Forensic science international最新文献_第2页

Stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) of human skin during decomposition 人体皮肤分解过程中的稳定同位素（δ13C, δ15N, δ34S）

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112871

Ryan Pawlowski , Shari L. Forbes , Paul Szpak

In forensic investigations, estimation of the postmortem interval, or time since death, is essential to the legal process. The timeline of decomposition can be estimated through the use of various methods, however, these methods become less accurate or applicable in later stages. Previous stable isotope studies identify skin as a potentially useful substrate in the context of decomposition due to its durable nature, with some tissues exhibiting an increase in δ¹⁵N over time. In this study, stable isotope analysis was performed on human skin samples, collected from donors over several months within a “body farm” human decomposition facility. Changes in δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, and δ³⁴S, and the impacts of sample pretreatments (chemical lipid extraction and protein solubilization) were examined in a 2 × 2 factorial design to determine the optimal sample pre-treatments to observe decomposition-associated changes. Through examination of interactions between decomposition byproducts and chemical pretreatments, our research was able to identify relationships between temperature, decay state, and isotopic changes. Our findings suggest that while changes occur in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in bulk skin during decomposition, the isolation of individual organic compounds may provide a better means of measuring and observing decomposition-driven isotopic changes relative to isotopic analysis of bulk skin and, therefore, represent a more promising avenue of research for estimating postmortem interval.

在法医调查中，估计死后的时间间隔或死亡后的时间对法律程序至关重要。分解的时间线可以通过使用各种方法来估计，然而，这些方法在后期阶段变得不那么准确或适用。先前的稳定同位素研究认为，由于皮肤的耐用性，它是分解过程中潜在的有用底物，一些组织的δ15N随着时间的推移而增加。在这项研究中，对人体皮肤样本进行了稳定同位素分析，这些样本是在“尸体农场”人体分解设施中从捐赠者那里收集的，历时数月。δ13C、δ15N和δ34S的变化，以及样品预处理（化学脂质提取和蛋白质增溶）的影响，通过2 × 2因子设计来确定最佳样品预处理，以观察分解相关的变化。通过检查分解副产物和化学预处理之间的相互作用，我们的研究能够确定温度，衰变状态和同位素变化之间的关系。我们的研究结果表明，虽然分解过程中大块皮肤中的δ13C和δ15N发生了变化，但相对于大块皮肤的同位素分析，分离单个有机化合物可能提供了一种更好的测量和观察分解驱动同位素变化的方法，因此，为估计死后时间间隔提供了更有前途的研究途径。

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引用次数: 0

Magnetic nanocomposite-assisted RNA isolation: A nanobiotechnological approach for forensic molecular diagnostics 磁性纳米复合材料辅助RNA分离：法医分子诊断的纳米生物技术方法。

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112866

Rutuja Sandeep Prabhudessai, Sandeep Munjal, Inder Bhan Singh

Forensic science employs scientific methodologies to investigate crimes and interpret evidentiary material. Among its many branches, biotechnology has emerged as a key discipline, enabling DNA profiling, paternity testing, and tissue identification. However, conventional molecular approaches, particularly for ribonucleic acid (RNA) extraction, remain limited by time-consuming protocols, chemical toxicity, and vulnerability to degradation. This study explores the integration of biotechnology and nanotechnology—termed nanobiotechnology—to enhance RNA isolation through the application of magnetic nanocomposites. A NiFe₂O₄@ZnO nanocomposite was synthesized via the sol–gel auto-combustion method and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The composite was then employed for RNA extraction from biological tissue and compared with the conventional TRI reagent method in terms of yield, purity, and structural integrity. Results demonstrate that nanocomposite-assisted extraction offers a faster, safer, and more efficient alternative, underscoring its potential application in forensic investigations requiring high-quality RNA recovery from minimal or degraded samples.

