Pub Date : 2023-07-28DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000251
S. Walmsley, A. Gilbey
Abstract: Technological advancements have resulted in significant safety benefits in commercial aviation; however, in general aviation their adoption has been somewhat slow. It is therefore important to understand how pilots interact with technology, particularly in general aviation. This study explored whether the affect heuristic influenced pilots’ perceptions of the benefits and risks of five cockpit technologies available in general aviation, with a particular focus on technologies that may assist weather-related decision-making. Evidence from a series of scenario-based tasks suggests that the perceived risks and benefits of the technology were associated with pilot affect, whereby positive feelings toward a given technology were associated with a lower perceived risk, such as accidentally flying into adverse weather, and higher perceived benefits, such as helping to maintain control while completing concurrent tasks. Findings also suggest that affect and perceived risks can be manipulated by negatively framed prior information. The practical implications of the effect of the affect heuristic on the successful introduction of new technologies and the promotion of safety initiatives in general are discussed.
{"title":"Interactions With Technology in the Cockpit","authors":"S. Walmsley, A. Gilbey","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000251","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Technological advancements have resulted in significant safety benefits in commercial aviation; however, in general aviation their adoption has been somewhat slow. It is therefore important to understand how pilots interact with technology, particularly in general aviation. This study explored whether the affect heuristic influenced pilots’ perceptions of the benefits and risks of five cockpit technologies available in general aviation, with a particular focus on technologies that may assist weather-related decision-making. Evidence from a series of scenario-based tasks suggests that the perceived risks and benefits of the technology were associated with pilot affect, whereby positive feelings toward a given technology were associated with a lower perceived risk, such as accidentally flying into adverse weather, and higher perceived benefits, such as helping to maintain control while completing concurrent tasks. Findings also suggest that affect and perceived risks can be manipulated by negatively framed prior information. The practical implications of the effect of the affect heuristic on the successful introduction of new technologies and the promotion of safety initiatives in general are discussed.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117179969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-23DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000250
Jamie I. Cross, Christine Boag-Hodgson, Timothy J. Mavin
Abstract: A sense of presence plays a significant role in virtual reality (VR) usability, yet there is limited research of its existence in a virtual reality flight simulator (VRFS). Similarly, there is scarce investigation of situational awareness (SA) in a VRFS. Consequently, this paper discusses an experiment that explored presence and SA in a VRFS. Physiological responses are also captured. The results reveal that participants felt a high degree of presence in a VRFS, and felt immersed and involved. The sense of presence contributed to good SA, and physiological data identified increased stress levels. These results are an important step in the exploration of VR in the field of aviation training. However, more research is required to identify how and where VR could be applied.
{"title":"Measuring Presence and Situational Awareness in a Virtual Reality Flight Simulator","authors":"Jamie I. Cross, Christine Boag-Hodgson, Timothy J. Mavin","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000250","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: A sense of presence plays a significant role in virtual reality (VR) usability, yet there is limited research of its existence in a virtual reality flight simulator (VRFS). Similarly, there is scarce investigation of situational awareness (SA) in a VRFS. Consequently, this paper discusses an experiment that explored presence and SA in a VRFS. Physiological responses are also captured. The results reveal that participants felt a high degree of presence in a VRFS, and felt immersed and involved. The sense of presence contributed to good SA, and physiological data identified increased stress levels. These results are an important step in the exploration of VR in the field of aviation training. However, more research is required to identify how and where VR could be applied.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121827286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000244
Vincent Ferrandez, M. Isingrini, Lucette Toussaint, B. Bouazzaoui, F. Choisay, Solange Duvillard-Monternier
Abstract: The first objective of our study was to identify the common and specific crucial abilities for fighter pilots, transport pilots, fighter weapon systems officers (WSOs), and transport WSOs. The second aim was to prioritize clusters of abilities. We used an online questionnaire to survey 479 expert pilots and WSOs in order to assess the level of requirement of 33 cognitive, psychomotor, and perceptual abilities on a Likert-type scale. Two groups of abilities were identified: a common group and a specific one composed of abilities that are crucial for specific jobs. The prioritization of clustered abilities indicated differences in the level of requirement within the so-called crucial abilities. This study led to the identification of four specific profiles of ordered abilities.
