Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112830
Geoffrey T. Desmoulin , Szymon Claridad , Marc-André Nolette , Theodore E. Milner
Forensic investigations often require accurate placement of objects or persons in an incident scene in order to establish the most likely scenario of how events transpired. This can be accomplished through ray pinning, a technique in which control points on a model of an object of interest and a 2D image of the incident scene are correlated to optimally match the location of the object in 3D space to its location in the 2D image. Alternatively, a technique referred to as model-based image matching (MBIM) relies on the acuity of an operator's vision to manually manipulate the location of the model until the operator judges that the model of the object is overlaid as accurately as possible on the 2D image of the object, as represented in the 3D space. The purpose of this study is to compare the accuracy of ray pinning to MBIM in positioning an object using 2D images from video frames. A simulated scene, in which a Blueguns rifle had been placed on the ground, was captured in videos taken by three stationary cameras placed in different locations. The position and orientation errors for the rifle placement was calculated for ray pinning and MBIM. Both techniques employed a 3D scan of the scene used to calibrate the cameras. The results of statistical analysis showed that MBIM was significantly more accurate in positioning the rifle than ray pinning, although the two techniques were equally accurate in orienting the rifle.
{"title":"Accuracy of ray pinning compared to model-based image matching for forensic investigations","authors":"Geoffrey T. Desmoulin , Szymon Claridad , Marc-André Nolette , Theodore E. Milner","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forensic investigations often require accurate placement of objects or persons in an incident scene in order to establish the most likely scenario of how events transpired. This can be accomplished through ray pinning, a technique in which control points on a model of an object of interest and a 2D image of the incident scene are correlated to optimally match the location of the object in 3D space to its location in the 2D image. Alternatively, a technique referred to as model-based image matching (MBIM) relies on the acuity of an operator's vision to manually manipulate the location of the model until the operator judges that the model of the object is overlaid as accurately as possible on the 2D image of the object, as represented in the 3D space. The purpose of this study is to compare the accuracy of ray pinning to MBIM in positioning an object using 2D images from video frames. A simulated scene, in which a Blueguns rifle had been placed on the ground, was captured in videos taken by three stationary cameras placed in different locations. The position and orientation errors for the rifle placement was calculated for ray pinning and MBIM. Both techniques employed a 3D scan of the scene used to calibrate the cameras. The results of statistical analysis showed that MBIM was significantly more accurate in positioning the rifle than ray pinning, although the two techniques were equally accurate in orienting the rifle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 112830"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112827
Taru Mäkinen, Heli Maijanen, Oula Seitsonen
The unique climatic conditions of the Nordic region, particularly the freeze-thaw cycle, present both challenges and opportunities for detecting clandestine burials. By understanding seasonal environmental and vegetational indicators, forensic archaeologists can develop more effective methods for locating burial sites to aid in forensic investigations, archaeological surveys, and humanitarian projects. This pilot study investigates the detection of clandestine burials in a Nordic environment, focusing on a case study of a 50-year-old pet cemetery in Finland. While domestic pets are a poor substitute to human bodies, their burials are very similar to clandestine human burials. The burials are usually small and shallow, and the bodies are often bare or wrapped in cloth or plastic. Pet cemeteries are also often less regulated, in remote locations, and have less visitors, allowing for discreet research. The study site was monitored for changes in ground temperature, vegetation and topography during the thawing period 2021–2024. The aim of the study was to determine whether burials show seasonal variation that would make them easier to detect during a specific season. Ground surface temperature surveys revealed significant differences between burials and undisturbed ground during early spring. Vegetation analysis identified early blooming flowers and specific persistent plants growing over graves as potential indicators of past burials. Topographical changes, including mounds and depressions, were more pronounced during the thawing cycle, aiding in the identification of burials. These findings are valuable, for instance, for detecting clandestine and forgotten graves in historical contexts, such as old cemeteries, mental hospitals, prisons and childrens’ homes.
