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Control of direct current motor by using artificial neural networks in Internal model control scheme 内模控制方案中采用人工神经网络控制直流电机
IF 1.6 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/fme2301109p
Natalija Perišić, Radisa Z. Jovanovic
In this research, control of the Direct Current motor is accomplished using a neuro controller in the Internal Model Control scheme. Two Feed Forward Neural Networks are trained using historical input-output data. The first neural network is trained to identify the object's dynamic behavior, and that model is used as an internal model in the control scheme. The second neural network is trained to obtain an inverse model of the object, which is applied as a neuro controller. Experiment is conducted on the real direct current motor in laboratory conditions. Obtained results are compared to those achieved by implementing the Direct Inverse Control method with the same neuro controller. It was demonstrated that the proposed control method is simple to implement and the system robustness is achieved, which is a great benefit, aside from the fact that no mathematical model of the system is necessary to synthesize the controller of the real object.
在本研究中,使用内模控制方案中的神经控制器来完成直流电机的控制。使用历史输入输出数据训练两个前馈神经网络。第一个神经网络被训练来识别目标的动态行为,该模型被用作控制方案中的内部模型。对第二个神经网络进行训练,得到目标的逆模型,作为神经控制器。在实验室条件下对实际直流电机进行了实验。将所得到的结果与采用相同神经控制器的直接逆控制方法所得到的结果进行了比较。结果表明,该控制方法实现简单,实现了系统的鲁棒性,而且不需要建立系统的数学模型来综合实际对象的控制器,这是一个很大的好处。
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引用次数: 0
Design and development of a novel tunable electrorheological fluid (ERF) damper-foundation to attenuate residual vibrations in machine tools 一种新型可调谐电流变液阻尼器的设计与开发,以衰减机床的残余振动
IF 1.6 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/fme2301001j
Abhijitkumar A. Jadhav, S. Zope, R. Malagi, D. Suryawanshi
Residual vibrations in machine tools hamper accuracy and productivity. The attenuation of residual vibrations has been an industrial concern for decades. Meanwhile, the residual vibrations' vibration pattern reveals that the support foundation's damping capabilities predominantly influence them. Therefore, inserting dampers in any other location on a machine tool (such as a machine column) is ineffective. Hence, the scope of inserting the damper into the machine foundation needs to be verified. However, conventional machine mounting systems (concrete foundation and rubber mounts) equally respond to all variable inputs. Both these flocks resulted in inadequate dampening and perhaps poor accuracy. This paper provides a first-generation model of a semiactive-viscous damper (ERF damper-foundation) with tunable damping facilitating machine installation. Controlled experimentation by exposing the developed damper foundation to excitations of medium duty lathe machine confirms its effectiveness and obtains over 48% attenuation compared to a conventional concrete foundation.
机床的残余振动影响精度和生产率。几十年来,残余振动的衰减一直是工业关注的问题。同时,残余振动的振动形态也揭示了支承基础的阻尼能力对残余振动的主要影响。因此,在机床上的任何其他位置(如机床立柱)插入阻尼器都是无效的。因此,需要对减振器插入机器基础的范围进行验证。然而,传统的机器安装系统(混凝土基础和橡胶支架)对所有变量输入的响应都是一样的。这两种方法都导致了不充分的阻尼和可能较差的精度。本文提出了便于机器安装的具有可调阻尼的半主动粘性阻尼器(ERF阻尼基础)的第一代模型。将所开发的减振器基础置于中型车床的激励下进行控制试验,证实了其有效性,与传统混凝土基础相比衰减超过48%。
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引用次数: 1
Analysis of the performance and kinematics of the movement of UAV 无人机运动性能及运动学分析
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/fme2304627m
Marina Miloš, Petar Mirosavljević
The use of drones today has become an integral part of modern life to the extent that the level of drone utilization determines the quality of life. The expansion of drone applications has grown exponentially. This growth is primarily due to their low acquisition and maintenance costs, as well as their versatility. First of all, their expansion is contributed by the low costs of both acquisition and maintenance, as well as the possibility of various applications. The paper aims to present drones and their advantages compared to traditional aircraft as a means of transportation. The paper includes an analysis of unmanned aircraft performance, an examination of the kinematics of unmanned aircraft movement, a discussion of the most common structure used in unmanned aircraft (the quadcopter), and a comprehensive assessment of the risks associated with unmanned aircraft and their potential integration into civil air traffic. The quadcopter structure, as the dominant solution for the production of unmanned aircraft, is discussed in detail. At the very end, an overall analysis of the risks posed by unmanned aircraft and, as such, whether they can be integrated into civil air traffic is given.
