Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000207
Hilary Kalagher, Alex de Voogt, Colin Boulter
Abstract. Situational awareness is a concept increasingly used in aircraft accident investigation reports. We analyzed 94 general aviation accidents in which situational awareness was mentioned by the National Transportation Safety Board investigator to determine factors that are significantly more often associated with fatality. We found a consistent use of the situational awareness concept, mainly applied to situations in which aircraft inadvertently collided with each other, with other man-made objects, and with various kinds of terrain. A significantly higher proportion of fatal accidents occurred during nighttime, in instrument meteorological conditions, or low visibility conditions. In addition, flights occurring during the cruise phase or in combination with spatial or geographical disorientation proved most often fatal.
{"title":"Situational Awareness and General Aviation Accidents","authors":"Hilary Kalagher, Alex de Voogt, Colin Boulter","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000207","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Situational awareness is a concept increasingly used in aircraft accident investigation reports. We analyzed 94 general aviation accidents in which situational awareness was mentioned by the National Transportation Safety Board investigator to determine factors that are significantly more often associated with fatality. We found a consistent use of the situational awareness concept, mainly applied to situations in which aircraft inadvertently collided with each other, with other man-made objects, and with various kinds of terrain. A significantly higher proportion of fatal accidents occurred during nighttime, in instrument meteorological conditions, or low visibility conditions. In addition, flights occurring during the cruise phase or in combination with spatial or geographical disorientation proved most often fatal.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115393921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000201
Colin Blättler, Ludovic Fabre, G. Froger
Abstract. Modern on-board instrumentation can lead to distraction, particularly by absorbing attention inside the cockpit, which reduces air safety. The display on demand (DoD) method tested here aims to impede that problem for glider and visual flight rules (VFR) pilots. In total, 21 students were assigned to either an experimental or a control group in a pre- and post-test design. In the experimental group, the cockpit instruments were displayed on the participants’ demand to allow for the orientation of visual attention out of the cockpit. Three types of basic exercises were tested. Skills acquisition was measured while evaluating the ability to follow flight indications given by the instructor such as airspeed, and visual attention was measured by an eye tracker. All participants improved their performance after training. Compared with classic training, the DoD method allows participants to spend more time looking outside the cockpit without any impact on the subjective workload. This is a promising method for ab initio flight training.
{"title":"Display on Demand Method Increases Time Spent Looking Outside the Cockpit","authors":"Colin Blättler, Ludovic Fabre, G. Froger","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000201","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Modern on-board instrumentation can lead to distraction, particularly by absorbing attention inside the cockpit, which reduces air safety. The display on demand (DoD) method tested here aims to impede that problem for glider and visual flight rules (VFR) pilots. In total, 21 students were assigned to either an experimental or a control group in a pre- and post-test design. In the experimental group, the cockpit instruments were displayed on the participants’ demand to allow for the orientation of visual attention out of the cockpit. Three types of basic exercises were tested. Skills acquisition was measured while evaluating the ability to follow flight indications given by the instructor such as airspeed, and visual attention was measured by an eye tracker. All participants improved their performance after training. Compared with classic training, the DoD method allows participants to spend more time looking outside the cockpit without any impact on the subjective workload. This is a promising method for ab initio flight training.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131277862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000210
Michael F. Brady, T. Carretta, Zakia S. Shermadou, Anthony M. Gibson
Abstract. The purpose of this work was to identify individual differences that affect aptitude requirements for jobs involving autonomous systems and human–automation interaction (HAI). This was addressed in two stages. First, we conducted a literature review of task demands and operator states relevant to HAI. On the basis of this review, we formed a model for understanding performance as a composite of operator states, operator behaviors, and distal outcomes. Second, we conducted a meta-analysis of correlations between individual differences and criteria reflecting job demands of an HAI environment. Results suggest cognitive skills such as working memory are important to performance in an HAI context. Inconsistent findings for personality across studies underscore the need for more research. Measurement challenges and research gaps are identified.