法医学采用科学的方法来调查犯罪和解释证据材料。在众多分支中，生物技术已成为一门关键学科，使DNA分析、亲子鉴定和组织鉴定成为可能。然而，传统的分子方法，特别是提取核糖核酸（RNA）的方法，仍然受到耗时、化学毒性和易降解的限制。本研究探讨了生物技术和纳米技术的结合，即纳米生物技术，通过磁性纳米复合材料的应用来增强RNA的分离。采用溶胶-凝胶自燃烧法合成了NiFe₂O₄@ZnO纳米复合材料，并利用扫描电镜（SEM）、x射线衍射（XRD）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对其进行了表征。然后将该复合物用于从生物组织中提取RNA，并与传统的TRI试剂方法在产率、纯度和结构完整性方面进行比较。结果表明，纳米复合材料辅助提取提供了一种更快、更安全、更有效的替代方法，强调了其在需要从少量或降解样品中提取高质量RNA的法医调查中的潜在应用。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of hanging deaths in childhood: An autopsy study 对儿童上吊死亡的评估：一项尸检研究

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112868

Ceyhun Küçük , Halil İlhan Aydogdu , Hakan Efil , Murat Nihat Arslan

Introduction

Hanging is defined as a form of asphyxia caused by the suspension of the body with a ligature around the neck, where the constriction is generated by the body’s own weight. The aim of this study is to examine autopsy findings in hanging cases among children, a rare cause of death in this age group, using data collected from a forensic autopsy center.

Materials and methods

This retrospective study was conducted by reviewing electronic autopsy reports of pediatric cases referred to the Morgue Department between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2021, for the determination of the cause of death. Demographic data physical characteristics, scene-related findings and autopsy findings were analyzed.

Results

A total of 162 pediatric cases Of these, 113 (69.8 %) were male and 49 (30.2 %) were female. The age range of the cases was between 5 and 17 years, with a mean age of 15.66 ± 2.42 years. The Body Mass Index (BMI) ranged between 12.85 % and 52.94 %, with a mean of 22.14 ± 5.48 %. No statistically significant correlation was found between age or BMI and the presence of hyoid bone fracture, thyroid cartilage fracture, sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle injury, or infrahyoid muscle injury. When findings were evaluated according to the knot location (typical vs. atypical), no significant relationship was found between the knot position and hyoid bone fracture, thyroid cartilage fracture, infrahyoid muscle or SCM muscle injury.

Discussion

Compared to adult series in literature, the lower frequency of fractures, particularly of the thyroid cartilage, may be attributed to the fact that in pediatric individuals, these structures are less calcified and thus less prone to fracture.

Conclusion

This study represents one of the largest autopsy-based analyses focusing solely on pediatric hanging cases. Preventive strategies should include a careful reassessment of environmental safety to mitigate accidental deaths.

上吊被定义为一种窒息的形式，由身体自身的重量产生的收缩，身体被捆绑在脖子上而悬浮。本研究的目的是利用从法医尸检中心收集的数据，检查儿童上吊案件的尸检结果，这是该年龄组中罕见的死因。材料和方法本回顾性研究通过回顾2012年1月1日至2021年12月31日间停尸房儿科病例的电子尸检报告，以确定死亡原因。对人口统计数据、体格特征、现场相关发现和尸检结果进行分析。结果162例患儿中，男性113例（69.8% %），女性49例（30.2% %）。年龄5 ~ 17岁，平均年龄15.66 ± 2.42岁。体重指数（BMI）范围为12.85 % ~ 52.94 %，平均值为22.14 ± 5.48 %。舌骨骨折、甲状软骨骨折、胸锁乳突肌损伤、舌骨下肌损伤与年龄、BMI无统计学意义相关。当根据结的位置（典型与非典型）对结果进行评估时，结的位置与舌骨骨折、甲状软骨骨折、舌骨下肌或SCM肌损伤之间没有明显的关系。与成人系列文献相比，骨折的发生率较低，特别是甲状腺软骨，可能是由于在儿童个体中，这些结构的钙化程度较低，因此不易发生骨折。结论：本研究是仅针对儿童上吊病例的最大的基于尸检的分析之一。预防战略应包括仔细重新评估环境安全，以减少意外死亡。

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引用次数: 0

Letter to the Editor: The International Forensic Strategic Alliance – A model in global forensic collaboration 致编辑的信：国际法医战略联盟——全球法医合作的典范