如今,无人机的使用已经成为现代生活中不可或缺的一部分,以至于无人机的使用水平决定了生活质量。无人机应用的扩展呈指数级增长。这种增长主要是由于它们的低采购和维护成本,以及它们的多功能性。首先,它们的扩展得益于较低的购置和维护成本,以及各种应用的可能性。本文旨在展示无人机及其与传统飞机相比作为一种交通工具的优势。本文包括对无人驾驶飞机性能的分析,无人驾驶飞机运动运动学的检查,无人驾驶飞机(四轴飞行器)中最常用结构的讨论,以及与无人驾驶飞机相关的风险及其潜在集成到民用空中交通的综合评估。详细讨论了四轴飞行器结构作为无人机生产的主流解决方案。最后,对无人驾驶飞机带来的风险进行了全面分析,因此,是否可以将其纳入民用空中交通。
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引用次数: 0
Reduced order model for an electro-hydraulic valve of a gas turbine engine's controller 燃气轮机控制器电液阀的降阶模型
IF 1.6 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/fme2302169e
W. Elmayyah, M. Samy
Gas turbine engines (GTE) are widely used in military and industrial applications. Accurate modeling is mandatory to advance GTE control. The present article investigates, experimentally and theoretically, a detailed dynamic model of an electro-hydraulic system that controls a variable geometry inlet guide vanes (VIGV) of turboshaft GTE. A parametric study for the computationally expensive and time-consuming model has been conducted considering the forces affecting the valve's spool and its relatively short settling time. A reduced mathematical model has been developed. The prediction results of the reduced and full-detailed models have been compared with the experimental results. The reduced model has decreased calculation time by 45% to 50 % while keeping the RMSE of the model within 1-2 % away from the actual system's experimental results for the complete operating range. An improvement allows future studies to integrate the whole subsystems of the GTE in a single computationally affordable model.
燃气涡轮发动机(GTE)广泛用于军事和工业领域。精确的建模是推进GTE控制的必要条件。本文从实验和理论两方面研究了控制涡轮轴发动机可变几何进口导叶的电液系统的详细动力学模型。考虑到影响阀芯的力和相对较短的沉降时间,对计算昂贵且耗时的模型进行了参数化研究。已经建立了一个简化的数学模型。将简化模型和全细节模型的预测结果与实验结果进行了比较。简化后的模型使计算时间减少了45% ~ 50%,同时在整个工作范围内,模型的RMSE与实际系统实验结果的偏差在1 ~ 2%以内。一项改进允许未来的研究将GTE的整个子系统集成在一个计算负担得起的模型中。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of dry sliding behavior of a Si-Mo-Cr ductile cast iron Si-Mo-Cr球墨铸铁干滑动行为的表征
IF 1.6 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/fme2301048r
N. Ram, Vijay Gautam
The prerequisites for a brake disc material include a lower specific wear rate, a high coefficient of friction against brake pad material, lighter weight, and a higher heat dissipation rate. The present research studied the dry sliding wear behavior of as-cast Si-Mo-Cr ductile cast iron (DCI). A series of pin-on-disc wear tests are conducted using Taguchi L16 array for the optimum combination of load, sliding velocity, and temperature on a rotary tribometer setup at controlled temperatures ranging from 30°C to 240°C. The analysis of variance, first-order regression analysis, and confirmation tests are done to validate the results obtained for the material's wear properties. SEM and EdX analysis of wear surfaces is also done. It founds that the sliding velocity has a more significant influence on the specific wear rate. In contrast, the applied load is the key influencing parameter for a higher value of the coefficient of friction.
