
Situational awareness (SA) has been conceptually defined as an awareness of current and past events that contextualize an understanding of what is currently happening and future implications of that state. While SA has been considered widely in previous research, the literature provides little guidance on the actual skill sets that contribute toward a state of SA, or, beyond that, the additional skills that then contribute to a state of controlled flight path management; a state we describe as situational control (SC). A set of social and cognitive skills are required to develop awareness of the current situation and likely future developments; however, the skills that provide SC are additional to those required for SA, and are elaborated on. SC is further considered within the context of flight training.
{"title":"A Training-Centered Approach to the Situational Control Model","authors":"Wayne Martin, P. Murray, P. Bates, Paul S. Y. Lee","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000132","url":null,"abstract":"Situational awareness (SA) has been conceptually defined as an awareness of current and past events that contextualize an understanding of what is currently happening and future implications of that state. While SA has been considered widely in previous research, the literature provides little guidance on the actual skill sets that contribute toward a state of SA, or, beyond that, the additional skills that then contribute to a state of controlled flight path management; a state we describe as situational control (SC). A set of social and cognitive skills are required to develop awareness of the current situation and likely future developments; however, the skills that provide SC are additional to those required for SA, and are elaborated on. SC is further considered within the context of flight training.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123416774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-23DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000137
J. Arkell
I am a general psychiatrist in independent practice at The Nightingale Hospital in London and I have been referred a large number of pilots through a relationship with a major airline’s occupational health service. This book perfectly complements the book editors’ excellent British Psychological Society 2-day workshop on Clinical Skills Working with Aircrew, which I attended in London this year. Inevitably the March 24, 2015 murder-suicide by Germanwings First Officer Andreas L. organizes the context of this textbook, which follows on from the earlier Aviation Mental Health publication of Bor and Hubbard (2006). Since this rare and dreadful event the EASA taskforce has recommended increased psychological evaluation of pilots, oversight and education for aviation medical examiners (AMEs) in mental health, pilot peer support networks and better structures for sharing medical information on pilots. In the foreword the authors ask how to strike a critical balance between robust and appropriate screening and overburdening pilots with excessive screening and thus stigmatizing mental health issues in aviation. The book aims to take a liberal and compassionate approach. It emphasises the importance of being allowed to identify and support minor transient psychological distress without grounding the pilot. Many pilots are psychologically screened on entry into training and on application to airlines but usually for cognitive aptitude and personality traits rather than psychological health. As a psychiatrist I would agree with the editors that there is no single screening tool that would be sufficient without an accompanying clinical interview and history. Chapter 1
{"title":"All I Ever Wanted to Know About Treating Pilots","authors":"J. Arkell","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000137","url":null,"abstract":"I am a general psychiatrist in independent practice at The Nightingale Hospital in London and I have been referred a large number of pilots through a relationship with a major airline’s occupational health service. This book perfectly complements the book editors’ excellent British Psychological Society 2-day workshop on Clinical Skills Working with Aircrew, which I attended in London this year. Inevitably the March 24, 2015 murder-suicide by Germanwings First Officer Andreas L. organizes the context of this textbook, which follows on from the earlier Aviation Mental Health publication of Bor and Hubbard (2006). Since this rare and dreadful event the EASA taskforce has recommended increased psychological evaluation of pilots, oversight and education for aviation medical examiners (AMEs) in mental health, pilot peer support networks and better structures for sharing medical information on pilots. In the foreword the authors ask how to strike a critical balance between robust and appropriate screening and overburdening pilots with excessive screening and thus stigmatizing mental health issues in aviation. The book aims to take a liberal and compassionate approach. It emphasises the importance of being allowed to identify and support minor transient psychological distress without grounding the pilot. Many pilots are psychologically screened on entry into training and on application to airlines but usually for cognitive aptitude and personality traits rather than psychological health. As a psychiatrist I would agree with the editors that there is no single screening tool that would be sufficient without an accompanying clinical interview and history. Chapter 1","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130195171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-23DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000130
Stuart D. H. Beveridge, S. Henderson, Wayne Martin, J. Lamb
Compared with other team settings, flight crew in air transport present a unique situation where the leader or supervisor regularly engages in active control. When the captain is assigned cognitively demanding pilot flying duties, the subordinate and often less experienced first officer must perform equally crucial monitoring and support duties. Using a systematic review methodology, this study reviews the reported effect of crew role assignment on flight safety outcomes. Our review identified 18 relevant studies and suggests crew performance factors linked to flight safety are affected by crew role assignment. Findings suggest a greater number of inherent obstacles may exist for optimal crew performance with the captain as pilot flying, raising the need for further specific research and policy review in this area.