{"title":"Aptitude Requirements for Human Operators in Human–Automation Interaction","authors":"Michael F. Brady, T. Carretta, Zakia S. Shermadou, Anthony M. Gibson","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000210","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The purpose of this work was to identify individual differences that affect aptitude requirements for jobs involving autonomous systems and human–automation interaction (HAI). This was addressed in two stages. First, we conducted a literature review of task demands and operator states relevant to HAI. On the basis of this review, we formed a model for understanding performance as a composite of operator states, operator behaviors, and distal outcomes. Second, we conducted a meta-analysis of correlations between individual differences and criteria reflecting job demands of an HAI environment. Results suggest cognitive skills such as working memory are important to performance in an HAI context. Inconsistent findings for personality across studies underscore the need for more research. Measurement challenges and research gaps are identified.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133673871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000179
M. Causse
{"title":"Meeting Report","authors":"M. Causse","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000179","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123607781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The paper examines general aviation (GA) pilot risk perception and decision-making via an online vignette study. GA is a high-risk area of aviation with many GA accidents considered to be the result of pilot performance rather than mechanical failure. Pilots ( n = 101) were presented with 12 go/no-go take-off decision scenarios across four risk categories (compromised performance, environment, faulty equipment, missing equipment). Scenarios depicting a missing checklist, missing sunglasses, and stress were considered less risky than illness, a faulty airspeed indicator (ASI), and a broken seatbelt. Pilots weighed their take-off decisions against mitigating factors, protective measures, and flight parameters. Situation awareness training and a focus on pre-flight planning may help to enhance flight safety within this group.
{"title":"Flying Solo","authors":"A. Irwin, N. Sedlar, O. Hamlet","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/7buv4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7buv4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The paper examines general aviation (GA) pilot risk perception and decision-making via an online vignette study. GA is a high-risk area of aviation with many GA accidents considered to be the result of pilot performance rather than mechanical failure. Pilots ( n = 101) were presented with 12 go/no-go take-off decision scenarios across four risk categories (compromised performance, environment, faulty equipment, missing equipment). Scenarios depicting a missing checklist, missing sunglasses, and stress were considered less risky than illness, a faulty airspeed indicator (ASI), and a broken seatbelt. Pilots weighed their take-off decisions against mitigating factors, protective measures, and flight parameters. Situation awareness training and a focus on pre-flight planning may help to enhance flight safety within this group.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116826491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000165
S. M. Pierre, D. Carstens, J. Deaton
Abstract. The number of reported laser strikes on aircraft has increased over the years. Laser strikes pose a threat to safety and pilot health. Laser eye protection (LEP) is one mitigation method available to pilots; however, LEP can affect a person’s color vision. This exploratory study investigated the effect of LEP on color recognition and discrimination of four colors – red, blue, green, and amber – using a sample of 90 participants. When using the LEP, most participants were still able to identify the correct color, but color discrimination between different shades of the same color proved to be less accurate. Of the investigated colors, results suggested that color recognition of amber was the most affected by LEP.
{"title":"Laser Eye Protection and Color Recognition and Discrimination in Aviation","authors":"S. M. Pierre, D. Carstens, J. Deaton","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000165","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The number of reported laser strikes on aircraft has increased over the years. Laser strikes pose a threat to safety and pilot health. Laser eye protection (LEP) is one mitigation method available to pilots; however, LEP can affect a person’s color vision. This exploratory study investigated the effect of LEP on color recognition and discrimination of four colors – red, blue, green, and amber – using a sample of 90 participants. When using the LEP, most participants were still able to identify the correct color, but color discrimination between different shades of the same color proved to be less accurate. Of the investigated colors, results suggested that color recognition of amber was the most affected by LEP.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131704877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000168
Simon Müller, Fabienne Roche, D. Manzey
Abstract. A simulator study investigated the consequences of a transition between two alternative formats of the attitude indictor in aircraft cockpits, the moving-horizon and moving-aircraft format. Two groups of novices practiced performing two flight tasks (flight-path tracking and recovery from unusual attitudes) with one attitude-indicator format for six practice sessions, before transitioning to the other format. The results show that, after practice, participants were able to perform both tasks equally well with both attitude-indicator formats. However, the number of reversal errors in the recovery task increased considerably when transitioning from the moving-aircraft to moving-horizon format. No such effect emerged for the other direction. This suggests that the former transition is more difficult and represents a possible risk for flight safety.