制动盘材料的先决条件包括较低的比磨损率、对刹车片材料的高摩擦系数、较轻的重量和较高的散热率。本文研究了铸态Si-Mo-Cr球墨铸铁(DCI)的干滑动磨损行为。在30°C至240°C的可控温度范围内,使用田口L16阵列进行了一系列销盘磨损试验,以获得负载、滑动速度和温度的最佳组合。进行了方差分析、一阶回归分析和确认试验,以验证所获得的材料磨损性能结果。对磨损表面进行了SEM和EdX分析。研究发现,滑动速度对比磨损率的影响更为显著。相反,施加的载荷是影响摩擦系数较高的关键参数。
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引用次数: 0
Engine block vibrations: An indicator of knocking in the SI engine 发动机缸体振动:汽缸发动机的敲击声指示
IF 1.6 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/fme2303396k
A. Joseph, G. Thampi
The factors influencing the onset of knocking have a significant impact on how well a SI engine performs. Hence, the efficacy in determining the onset and controlling of knock is a key factor in improving the SI engine's performance. This paper provides insight into the role of engine block vibrations in determining the occurrence of knock using Empirical Mode Decomposition and Short-Time Fourier Transform. To comprehend the behaviour of vibration amid normal combustion and knocking conditions, the engine block vibration signals are analyzed and compared with the incylinder pressure fluctuations. The features of knock are extracted from the engine block vibration signals using Empirical Mode Decomposition. The first Intrinsic Mode Function (IMF) thus obtained is used to generate the Hilbert spectrum for detecting the occurrence of knock. Similarly, ShortTime Fourier Transform is also performed on the first IMF to obtain the spectrogram. The findings demonstrate unequivocally that higher frequency variations are produced when knock occurs. These results also indicate that the combination of Empirical Mode Decomposition and Short-Time Fourier Transform can be used effectively for determining the occurrence of knock.
影响爆震开始的因素对SI发动机的性能有很大的影响。因此,确定爆震发生和控制爆震的有效性是提高发动机性能的关键因素。本文利用经验模态分解和短时傅里叶变换深入研究了发动机机体振动在确定爆震发生中的作用。为了了解发动机在正常燃烧和爆震条件下的振动特性,对发动机缸体振动信号进行了分析,并与气缸压力波动进行了比较。利用经验模态分解方法从发动机机体振动信号中提取爆震特征。由此得到的第一个本征模态函数(IMF)用于生成用于检测爆震发生的希尔伯特谱。同样,对第一个IMF进行短时傅里叶变换,得到谱图。研究结果明确表明,当爆震发生时,会产生更高的频率变化。这些结果还表明,经验模态分解和短时傅里叶变换相结合可以有效地用于确定爆震的发生。
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引用次数: 0
Kinematic and force patterns of interaction of a link caterpillar of a transport machine with the ground 运输机械连杆履带与地面相互作用的运动模式和受力模式
IF 1.6 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/fme2303415d
Dr Sergey Voinash, R. Dobretsov, I. Troyanovskaya, R. Zagidullin, L. Sabitov, A. Nurullin
This article proposes a mathematical model of a caterpillar track's force and kinematic interaction with the ground during movement. The presence of a positive displacement of caterpillar tracks was proved even in the absence of slipping. This displacement causes the soil to be sheared and thrown out of the area of contact with the caterpillar. The change in the rotation angles of the tracks and the magnitude of their longitudinal displacement were obtained. A drop in the tension force of the caterpillar track was detected on the active section of the supporting surface between the first and second track wheels. The relationships between the main geometric parameters of the caterpillar track, the vertical load on the track wheels, and the movement of the tracks when the track wheels roll over them are established. Practical recommendations are proposed that contribute to the damping of vibrations when the track roller passes over the caterpillar track.