{"title":"Crucial Abilities of Pilots and Weapon Systems Officers","authors":"Vincent Ferrandez, M. Isingrini, Lucette Toussaint, B. Bouazzaoui, F. Choisay, Solange Duvillard-Monternier","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000244","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The first objective of our study was to identify the common and specific crucial abilities for fighter pilots, transport pilots, fighter weapon systems officers (WSOs), and transport WSOs. The second aim was to prioritize clusters of abilities. We used an online questionnaire to survey 479 expert pilots and WSOs in order to assess the level of requirement of 33 cognitive, psychomotor, and perceptual abilities on a Likert-type scale. Two groups of abilities were identified: a common group and a specific one composed of abilities that are crucial for specific jobs. The prioritization of clustered abilities indicated differences in the level of requirement within the so-called crucial abilities. This study led to the identification of four specific profiles of ordered abilities.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123685696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000247
F. Jackman
Flight Safety Foundation's 75th annual International Air Safety Summit (IASS;https://flightsafety.org/) was held November 7-9, 2022, at the Omni Atlanta Hotel at CNN Center in Atlanta, GA, USA. The IASS 2022 agenda featured presentations and panel discussions on a range of safety-related topics with an emphasis on the industry's ongoing recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and the recognition that the mental and emotional well-being of personnel and the development and maturation of robust organizational safety cultures are important elements of the safety landscape. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
{"title":"Meeting Report","authors":"F. Jackman","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000247","url":null,"abstract":"Flight Safety Foundation's 75th annual International Air Safety Summit (IASS;https://flightsafety.org/) was held November 7-9, 2022, at the Omni Atlanta Hotel at CNN Center in Atlanta, GA, USA. The IASS 2022 agenda featured presentations and panel discussions on a range of safety-related topics with an emphasis on the industry's ongoing recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and the recognition that the mental and emotional well-being of personnel and the development and maturation of robust organizational safety cultures are important elements of the safety landscape. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131598598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000239
Tianhua Li, D. Carstens, Brooke E. Wheeler
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of the intensive auditory cues on passengers’ performance and annoyance. It is critical to draw flight passengers’ attention and help them be aware of the importance of safety instructions. A total of 46 simulations were conducted to collect participants’ performance and annoyance when hearing auditory cues. The findings demonstrated that passengers performed significantly better when hearing the intensive auditory cues with moderately high perceived urgency levels (PULs), whereas a low or an exceedingly high PUL of auditory cues impaired their performance. Participants also reported significantly higher annoyance with more intensive auditory cues. The current study suggested that the manipulation of PULs of auditory cues could improve passengers’ safety.
{"title":"The Effectiveness of Improving Flight Passengers’ Safety Behaviors by Modifying Auditory Cues","authors":"Tianhua Li, D. Carstens, Brooke E. Wheeler","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000239","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of the intensive auditory cues on passengers’ performance and annoyance. It is critical to draw flight passengers’ attention and help them be aware of the importance of safety instructions. A total of 46 simulations were conducted to collect participants’ performance and annoyance when hearing auditory cues. The findings demonstrated that passengers performed significantly better when hearing the intensive auditory cues with moderately high perceived urgency levels (PULs), whereas a low or an exceedingly high PUL of auditory cues impaired their performance. Participants also reported significantly higher annoyance with more intensive auditory cues. The current study suggested that the manipulation of PULs of auditory cues could improve passengers’ safety.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116969285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000241
Christoph G. Santel
Abstract: While designing an automated flight control system for aerotowing gliders, engineers realized that no suitable phase-of-flight taxonomy was available for performing a functional hazard assessment. As first experiences with a custom taxonomy were gathered, questions arose on how reproducible these results were and whether they could be applied to aerotow-related tasks outside the systems engineering domain. Inter-rater agreement, as one key metric of the taxonomy, was investigated by having 13 experts on aerotowing rate a total of 30 scenarios that are presented as photographs, video sequences, and textual narratives. Agreement between experts was substantial across these types of media. The remaining sources of disagreement were found to be of little practical relevance during real-world application of the aerotowing taxonomy.
{"title":"Confronting Aerotowing Experts With a New Phase-of-Flight Taxonomy for Towplanes","authors":"Christoph G. Santel","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000241","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: While designing an automated flight control system for aerotowing gliders, engineers realized that no suitable phase-of-flight taxonomy was available for performing a functional hazard assessment. As first experiences with a custom taxonomy were gathered, questions arose on how reproducible these results were and whether they could be applied to aerotow-related tasks outside the systems engineering domain. Inter-rater agreement, as one key metric of the taxonomy, was investigated by having 13 experts on aerotowing rate a total of 30 scenarios that are presented as photographs, video sequences, and textual narratives. Agreement between experts was substantial across these types of media. The remaining sources of disagreement were found to be of little practical relevance during real-world application of the aerotowing taxonomy.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125222143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000245
S. Biede, Frederic Detaille, Tina Narotra (Balachandran), Katarina Petrovic, H. Rathje, Alessandra Rea, Michaela Schwarz, Anna Vereker
Abstract: Aviation psychology and human factors have made a significant contribution to aviation safety since the beginning of flying. Following the Germanwings tragedy in 2015, the professions have received extra attention from both governmental and aviation industry organizations. This paper reports on the development of a competency framework defining skills, knowledge, and attitudes for the endorsement of aviation psychologists (AVPSY) and aviation human factors specialists (AVHFS) based on input from 47 stakeholders and subject matter experts. The framework covers aviation domain knowledge, knowledge about humans, methodological approaches and tools, application practice areas, and common supporting skills and attitudes. Commonalities and differences between AVPSY and AVHFS are highlighted, and competency levels are discussed. Practical benefits of using the competency-based framework are emphasized for practitioners, employers, and universities or training organizations.