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112872

Linzi Wilson-Wilde , Conor Crean , Scott Ford , Susan Hitchin , Rebecca Kogios , Jose A. Lorente , Niamh Nic Daeid , Mark Pearse , Helen Tumediso-Magora , Angeline Tiong Whei Yap , Dorijan Kerzan

The International Forensic Strategic Alliance (IFSA) began as a bilateral agreement in 2004 between forensic science laboratory directors in the United States and Australia/New Zealand. IFSA has since grown to include six regional forensic science director networks involving 120 countries and 639 forensic service providers, and three strategic partners. IFSA focuses on providing global leadership and collaboration initiatives including developing Minimum Requirements Documents for emerging forensic service providers, identifying research and development priorities to promote critical forensic science research, and identifying and responding to emerging issues. This paper outlines the origins and development of IFSA, achievements and current activities as a successful model of global forensic collaboration.

国际法医战略联盟（IFSA）始于2004年美国和澳大利亚/新西兰法医科学实验室主任之间的一项双边协议。此后，国际法医学联合会已发展到包括6个区域法医学主任网络，涉及120个国家和639个法医学服务提供者，以及3个战略伙伴。IFSA的重点是提供全球领导和合作倡议，包括为新兴法医服务提供商制定最低要求文件，确定研究和发展重点，以促进关键的法医科学研究，以及识别和应对新出现的问题。本文概述了国际法医学联合会的起源和发展、成就以及作为全球法医学合作成功典范的当前活动。

引用次数: 0

Wischnewsky spots relate to ketosis/ketoacidosis regardless of the cause of death – A systematic autopsy study 与死亡原因无关，Wischnewsky斑与酮症/酮症酸中毒有关——一项系统的尸检研究。

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112870

Lasse Pakanen , Kie Horioka , Raimo Ketola , Pirkko Kriikku , Katja Porvari

Wischnewsky spots are considered strongly associated with postmortem diagnosis of hypothermia with an unclear pathophysiology. Recent studies have suggested an association between Wischnewsky spots and diabetic ketoacidosis, yet no systematic data exist about Wischnewsky spots in other ketotic states besides hypothermia. To elucidate the pathogenesis of Wischnewsky spots, we studied their presence in relation to ketosis/ketoacidosis, glucose, urine catecholamines, and toxicological factors.

We included all medicolegal autopsies (n = 1903) with an ancillary glucose metabolism assay in the database of Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland in 2019–2023. Cases were divided into hypothermia deaths, diabetes-related deaths, alcohol-related deaths, and other causes of death. The presence and extent of Wischnewsky spots were estimated from the autopsy reports. Concentrations of β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB), glucose, ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline, and the presence of cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitors were assessed.

Mean BHB concentrations were higher with sparse, moderate, or extensive Wischnewsky spots compared with those with no Wischnewsky spots documented. Odds ratios for Wischnewsky spots were 3.7 with BHB concentration ≥ 0.5 mmol/L, 3.6 with BHB concentration > 2.5 mmol/L, 4.8 with positive blood acetone, 3.6 with positive urine acetone, and 2.2 with adrenaline-noradrenaline ratio > 0.1876.

Our findings showed a clear, concentration-dependent association between BHB concentration and the presence of Wischnewsky spots irrespective of the underlying cause of death. Our results indicate that Wischnewsky spots are linked to disturbances in glucose metabolism, not exclusively to hypothermia, highlighting the diagnostic importance of postmortem BHB measurement.