{"title":"Using a pet cemetery as a control study to optimise clandestine burial search in the Nordic region with insights into seasonal variation in vegetation, topography and temperature","authors":"Taru Mäkinen, Heli Maijanen, Oula Seitsonen","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The unique climatic conditions of the Nordic region, particularly the freeze-thaw cycle, present both challenges and opportunities for detecting clandestine burials. By understanding seasonal environmental and vegetational indicators, forensic archaeologists can develop more effective methods for locating burial sites to aid in forensic investigations, archaeological surveys, and humanitarian projects. This pilot study investigates the detection of clandestine burials in a Nordic environment, focusing on a case study of a 50-year-old pet cemetery in Finland. While domestic pets are a poor substitute to human bodies, their burials are very similar to clandestine human burials. The burials are usually small and shallow, and the bodies are often bare or wrapped in cloth or plastic. Pet cemeteries are also often less regulated, in remote locations, and have less visitors, allowing for discreet research. The study site was monitored for changes in ground temperature, vegetation and topography during the thawing period 2021–2024. The aim of the study was to determine whether burials show seasonal variation that would make them easier to detect during a specific season. Ground surface temperature surveys revealed significant differences between burials and undisturbed ground during early spring. Vegetation analysis identified early blooming flowers and specific persistent plants growing over graves as potential indicators of past burials. Topographical changes, including mounds and depressions, were more pronounced during the thawing cycle, aiding in the identification of burials. These findings are valuable, for instance, for detecting clandestine and forgotten graves in historical contexts, such as old cemeteries, mental hospitals, prisons and childrens’ homes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 112827"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112823
Rachel Christie, Ross Conlon, Thomas Néfau, Ana Gallegos
The emergence and proliferation of semi-synthetic cannabinoids (SSCs) represents a significant evolution in the European new psychoactive substances (NPS) landscape. SSCs, are substances that mimic the effects of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC or delta-9-THC), the substance primarily responsible for the major psychoactive effects of cannabis. They are marketed as 'legal' replacements to cannabis and delta-9 THC and can be produced from cannabidiol (CBD) extracted from low-THC cannabis (hemp). Since the first detection of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) in Europe in late 2022, the SSC market has rapidly expanded, with over 30 compounds now under monitoring by the European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA). These substances exhibit targeted chemical modifications to the structure of delta-9-THC, aimed at increasing potency, altering pharmacokinetics, or circumventing legislation. However, little is known about their pharmacological and toxicological profiles, metabolic pathways, or long-term health effects. SSCs are widely available in various consumer-friendly forms, including vapes, edibles, and herbal products. They are frequently mislabelled, can often contain undeclared substances or contaminants, and are marketed in ways that can appeal to younger or inexperienced users. These factors, combined with their unpredictable potency, have contributed to an increase in acute poisonings reported by several EU countries. Analytically, SSCs pose major challenges. The rapid pace of market innovation, issues with accessibility and affordability of certified reference materials, and the presence of isomeric compounds, for example, complicate detection and identification. Consumer product matrices-ranging from vape liquids to edibles-introduce additional variability and analytical interference. Forensic and toxicological laboratories involved in SSC analysis must navigate a challenging landscape, characterised by uncertainty and rapidly changing targets. To address these challenges and to ensure laboratories are best equipped to respond to emerging threats, such as SSCs, coordinated and collaborative efforts are needed. The sharing of information, best practices and analytical data, combined with investment in research, test-purchasing projects and pharmacological and toxicological studies are some key strategic responses. The EUDA coordinates some of these efforts and has implemented several strategic initiatives. These include the EU Early Warning System (EWS), the establishment of a dedicated Network of forensic and toxicological laboratories, and the development of the EUDA-JRC GC-MS library containing reference spectra for newly identified substances. Technical meetings and collaborative efforts have identified key priorities such as inter-laboratory harmonisation, increased data sharing, and targeted research into metabolism and toxicity.