本文提出了履带履带在运动过程中受力及与地面运动相互作用的数学模型。即使在没有滑移的情况下,履带也存在正位移。这种位移导致土壤被剪断并抛出与毛虫接触的区域。得到了轨迹转角的变化规律和轨迹纵向位移的大小。履带的张力在第一和第二履带车轮之间的支承表面的主动部分被检测到下降。建立履带履带主要几何参数与履带车轮的垂直载荷以及履带车轮在履带履带上滚动时履带运动的关系。提出了实用的建议,有助于阻尼振动时,履带压路机通过履带轨道。
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引用次数: 0
Method of strength analysis for doubly-curved stiffened orthotropic shells by various strength theories 用各种强度理论分析双弯曲加筋正交各向异性壳的强度方法
IF 1.6 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/fme2302211s
A. Semenov
The paper proposes a method of strength analysis for materials of thin-walled shell structures reinforced with stiffeners. The shells under consideration were made of orthotropic materials. The authors analyze the applicability of the following seven strength criteria: the maximum stress criterion, the Mises-Hill criterion, the Fisher criterion, the Goldenblatt-Kopnov criterion, the Liu-Huang-Stout criterion, the Tsai-Wu criterion, and the Hoffman criterion. During the study, doubly-curved shallow shells square in the plan were considered. A geometrically nonlinear mathematical model of shell deformation, which considers transverse shears, was used. The calculations were based on the characteristics of T10/UPE22-27 glass-fiber-reinforced plastic. The method relies on calculating the values of several strength criteria at each step of structural loading and analyzing the development of areas failing to meet the strength conditions as the load increases.
提出了一种加筋薄壁壳结构材料强度分析方法。所考虑的壳体是由正交异性材料制成的。作者分析了最大应力准则、Mises-Hill准则、Fisher准则、goldenblat - kopnov准则、Liu-Huang-Stout准则、cai - wu准则和Hoffman准则这七种强度准则的适用性。在研究中,考虑了平面中双曲的浅壳方形。采用考虑横向剪切作用的几何非线性壳变形数学模型。计算基于T10/UPE22-27玻璃纤维增强塑料的特性。该方法通过计算结构加载各阶段的若干强度准则值,并分析不满足强度条件的区域随荷载增加的发展情况。
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引用次数: 0
Intermittent machining of hardened steels with different types of PcBN cutting tools 用不同类型的PcBN刀具间歇加工淬硬钢
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/fme2304504s
Manokhin Sergiyovych, Klymenko Anatoliyovych, Melniychuk Oleksiyovich, Klymenko Anatoliyovych, Pasichnyi Olegovich, Xin Li, Kateryna Kamchatnaya-Stepanova, Osipov Sergiyovich
The paper discusses the results of the experimental investigation of the performance of several grades of PcBN cutting composites in conditions of the interrupted machining of hardened steel. Both BH and BL types of PcBN indexable inserts with additions of Si3N4, TiC, and TiCN were tested, and cutting speed varied to assess the possibility of applying these cutting tools in different conditions. It has been shown that BL PcBN can be utilized for turning with shock loads in case of high cutting speed and low depth of cut (0,2 mm). While in the range of comparatively low cutting speeds BL cutting tools are actually inoperable, and because of microchipping of polycrystalline fragments and brittle destruction of the cutting edge, an increase of the cutting speed to 210 m/min changes wear pattern and formation of the wear land. As well as this, measurement of the form and values of the cutting forces impulses revealed the effect of their peak growth by up to 40%. The danger of shock impulses was analyzed by FEM modeling, and it was demonstrated that during impacts, the maximal value of the third Principal stress exceeds the average level of compressive stresses during continuous cutting by 1.6 times, which can cause damage to the cutting tool. The data on the estimation of tool fracture probability depending on loading conditions are presented, and the possibility of reducing such probability is shown.