维什纽斯基斑被认为与病理生理不明确的低温死后诊断密切相关。最近的研究表明Wischnewsky斑与糖尿病酮症酸中毒有关，但除了低温症外，没有关于其他酮症状态Wischnewsky斑的系统数据。为了阐明Wischnewsky斑的发病机制，我们研究了它们的存在与酮症/酮症酸中毒、葡萄糖、尿儿茶酚胺和毒理学因素的关系。我们纳入了2019-2023年芬兰奥卢芬兰卫生与福利研究所法医部门数据库中所有法医尸检（n = 1903）和辅助葡萄糖代谢测定。病例被分为低温死亡、糖尿病相关死亡、酒精相关死亡和其他死因。维什纽斯基斑的存在和范围是根据尸检报告估计的。评估β-羟基丁酸（BHB）、葡萄糖、乙醇、丙酮、异丙醇、尿肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的浓度以及环氧化酶-1抑制剂的存在。稀疏、中度或大面积维什纽斯基斑的BHB平均浓度高于无维什纽斯基斑记录的患者。BHB浓度≥ 0.5 mmol/L时，比值比为3.7；BHB浓度> 2.5 mmol/L时，比值比为3.6；血丙酮阳性时，比值比为4.8；尿丙酮阳性时，比值比为3.6；肾上腺素-去甲肾上腺素比值> 0.1876时，比值比为2.2。我们的研究结果显示BHB浓度与维什纽斯基斑存在明显的浓度依赖关系，而与潜在的死亡原因无关。我们的研究结果表明，Wischnewsky斑点与葡萄糖代谢紊乱有关，而不仅仅是与低温有关，这突出了死后BHB测量的诊断重要性。

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引用次数: 0

An isothermal amplification-based field on-site rapid test for direct detection of male DNA via the Y-specific TSPY4 gene. 一种基于等温扩增的现场快速检测方法，通过y特异性TSPY4基因直接检测男性DNA。

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112858

Lei You, Zhiwei Li, Jumei Zhang, Mingyang Han, Luyao Zhong, Xianming Shi, Jun Lv, Junhong Zhao, Chen Li, Lanlan Zheng, Yonghong Zhang

Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a promising method for rapid, portable, and isothermal DNA detection in forensic applications. In this study, we developed and optimized an RPA assay targeting the Y-chromosome-specific TSPY4 gene, referred to as FORT-TSPY (Field On-site Rapid Test), for the rapid and direct detection of male DNA. An optimal primer pair was identified through multiple rounds of screening using a primer-walking strategy. The optimal primer concentration for efficient amplification was determined using male DNA samples, revealing that primer concentration is not simply a matter of higher or lower being better, but rather that an optimal concentration exists. The assay demonstrated excellent sensitivity, detecting as little as 1.2 × 10¹ copies (∼10^-11 ng) of plasmid DNA within 30 min, without the need for complex laboratory equipment. Furthermore, the method exhibited high specificity for male DNA, with no cross-reactivity observed with female or non-human DNA. Randomized testing under simulated forensic conditions indicated the assay's potential for on-site male DNA detection. Collectively, these results demonstrate that RPA-based FORT‑TSPY provides a rapid, equipment‑minimal alternative or adjunct to laboratory PCR workflows and illustrates the broader adaptability of the FORT Field On‑site Rapid Test platform for point‑of‑evidence nucleic acid detection.

重组酶聚合酶扩增（RPA）是一种快速、便携、等温的法医DNA检测方法。在本研究中，我们开发并优化了一种针对y染色体特异性TSPY4基因的RPA检测方法，称为FORT-TSPY (Field -site Rapid Test)，用于快速直接检测男性DNA。通过使用引物行走策略进行多轮筛选，确定了最佳引物对。利用男性DNA样本确定了有效扩增的最佳引物浓度，揭示了引物浓度不是简单的高或低更好的问题，而是存在最佳浓度。该分析显示出优异的灵敏度，在30 min内检测到1.2 × 101拷贝（~ 10-11 ng）的质粒DNA，而不需要复杂的实验室设备。此外，该方法对男性DNA具有高特异性，与女性或非人类DNA无交叉反应。在模拟法医条件下的随机测试表明，该方法具有现场男性DNA检测的潜力。总的来说，这些结果表明，基于rpa的FORT - TSPY为实验室PCR工作流程提供了快速、设备最少的替代或辅助，并说明了FORT现场快速测试平台对证据点核酸检测的更广泛适应性。

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引用次数: 0

DNA evaluation in teeth subjected to various thermal conditions: A preliminary study 不同热条件下牙齿DNA评价的初步研究。

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112869

Ana María Salazar Roa , Patricia Huerta , Luis Felipe Montoya , Viviana Coliboro , Ariel Fernando Castro , Anna Barbaro

In tragic events, teeth are valuable source of DNA due to their protective properties. However, temperature is a key factor that alters DNA structure, with degradation being directly proportional to both the temperature and duration of exposure.