{"title":"Semi-synthetic cannabinoids: Recent developments, analytical challenges and strategic responses.","authors":"Rachel Christie, Ross Conlon, Thomas Néfau, Ana Gallegos","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The emergence and proliferation of semi-synthetic cannabinoids (SSCs) represents a significant evolution in the European new psychoactive substances (NPS) landscape. SSCs, are substances that mimic the effects of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC or delta-9-THC), the substance primarily responsible for the major psychoactive effects of cannabis. They are marketed as 'legal' replacements to cannabis and delta-9 THC and can be produced from cannabidiol (CBD) extracted from low-THC cannabis (hemp). Since the first detection of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) in Europe in late 2022, the SSC market has rapidly expanded, with over 30 compounds now under monitoring by the European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA). These substances exhibit targeted chemical modifications to the structure of delta-9-THC, aimed at increasing potency, altering pharmacokinetics, or circumventing legislation. However, little is known about their pharmacological and toxicological profiles, metabolic pathways, or long-term health effects. SSCs are widely available in various consumer-friendly forms, including vapes, edibles, and herbal products. They are frequently mislabelled, can often contain undeclared substances or contaminants, and are marketed in ways that can appeal to younger or inexperienced users. These factors, combined with their unpredictable potency, have contributed to an increase in acute poisonings reported by several EU countries. Analytically, SSCs pose major challenges. The rapid pace of market innovation, issues with accessibility and affordability of certified reference materials, and the presence of isomeric compounds, for example, complicate detection and identification. Consumer product matrices-ranging from vape liquids to edibles-introduce additional variability and analytical interference. Forensic and toxicological laboratories involved in SSC analysis must navigate a challenging landscape, characterised by uncertainty and rapidly changing targets. To address these challenges and to ensure laboratories are best equipped to respond to emerging threats, such as SSCs, coordinated and collaborative efforts are needed. The sharing of information, best practices and analytical data, combined with investment in research, test-purchasing projects and pharmacological and toxicological studies are some key strategic responses. The EUDA coordinates some of these efforts and has implemented several strategic initiatives. These include the EU Early Warning System (EWS), the establishment of a dedicated Network of forensic and toxicological laboratories, and the development of the EUDA-JRC GC-MS library containing reference spectra for newly identified substances. Technical meetings and collaborative efforts have identified key priorities such as inter-laboratory harmonisation, increased data sharing, and targeted research into metabolism and toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"381 ","pages":"112823"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146118428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fulvic acid is a common humic contaminant found in soil-matrix forensic samples and is a highly effective PCR inhibitor. This work uses computational analysis to investigate its molecular interaction with Taq DNA polymerase and evaluate nanoparticle-based facilitation strategies. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations proposed selective binding of fulvic acid with catalytic residues (ARG587, ASP610, PHE667, TYR671, ASP785, GLU786), affecting DNA binding, active-site geometry, and Mg²⁺ coordination. Tryptophan quenching assays confirmed a low-affinity (∼251.6 ± 2.2 µM), reversible interaction. Functionally, fulvic acid reduced the peak height by > 80 % within the DNA profile and affected critical loci-D18S51, Penta D, D22S1045, FGA, CSF1PO, and D21S11. Nano-based facilitators-bare and BSA-coated AuNPs-were compared with the commonly employed BSA; the latter showed a statistically significant (p < 0.0001) 25 % TPH improvement compared to the inhibited level but did not affect allelic balance. These findings establish the inhibitory mode for fulvic acid and confirm the effectiveness of BSA-coated AuNPs as a scalable solution to restore PCR efficiency to environmentally compromised forensic DNA samples over highly concentrated application of BSA as a facilitator.
{"title":"Elucidating the mechanism of fulvic acid-mediated PCR inhibition and its mitigation through nanoparticle-assisted amplification","authors":"Kamayani Vajpayee , Shriyansh Srivastava , Shivkant Sharma , Swadha Gupta , Ashutosh Srivastava , Vidhi Paida , Hirak Ranjan Dash , Anju Pappachan , Ritesh K. Shukla , Souvik Sengupta","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fulvic acid is a common humic contaminant found in soil-matrix forensic samples and is a highly effective PCR inhibitor. This work uses computational analysis to investigate its molecular interaction with Taq DNA polymerase and evaluate nanoparticle-based facilitation strategies. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations proposed selective binding of fulvic acid with catalytic residues (ARG587, ASP610, PHE667, TYR671, ASP785, GLU786), affecting DNA binding, active-site geometry, and Mg²⁺ coordination. Tryptophan quenching assays confirmed a low-affinity (∼251.6 ± 2.2 µM), reversible interaction. Functionally, fulvic acid reduced the peak height by > 80 % within the DNA profile and affected critical loci-D18S51, Penta D, D22S1045, FGA, CSF1PO, and D21S11. Nano-based facilitators-bare and BSA-coated AuNPs-were compared with the commonly employed BSA; the latter showed a statistically significant (p < 0.0001) 25 % TPH improvement compared to the inhibited level but did not affect allelic balance. These findings establish the inhibitory mode for fulvic acid and confirm the effectiveness of BSA-coated AuNPs as a scalable solution to restore PCR efficiency to environmentally compromised forensic DNA samples over highly concentrated application of BSA as a facilitator.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 112825"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Forensic laboratories aim to shorten the time needed to produce a DNA profile without compromising its quality. During the past decade, Rapid DNA technologies emerged, introducing fast generation of DNA profiles. Despite remarkable progress in rapidly processing high-DNA-content specimens within 90 min, current methods still face challenges. These limitations affect the efficiency of DNA extraction and the quality of the resulting profiles, depending on the item types processed. We present an optimized pre-extraction protocol that introduces a 12-minute preparatory phase of thermal agitation to enhance low-template DNA recovery, using the latest RapidHit™ cartridges IntelPlus (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Incorporating thermal agitation significantly improved profile quality in diverse forensic items. Pre-extracted profiles had more alleles called, higher allele peak heights and a finer balance of peak height ratios (PHR). Additionally, the pre-extracted samples were less degraded, and DNA yield was higher according to internal quantity control markers.