{"title":"A Competency Framework for Aviation Psychologists and Human Factors Specialists in Aviation","authors":"S. Biede, Frederic Detaille, Tina Narotra (Balachandran), Katarina Petrovic, H. Rathje, Alessandra Rea, Michaela Schwarz, Anna Vereker","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000245","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Aviation psychology and human factors have made a significant contribution to aviation safety since the beginning of flying. Following the Germanwings tragedy in 2015, the professions have received extra attention from both governmental and aviation industry organizations. This paper reports on the development of a competency framework defining skills, knowledge, and attitudes for the endorsement of aviation psychologists (AVPSY) and aviation human factors specialists (AVHFS) based on input from 47 stakeholders and subject matter experts. The framework covers aviation domain knowledge, knowledge about humans, methodological approaches and tools, application practice areas, and common supporting skills and attitudes. Commonalities and differences between AVPSY and AVHFS are highlighted, and competency levels are discussed. Practical benefits of using the competency-based framework are emphasized for practitioners, employers, and universities or training organizations.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132456692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000240
Patrizia Knabl-Schmitz, Mark Cameron, Kyle Wilson, M. Mulhall, Jeremy Da Cruz, Alexander Robinson, N. Dahlstrom
Abstract: Eye-tracking has historically been proposed as a tool to provide insight into pilot performance, although its transition from scientific curiosity to a practical device has been challenging. Advancing technology has recently opened the possibility of deploying eye-tracking measurements for operational use in flight training, thus allowing for improved understanding of pilot monitoring strategies. This aims to support a more focused development for both new trainees and experienced pilots in recurrent training. The paper outlines the cooperative progress made in developing an emerging eye-tracking-based training solution for contemporary airline pilot training. It shares selected findings from three studies conducted and discusses the potential, challenges, and lessons learned so far.
{"title":"Eye-Tracking","authors":"Patrizia Knabl-Schmitz, Mark Cameron, Kyle Wilson, M. Mulhall, Jeremy Da Cruz, Alexander Robinson, N. Dahlstrom","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000240","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Eye-tracking has historically been proposed as a tool to provide insight into pilot performance, although its transition from scientific curiosity to a practical device has been challenging. Advancing technology has recently opened the possibility of deploying eye-tracking measurements for operational use in flight training, thus allowing for improved understanding of pilot monitoring strategies. This aims to support a more focused development for both new trainees and experienced pilots in recurrent training. The paper outlines the cooperative progress made in developing an emerging eye-tracking-based training solution for contemporary airline pilot training. It shares selected findings from three studies conducted and discusses the potential, challenges, and lessons learned so far.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122274831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000248
Julia Behrend, M. Thomas
{"title":"Humans and Technology","authors":"Julia Behrend, M. Thomas","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000248","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130391798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-08DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000237
Alexandre Marois, D. Lafond, Amandine Audouy, Hugo Boronat, P. Mazoyer
Abstract. Single-pilot operations are cognitively challenging for pilots and could benefit from decision-support tools to mitigate risk-prone situations. The Cognitive Shadow is a prototype tool that employs policy capturing, a data-driven technique used to model decisions, to learn users’ judgement policies and alert decision discrepancies from one’s decision pattern. This proof-of-concept study investigates the potential of policy capturing to model pilots’ policies facing unstable approaches. Pilots were presented simulated cases and asked whether to continue descent or to go-around while the policy-capturing tool learned their decision pattern and provided feedback. Individual models reached mean predictive accuracy of ~ 89% while the group model reached 100%. These results speak to the potential of extracting pilots’ knowledge using policy capturing to create decision aids.
{"title":"Policy Capturing to Support Pilot Decision-Making","authors":"Alexandre Marois, D. Lafond, Amandine Audouy, Hugo Boronat, P. Mazoyer","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000237","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Single-pilot operations are cognitively challenging for pilots and could benefit from decision-support tools to mitigate risk-prone situations. The Cognitive Shadow is a prototype tool that employs policy capturing, a data-driven technique used to model decisions, to learn users’ judgement policies and alert decision discrepancies from one’s decision pattern. This proof-of-concept study investigates the potential of policy capturing to model pilots’ policies facing unstable approaches. Pilots were presented simulated cases and asked whether to continue descent or to go-around while the policy-capturing tool learned their decision pattern and provided feedback. Individual models reached mean predictive accuracy of ~ 89% while the group model reached 100%. These results speak to the potential of extracting pilots’ knowledge using policy capturing to create decision aids.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134204508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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