{"title":"Command and Control: The Influence of Flight Crew Role Assignment on Flight Safety in Air Transport Operations","authors":"Stuart D. H. Beveridge, S. Henderson, Wayne Martin, J. Lamb","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000130","url":null,"abstract":"Compared with other team settings, flight crew in air transport present a unique situation where the leader or supervisor regularly engages in active control. When the captain is assigned cognitively demanding pilot flying duties, the subordinate and often less experienced first officer must perform equally crucial monitoring and support duties. Using a systematic review methodology, this study reviews the reported effect of crew role assignment on flight safety outcomes. Our review identified 18 relevant studies and suggests crew performance factors linked to flight safety are affected by crew role assignment. Findings suggest a greater number of inherent obstacles may exist for optimal crew performance with the captain as pilot flying, raising the need for further specific research and policy review in this area.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130768745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-21DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000121
Seung Yong Lee, P. Bates, P. Murray, Wayne Martin
Civil aviation is broadly categorized into two sectors: air transportation and general aviation. While the former sector is considered to be ultrasafe the latter requires a stronger focus on safety improvement. There has been considerable research examining the causes of general aviation accidents with a view to improving safety. However, there has been very limited research specifically focused on accidents involving training flights and associated causal factors. A total of 293 training flight accident reports, comprising 111 fatal and 182 nonfatal accidents were reviewed and analyzed to identify causes of training-flight accidents. The study found that based on the odds ratio, if a fatal accident involving training flights occurred it was 4.05 times more likely to be a dual training flight. Other findings included that most accidents occurred during the landing phase and the majority of accidents related to skill deficiency (e.g., an improper/inadequate flare). This was a major causal factor in nonfatal accidents in both dual and solo training flights. However, on dual training flights there were more fatal accidents involving decision deficiencies and mechanical malfunctions (e.g., loss of engine power). A previous study suggested that lack of supervision of student pilots by flight instructors was found to be a main causal factor and thus flight instructor training and recurrency requirements need to be reviewed.
{"title":"Training Flight Accidents: An Explorative Analysis of Influencing Factors and Accident Severity","authors":"Seung Yong Lee, P. Bates, P. Murray, Wayne Martin","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000121","url":null,"abstract":"Civil aviation is broadly categorized into two sectors: air transportation and general aviation. While the former sector is considered to be ultrasafe the latter requires a stronger focus on safety improvement. There has been considerable research examining the causes of general aviation accidents with a view to improving safety. However, there has been very limited research specifically focused on accidents involving training flights and associated causal factors. A total of 293 training flight accident reports, comprising 111 fatal and 182 nonfatal accidents were reviewed and analyzed to identify causes of training-flight accidents. The study found that based on the odds ratio, if a fatal accident involving training flights occurred it was 4.05 times more likely to be a dual training flight. Other findings included that most accidents occurred during the landing phase and the majority of accidents related to skill deficiency (e.g., an improper/inadequate flare). This was a major causal factor in nonfatal accidents in both dual and solo training flights. However, on dual training flights there were more fatal accidents involving decision deficiencies and mechanical malfunctions (e.g., loss of engine power). A previous study suggested that lack of supervision of student pilots by flight instructors was found to be a main causal factor and thus flight instructor training and recurrency requirements need to be reviewed.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129934917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-21DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000122
J. Berberich, Rodney Leitner
The present study explores the usefulness of a method to evaluate pilot fatigue based on video recordings. This technique is already being successfully applied in the field of driver fatigue evaluations. Still, to date, there is no known application concerning pilot fatigue. A sample of five trained raters evaluated four active airline pilots on simulated flights using a 9-point fatigue rating scale. The rating scale was adjusted for the aviation context and features 10 subscales relating to different indicators for fatigue. Interrater agreement and reliability, as well as intrarater and retest reliability, were assessed. The results indicate good reliability of the method and medium rater agreement. Raters seem to have established a good mental model of fatigue, leading to consistent evaluations. However, there are also individual rating tendencies as well as the influence of sample characteristics.
{"title":"The Look of Tiredness: Evaluation of Pilot Fatigue Based on Video Recordings","authors":"J. Berberich, Rodney Leitner","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000122","url":null,"abstract":"The present study explores the usefulness of a method to evaluate pilot fatigue based on video recordings. This technique is already being successfully applied in the field of driver fatigue evaluations. Still, to date, there is no known application concerning pilot fatigue. A sample of five trained raters evaluated four active airline pilots on simulated flights using a 9-point fatigue rating scale. The rating scale was adjusted for the aviation context and features 10 subscales relating to different indicators for fatigue. Interrater agreement and reliability, as well as intrarater and retest reliability, were assessed. The results indicate good reliability of the method and medium rater agreement. Raters seem to have established a good mental model of fatigue, leading to consistent evaluations. However, there are also individual rating tendencies as well as the influence of sample characteristics.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"243 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127737661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-21DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000119
Paul Haiduk
Keeping the pilot eyes-out is important, especially in general aviation (GA), because pilots mostly fly under visual flight rules (VFR). In this study, a display format for smart glasses was developed. Besides the primary flight state information, a curved arrow shows the pilot when to turn and dynamically straightens when the turn should be terminated. The behavior of the display format was developed to guide the pilot in a VFR traffic pattern. A reduction of in flight technical error and missed signals in a secondary task demonstrated the potential of the display format in GA applications. Subjective workload did not significantly change. Results suggest that low-cost consumer smart glasses used in GA could have the potential to support pilots in the future.
{"title":"A Flight Guidance Display Format on Smart Glasses for Private Pilots","authors":"Paul Haiduk","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000119","url":null,"abstract":"Keeping the pilot eyes-out is important, especially in general aviation (GA), because pilots mostly fly under visual flight rules (VFR). In this study, a display format for smart glasses was developed. Besides the primary flight state information, a curved arrow shows the pilot when to turn and dynamically straightens when the turn should be terminated. The behavior of the display format was developed to guide the pilot in a VFR traffic pattern. A reduction of in flight technical error and missed signals in a secondary task demonstrated the potential of the display format in GA applications. Subjective workload did not significantly change. Results suggest that low-cost consumer smart glasses used in GA could have the potential to support pilots in the future.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120988683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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