{"title":"Enhancement of DNA recovery in rapid DNA technology: A novel pre-extraction protocol","authors":"Shira Dishon , Ayala Gold , Liron Sapir, Enia Palit, Merav Amiel","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forensic laboratories aim to shorten the time needed to produce a DNA profile without compromising its quality. During the past decade, Rapid DNA technologies emerged, introducing fast generation of DNA profiles. Despite remarkable progress in rapidly processing high-DNA-content specimens within 90 min, current methods still face challenges. These limitations affect the efficiency of DNA extraction and the quality of the resulting profiles, depending on the item types processed. We present an optimized pre-extraction protocol that introduces a 12-minute preparatory phase of thermal agitation to enhance low-template DNA recovery, using the latest RapidHit™ cartridges IntelPlus (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Incorporating thermal agitation significantly improved profile quality in diverse forensic items. Pre-extracted profiles had more alleles called, higher allele peak heights and a finer balance of peak height ratios (PHR). Additionally, the pre-extracted samples were less degraded, and DNA yield was higher according to internal quantity control markers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 112826"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112824
Danica M. Ommen , Nathaniel Garton
Score-based likelihood ratios (SLRs) are the most practical alternative to feature-based likelihood ratios for the evaluation of complex forensic evidence. The construction of effective general score functions, however, has received little attention. Many scores are measures of dissimilarity between two pieces of evidence. However, it is not always obvious which two pieces of evidence should be compared. This leads to applications of SLRs that suffer from incoherence, e.g. when you change the order in which the propositions are considered and the resulting SLR value is different from what is expected. We argue that this problem with SLRs should not be characterized as incoherence, but rather the comparison of two SLRs based on different score functions. Another common criticism of SLR approaches is that they do not account for the rarity of the features in a relevant background population. Towards this end, we build scores by aggregating many dissimilarity metrics and discuss potential relationships to rarity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the resulting SLRs are both coherent and superior to standard scores via simulations.
{"title":"Constructing coherent score-based likelihood ratios that account for rarity","authors":"Danica M. Ommen , Nathaniel Garton","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112824","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112824","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Score-based likelihood ratios (SLRs) are the most practical alternative to feature-based likelihood ratios for the evaluation of complex forensic evidence. The construction of effective general score functions, however, has received little attention. Many scores are measures of dissimilarity between two pieces of evidence. However, it is not always obvious which two pieces of evidence should be compared. This leads to applications of SLRs that suffer from incoherence, e.g. when you change the order in which the propositions are considered and the resulting SLR value is different from what is expected. We argue that this problem with SLRs should not be characterized as incoherence, but rather the comparison of two SLRs based on different score functions. Another common criticism of SLR approaches is that they do not account for the rarity of the features in a relevant background population. Towards this end, we build scores by aggregating many dissimilarity metrics and discuss potential relationships to rarity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the resulting SLRs are both coherent and superior to standard scores via simulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 112824"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex estimation from human skeletal remains is a cornerstone of forensic anthropological analysis. Long bones, despite exhibiting less pronounced dimorphism than pelvis, serve as invaluable substitutes. However, traditional statistical approaches for sex estimation from long bone measurements often lack the precision and case-specific reliability demanded by stringent legal standards. This study addresses these critical limitations by rigorously exploring the potential of machine learning (ML) to significantly enhance sex estimation from long bones.
Methods
We analyzed 16 osteometric measurements from the humerus, radius, femur, and tibia of 2969 individuals (1207 females, 1762 males) across eight skeletal collections. Eleven ML algorithms were trained and cross-validated, then validated on an independent South African sample. To address the common issue of incomplete remains, we developed an “accuracy x-factors” approach. This method simulates missing data scenarios and selects tailored training subsets, yielding individualized reliability assessments adapted to specific measurement availability.
Results
Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) consistently achieved the highest performance, with accuracies up to 93 %. The “accuracy x-factors” approach proved effective in providing per-individual confidence measures, highlighting that prediction reliability varies with data completeness. Adjusting thresholds to higher confidence levels (e.g., >0.7) substantially reduced error rates, allowing a conservative yet legally robust classification of a smaller but more reliable subset of cases.
Conclusion
ML offers a powerful framework for sex estimation from long bones. The proposed “accuracy x-factors” approach introduces a significant methodological advance by delivering transparent, case-specific confidence levels. This strengthens both the forensic applicability and the legal admissibility of long bone-based sex estimation.