Objective

This preliminary study aimed to determine the DNA recovery yield from human teeth exposed to 400°C for varying durations.

Methodology

Fifteen healthy permanent molars were collected (following informed consent procedures), divided into three groups of five teeth each, and exposed to 400°C for 15, 30, and 60 min. The teeth were pulverized, DNA was extracted using the QIAamp DNA Investigator Kit, and quantification was performed via spectrophotometry. Statistical analysis included ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD post-hoc tests.

Results

A significant decrease in DNA concentration was observed with increasing exposure time. The 15-minute group yielded significantly higher DNA concentrations compared to the 30- and 60-minute groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between groups regarding DNA purity (260/280 ratio).

Conclusion

DNA recovery from teeth exposed to 400°C is feasible, but further studies are required to determine the quality of the genetic material for conclusive forensic identification. This study provides valuable evidence to guide future research and the development of standardized protocols for DNA extraction and quantification in highly degraded forensic scenarios.

在悲剧事件中，由于牙齿的保护特性，牙齿是DNA的宝贵来源。然而，温度是改变DNA结构的关键因素，降解与温度和暴露时间成正比。目的：本初步研究旨在确定人类牙齿暴露于400°C不同时间的DNA回收率。方法：收集15颗健康恒磨牙（遵循知情同意程序），分为三组，每组5颗牙，在400°C下暴露15、30和60 min。牙齿粉碎，用QIAamp DNA检测试剂盒提取DNA，分光光度法定量。统计分析包括方差分析和Tukey’s HSD事后检验。结果：随着暴露时间的增加，DNA浓度明显降低。与30分钟组和60分钟组相比，15分钟组的DNA浓度明显更高（p ）结论：从暴露于400°C的牙齿中恢复DNA是可行的，但需要进一步研究以确定遗传物质的质量以进行结结性法医鉴定。本研究为指导未来的研究和在高度退化的法医场景中DNA提取和定量的标准化协议的发展提供了有价值的证据。

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引用次数: 0

Incorrect formula for calculation of likelihood ratios used in forensic anthropology: Comments on Scott & Rogers (2026) 法医人类学中使用的似然比计算公式不正确：对斯科特和罗杰斯（2026）的评论。

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112859

Geoffrey Stewart Morrison

Scott & Rogers (2026) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112673 promotes the use of the likelihood-ratio framework in forensic anthropology. This is welcome. Unfortunately, Scott & Rogers (2026) uses an incorrect formula for the calculation of likelihood ratios. This incorrect formula did not originate in Scott & Rogers (2026). It has, for some time, been used in the forensic anthropology literature; an earlier occurrence appears in Steadman et al. (2006) https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20393. Scott & Rogers (2026) also uses confusing language and mathematical notation that are non-standard compared to the norms of the forensic-inference-and-statistics literature. This letter to the editor is offered in the hope that it will help prevent repetition of these problems.

Scott & Rogers (2026) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112673提倡在法医人类学中使用似然比框架。这是受欢迎的。不幸的是，Scott & Rogers（2026）使用了一个不正确的公式来计算似然比。这个错误的公式并不是起源于Scott & Rogers（2026）。一段时间以来，它一直被用于法医人类学文献；Steadman et al. (2006) https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20393中出现了更早的情况。斯科特和罗杰斯（2026）也使用了令人困惑的语言和数学符号，与法医推理和统计文献的规范相比，这些符号是非标准的。这封给编辑的信是希望它能帮助防止这些问题的再次发生。

引用次数: 0

Less lethal projectile wound pattern identification using synthetic skin 用合成皮肤识别低致命性弹丸伤口。