本文讨论了几种PcBN切削复合材料在淬火钢中断加工条件下的性能试验研究结果。对添加了Si3N4、TiC和TiCN的BH型和BL型PcBN可转位刀片进行了测试,并改变了切削速度,以评估这些刀具在不同条件下应用的可能性。研究表明,在高切削速度和低切削深度(0.2 mm)的情况下,BL PcBN可以用于冲击载荷下的车削。而在较低的切削速度范围内,BL刀具实际上是不可操作的,并且由于多晶碎片的微切屑和切削刃的脆性破坏,将切削速度提高到210 m/min会改变磨损模式和磨损地的形成。此外,对切削力脉冲的形式和值的测量揭示了其峰值增长高达40%的影响。通过有限元模拟分析了冲击脉冲的危险性,结果表明,在冲击过程中,第三主应力最大值超过连续切削过程中压应力平均值的1.6倍,对刀具造成损伤。给出了刀具断裂概率随载荷条件变化的估计数据,并给出了降低刀具断裂概率的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling and performance analysis of FOPID controller for interacting coupled tank system 相互作用耦合油箱系统FOPID控制器建模与性能分析
IF 1.6 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/fme2303362t
Thelkar Ramesh, C. Bharatiraja, Muluken Teka, Mulugeta Gonfa, Tesfabirhan Shoga, A. Feyo, T. Mekonnen
Process control is fundamental in modern interaction since it ensures security and improvement in a cycle. Furthermore, process control is a valuable apparatus to fulfill the ecological strategy and item quality necessities. In ventures, one of the controlling system factors is fluid level, the fluid level regulators are a critical concern and well-known interaction, and the aggregate illustrative additionally genuine world in designing techniques. Fluid-level coupled tank framework can be set up into two popular types of interfacing and non-associating structure. This work centers around associating coupled tank control frameworks, numerous issues impacting the fluid level like nonlinearity of the framework, displaying vulnerabilities, and complex investigation, so to conquer those issues, to acquire steady stable results and quick reactions different regulators are required. The liquid must be transferred and kept in a holder for control design in the modern day. The study of a partial request proportional-integralderivative (PID) regulator for controlling a fluid level of the tank framework is presented in this work. FOPID and TID controller techniques are tested and demonstrated for coupling connected tank systems using several partial request regulators, including Commande Robuste d'Ordre Non-Entire (CRONE), Tilt-Integral Derivative (TID), and Fractional order PID (FOPID). The result reaction is directed with the MATLAB®/Simulink® circumstance to check the exhibition of the framework. The reproduction results showed that by controlling connecting coupled tank system (CTS) without aggravation, the reaction is great, however remembering outside unsettling influence for the subsequent tank, the regulator shows a feeble reaction aside from the FOPID regulator. The explanation is FOPID regulator has at least two changed boundaries that expand the vigor of the framework. From the regulators tried in this work, the partial request relative basic subordinate regulator (FOPID) has great execution contrasted with PID, TID, and digital-PID regulators. The accomplished presentation particularly of the FOPID regulator is a better performance for CTS compared to the other listed controllers.
过程控制是现代交互的基础,因为它确保了周期的安全性和改进。此外,过程控制是实现生态战略和产品质量要求的重要手段。在企业中,控制系统的因素之一是液位,液位调节器是一个重要的问题和众所周知的相互作用,是设计技术的综合说明。液位耦合罐架可分为接触式和非关联式两种。这项工作主要围绕关联耦合罐控制框架,影响液位的许多问题,如框架的非线性,显示漏洞,以及复杂的调查,因此为了克服这些问题,需要不同的调节器来获得稳定的结果和快速的反应。在现代的控制设计中,液体必须被转移并保存在一个支架中。本文研究了一种局部请求比例积分微分(PID)调节器,用于控制油箱框架的液位。FOPID和TID控制器技术在耦合连接的油箱系统中进行了测试和演示,使用了几个部分请求调节器,包括命令鲁棒非整阶(CRONE)、倾斜积分导数(TID)和分数阶PID (FOPID)。在MATLAB®/Simulink®环境下直接对结果进行反应,检查框架的展示性。再现结果表明,在不加重连接耦合罐系统(CTS)控制的情况下,反应很大,但考虑到外界对后续罐的不安影响,除FOPID调节器外,调节器表现出微弱的反应。解释是FOPID调节器至少改变了两个边界,扩展了框架的活力。从试验的调节器来看,部分请求相对基本从属调节器(FOPID)与PID、TID和数字PID调节器相比具有很好的执行力。完成的演示,特别是FOPID调节器与其他列出的控制器相比,CTS具有更好的性能。
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引用次数: 0
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FME Transactions
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