{"title":"Attitude Indicator Format","authors":"Simon Müller, Fabienne Roche, D. Manzey","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000168","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A simulator study investigated the consequences of a transition between two alternative formats of the attitude indictor in aircraft cockpits, the moving-horizon and moving-aircraft format. Two groups of novices practiced performing two flight tasks (flight-path tracking and recovery from unusual attitudes) with one attitude-indicator format for six practice sessions, before transitioning to the other format. The results show that, after practice, participants were able to perform both tasks equally well with both attitude-indicator formats. However, the number of reversal errors in the recovery task increased considerably when transitioning from the moving-aircraft to moving-horizon format. No such effect emerged for the other direction. This suggests that the former transition is more difficult and represents a possible risk for flight safety.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114857868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000163
Wendy Santilhano, R. Bor, L. Hewitt
Abstract. The provision of pilot peer support in commercial aviation is a recent recommendation following the Germanwings pilot suicide–murder crash in 2015. Conducted in a South African aviation context, this study explored the phenomenon of peer support and its role and contribution as an effective response to addressing the emotional well-being of pilots. A qualitative phenomenological research design was followed using Rubin and Rubin’s in-depth, semi-structured interview technique to understand lived experiences of peer support. Nine interviews were held, six with airline pilots – a combination of peers and flight operations managers – and three with mental health professionals (MHPs). Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis (TA) method elicited themes in relation to peer support and the mental health and well-being of pilots. Four themes emerged relating to (a) the conceptualization of peer support, the role of the peer, and the principles on which the process is founded; (b) pilots’ experience of their workplace as emotionally “unsafe” and deficient in acknowledging the nature of different emotional stressors; (c) the well-being of pilots and medical certification of fitness for duty; and (d) the multidimensional contribution of peer support and factors critical to integrating successful and sustainable peer support. This study underscores the importance of developing a more integrated definition of safety in aviation that incorporates supporting the mental health and well-being of pilots. This paper addresses the role and contribution of peer support and considers some of the challenges to its integration as a safety initiative.
{"title":"The Role of Peer Support and Its Contribution as an Effective Response to Addressing the Emotional Well-Being of Pilots","authors":"Wendy Santilhano, R. Bor, L. Hewitt","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000163","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The provision of pilot peer support in commercial aviation is a recent recommendation following the Germanwings pilot suicide–murder crash in 2015. Conducted in a South African aviation context, this study explored the phenomenon of peer support and its role and contribution as an effective response to addressing the emotional well-being of pilots. A qualitative phenomenological research design was followed using Rubin and Rubin’s in-depth, semi-structured interview technique to understand lived experiences of peer support. Nine interviews were held, six with airline pilots – a combination of peers and flight operations managers – and three with mental health professionals (MHPs). Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis (TA) method elicited themes in relation to peer support and the mental health and well-being of pilots. Four themes emerged relating to (a) the conceptualization of peer support, the role of the peer, and the principles on which the process is founded; (b) pilots’ experience of their workplace as emotionally “unsafe” and deficient in acknowledging the nature of different emotional stressors; (c) the well-being of pilots and medical certification of fitness for duty; and (d) the multidimensional contribution of peer support and factors critical to integrating successful and sustainable peer support. This study underscores the importance of developing a more integrated definition of safety in aviation that incorporates supporting the mental health and well-being of pilots. This paper addresses the role and contribution of peer support and considers some of the challenges to its integration as a safety initiative.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131324581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.1027/2192-0923/a000164
Nicole K. Stewart, D. Harris
Abstract. There is little specific research on people’s opinions of single-pilot commercial airline operation and whether they are willing to fly by this means. This study examines passengers’ attitudes to help determine their willingness to fly on an aircraft of this type. Part 1 involved four focus groups providing their views on the matter. In Part 2, an online survey was developed from the output of the focus groups that gathered passenger perceptions of single-pilot operations. The feedback from the focus groups highlighted distrust in technology, concerns about pilot health and workload, and the need for more information on single-pilot operations but also that if there were substantial savings passengers may be willing to fly on such an aircraft. The results of the survey suggested three main dimensions to passenger opinion on the subject: state of the pilot; trust in the technology; ticket price and reputation. Responses on these scales could determine with some certainty passengers’ willingness to fly or not to fly on a single-pilot airliner.
{"title":"Passenger Attitudes to Flying on a Single-Pilot Commercial Aircraft","authors":"Nicole K. Stewart, D. Harris","doi":"10.1027/2192-0923/a000164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000164","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. There is little specific research on people’s opinions of single-pilot commercial airline operation and whether they are willing to fly by this means. This study examines passengers’ attitudes to help determine their willingness to fly on an aircraft of this type. Part 1 involved four focus groups providing their views on the matter. In Part 2, an online survey was developed from the output of the focus groups that gathered passenger perceptions of single-pilot operations. The feedback from the focus groups highlighted distrust in technology, concerns about pilot health and workload, and the need for more information on single-pilot operations but also that if there were substantial savings passengers may be willing to fly on such an aircraft. The results of the survey suggested three main dimensions to passenger opinion on the subject: state of the pilot; trust in the technology; ticket price and reputation. Responses on these scales could determine with some certainty passengers’ willingness to fly or not to fly on a single-pilot airliner.","PeriodicalId":121896,"journal":{"name":"Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124763467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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