Objective: To evaluate racial/ethnic variation in ovarian responsiveness to stimulation during in vitro fertilization (IVF); and to compare the association between ovarian responsiveness and live birth by race/ethnicity.
Design: Retrospective cohort study.
Subjects: Women who underwent ovarian stimulation for IVF between 2017 and 2019 as reported to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System.
Exposure: Race/ethnicity (Asian, Black, Hispanic, Other/Mixed, White); and ovarian sensitivity index (OSI).
Main outcome measures: Ovarian sensitivity index (number of oocytes retrieved/total gonadotropin dose ×1,000) adjusting for age at retrieval, body mass index, reporting year, number of prior cycles, antimüllerian hormone, and infertility diagnosis; and cumulative live birth adjusting for the above confounders and stratified by race/ethnicity.
Results: A total of 246,132 retrieval cycles with race/ethnicity data were included: 46,939 (19.1%) among Asian patients, 17,013 (6.9%) among Black, 18,334 (7.4%) among Hispanic, 2,817 (1.1%) among Other/Mixed, and 161,029 (65.4%) among White. Adjusting for confounders, Black participants had a higher OSI compared with White participants (5.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.1-5.5, vs. 5.1, 95% CI 5.1-5.1) and Asian participants had a lower OSI (4.8, 95% CI 4.1-4.8). Of the retrieval cycles, 68,107 resulted in fresh embryo transfers, and a total of 169,405 frozen embryo transfers were performed. Despite higher OSI, Black participants had lower cumulative live birth compared with White participants (45.5% vs. 60.8%). When stratifying by race/ethnicity, higher OSI was consistently associated with an increased odds of cumulative live birth (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] ranging from 1.23, 95% CI 1.01-1.48, for Other/Mixed to 1.49, 95% CI 1.41-1.53, for White), with no significant difference in the strength of association by race/ethnicity.
Conclusion: Higher ovarian responsiveness is associated with increased odds of cumulative live birth. However, despite higher ovarian responsiveness to stimulation, Black participants experience lower odds of cumulative live birth compared with White participants. This disparity in IVF outcomes likely arises from factors beyond differences in responsiveness to stimulation.
Objective: To examine the association between antidepressants and clinical pregnancy and live birth after embryo transfer in women with mild to moderate depression.
Design: This register-based observational study comprised all Danish women undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment from 2006 to 2019.
Subjects: A nationwide cohort of 44,542 women with 123,146 embryo transfers.
Exposure: The exposed cohorts were either women exposed to antidepressants at the time of embryo transfer (current users) or women who discontinued treatment before embryo transfer (recent users), reflecting mild to moderate depression. Women without a history of antidepressant use constituted the unexposed cohort.
Main outcome measures: We used a multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear model, accounting for multiple embryo transfers, to examine the chance of clinical pregnancy and live birth after ART treatment in women currently or recently treated with antidepressants, compared with women without antidepressants.
Results: A total of 1,057 women (median age 35 [interquartile range: 31-39]) were current users and had 2,154 embryo transfers, 1,580 women were recent users and had 2,780 transfers, and 42,861 women without use of antidepressants had 118,212 transfers. The relative risk (RR) of clinical pregnancy in women with current use was 0.97 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90-1.04), and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.79-1.11) for live birth. The confounder-adjusted RR was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.87-1.03) for clinical pregnancy, and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.87-1.00) for live birth among current users. For recent users, the RRs of clinical pregnancy, and live birth were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.87-1.00), and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.85-1.14), respectively, and the adjusted RRs 0.94 (95% CI: 0.86-1.01) for clinical pregnancy and 1.04 (95% CI: 0.90-1.20) for live birth.
Conclusion: Based on nationwide data from more than a decade, we found that current or recent use of antidepressants at the time of embryo transfer was not associated with a decreased chance of clinical pregnancy or live birth. The findings suggest that for women treated with antidepressants, ART treatment is as successful as for women without.