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112862

Geoffrey T. Desmoulin , Marc-André Nolette , Theodore E. Milner

Less lethal munitions are frequently used for crowd control during protests and riots. The injuries inflicted by impacts from less lethal projectiles can range from minor contusions to severe head trauma. Two common types of less lethal projectiles are beanbag rounds and foam rounds. Both have been frequently deployed in crowd control scenarios and have been occasionally responsible for severe head injuries (Rajaram et al., 2022). Forensic investigations may be required to determine the type of less lethal projectile responsible for an injury. In an effort to develop a reliable, cost-effective approach to address this issue, we have conducted preliminary tests in which less lethal projectiles were fired at targets covered with synthetic skin. The objective of the study was to determine whether the defect patterns created by the less lethal projectile impacts could provide a means of distinguishing between scalp wounds created by beanbag rounds and foam rounds. Our preliminary tests were able to identify several features of the defect patterns which indicate the utility of synthetic skin as substrate for differentiating between scalp wounds due to impacts between these two types of less lethal projectiles. In particular, we found that the size of the defect, the extent of the penetration, the likelihood of laceration and the presence of stippling were features that distinguished beanbag round impacts from foam round impacts

在抗议和骚乱期间，杀伤力较小的弹药经常用于控制人群。杀伤力较小的弹丸所造成的伤害从轻微挫伤到严重的头部创伤不等。两种常见的低杀伤力炮弹是豆袋弹和泡沫弹。两者都经常被部署在人群控制场景中，偶尔会造成严重的头部伤害（Rajaram et al., 2022）。可能需要法医调查来确定造成伤害的较不致命的弹丸的类型。为了开发一种可靠的、具有成本效益的方法来解决这一问题，我们进行了初步试验，向覆盖着人造皮肤的目标发射了杀伤力较低的射弹。该研究的目的是确定由杀伤力较小的弹丸撞击产生的缺陷模式是否可以提供一种区分豆袋弹和泡沫弹造成的头皮伤口的方法。我们的初步测试能够确定缺陷模式的几个特征，这些特征表明合成皮肤作为基底的效用，可以区分这两种低致命性弹射物造成的头皮伤口。特别是，我们发现缺陷的大小，穿透的程度，撕裂的可能性和点状的存在是区分豆袋圆形撞击和泡沫圆形撞击的特征。

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引用次数: 0

Textile fibres in the respiratory tract part 2: Transfer during smothering vs legitimate activities 呼吸道中的纺织纤维。第2部分：窒息与合法活动期间的转移。

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112864

Joanne Bonvin , Maude Yerly , Yu Chen Lim-Hitchings , Sabine Hess , Kyra Lunstroot , Geneviève Massonnet

In a follow up to a previous paper [6], this article continues the exploration of fibres recovered from the respiratory tract in smothering cases. Specifically, this second part examines the transfer of fibres when smothering has occurred as compared to legitimate exposures to the textile in question. In order to simulate these activities, volunteers breathed through textiles of various levels of shedding under conditions of strain and at rest. Fibres were then self-recovered from the nose and mouth for the counting of target fibres that have transferred. The results demonstrate a noticeable difference between the two activities in terms of the quantity of fibres transferred. This difference is increasingly marked for higher levels of shedding. The findings from this paper and from part 1 were then utilized to assign probabilities which were subsequently used to evaluate findings of two hypothetical scenarios meant to represent commonly encountered case disputed issues. The results further highlight the potential for such traces to aid in suspected smothering cases. In general, low number of fibres (<5) support propositions of non-smothering whereas larger quantities (>15) typically support those of smothering. The count of fibres at which the support switches is highly dependent on the shedding of the textile. It is thus important to consider shedding and the quantity of fibres recovered in such cases.

在之前的一篇论文b[6]的后续文章中，本文继续探索窒息病例中呼吸道中恢复的纤维。具体来说，这第二部分检查了当窒息发生时纤维的转移，与合法暴露于有关纺织品相比。为了模拟这些活动，志愿者们在紧张和休息的条件下，通过不同程度脱落的纺织品呼吸。然后，从鼻子和嘴巴中自行恢复纤维，以计数已转移的目标纤维。结果表明，就纤维转移的数量而言，两种活动之间存在显著差异。这种差异在高水平的脱落中越来越明显。然后利用本文和第1部分的发现来分配概率，这些概率随后用于评估旨在代表常见案件争议问题的两个假设情景的发现。结果进一步强调了这些痕迹对疑似窒息病例的潜在帮助。一般来说，低纤维数（15）通常支持那些窒息。支撑开关处的纤维数高度依赖于纺织品的脱落。因此，在这种情况下，重要的是要考虑脱落和恢复的纤维数量。

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引用次数: 0