{"title":"Case-specific accuracy in sex estimation from long bones in forensic anthropology: An “accuracy x-factors” approach","authors":"Siam Knecht , Gabriele Krüger , Leandi Liebenberg , Yann Ardagna , Marie Perrin , Mustapha Ouladsine , Christophe Roman , Pascal Adalian","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sex estimation from human skeletal remains is a cornerstone of forensic anthropological analysis. Long bones, despite exhibiting less pronounced dimorphism than pelvis, serve as invaluable substitutes. However, traditional statistical approaches for sex estimation from long bone measurements often lack the precision and case-specific reliability demanded by stringent legal standards. This study addresses these critical limitations by rigorously exploring the potential of machine learning (ML) to significantly enhance sex estimation from long bones.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed 16 osteometric measurements from the humerus, radius, femur, and tibia of 2969 individuals (1207 females, 1762 males) across eight skeletal collections. Eleven ML algorithms were trained and cross-validated, then validated on an independent South African sample. To address the common issue of incomplete remains, we developed an “accuracy x-factors” approach. This method simulates missing data scenarios and selects tailored training subsets, yielding individualized reliability assessments adapted to specific measurement availability.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) consistently achieved the highest performance, with accuracies up to 93 %. The “accuracy x-factors” approach proved effective in providing per-individual confidence measures, highlighting that prediction reliability varies with data completeness. Adjusting thresholds to higher confidence levels (e.g., >0.7) substantially reduced error rates, allowing a conservative yet legally robust classification of a smaller but more reliable subset of cases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>ML offers a powerful framework for sex estimation from long bones. The proposed “accuracy x-factors” approach introduces a significant methodological advance by delivering transparent, case-specific confidence levels. This strengthens both the forensic applicability and the legal admissibility of long bone-based sex estimation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 112820"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112821
Kaja Tusiewicz , Paweł Szpot , Marcin Zawadzki
New psychoactive substances (NPS) pose a significant and ongoing threat to public health. Among the most prevalent on the current drug market are designer benzodiazepines, while new groups, such as methaqualone analogs, continue to emerge to bypass legal restrictions. In this study, 26 NPS compounds from these two groups were analyzed to assess their stability in different storage conditions. Samples were secured either as whole blood (stored at 4 °C and −20 °C) or as dried blood spots (DBS, stored at room temperature and 4 °C). Analyses were performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The stability study lasted 365 days, monitoring both the degradation rate of analytes and the possible formation of degradation products. In addition, the influence of chemical structure on analyte stability was evaluated. Results demonstrated that the stability of analytes depended on both storage method and temperature. Several compounds showed superior long-term stability in DBS samples. For example, 3-hydroxyphenazepam was undetectable in whole blood by day four, while still present in DBS. In many cases, short-term stability was also better in DBS than in blood. Furthermore, specific degradation products were identified, such as diazepam from ketazolam and 7-aminoclonazolam from clonazolam. Overall, the findings highlight that the stability of methaqualone analogs and designer benzodiazepines is strongly related to chemical structure. DBS cards frequently provide equal or improved stability compared to whole blood, particularly in short-term analyses. Consequently, securing biological material in both forms is recommended to maximize analytical options in forensic and toxicological investigations.
{"title":"Comparative stability assessment of designer benzodiazepines and methaqualones in dry blood spots and blood using UHPLC-MS/MS: Implications for forensic applications","authors":"Kaja Tusiewicz , Paweł Szpot , Marcin Zawadzki","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>New psychoactive substances (NPS) pose a significant and ongoing threat to public health. Among the most prevalent on the current drug market are designer benzodiazepines, while new groups, such as methaqualone analogs, continue to emerge to bypass legal restrictions. In this study, 26 NPS compounds from these two groups were analyzed to assess their stability in different storage conditions. Samples were secured either as whole blood (stored at 4 °C and −20 °C) or as dried blood spots (DBS, stored at room temperature and 4 °C). Analyses were performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The stability study lasted 365 days, monitoring both the degradation rate of analytes and the possible formation of degradation products. In addition, the influence of chemical structure on analyte stability was evaluated. Results demonstrated that the stability of analytes depended on both storage method and temperature. Several compounds showed superior long-term stability in DBS samples. For example, 3-hydroxyphenazepam was undetectable in whole blood by day four, while still present in DBS. In many cases, short-term stability was also better in DBS than in blood. Furthermore, specific degradation products were identified, such as diazepam from ketazolam and 7-aminoclonazolam from clonazolam. Overall, the findings highlight that the stability of methaqualone analogs and designer benzodiazepines is strongly related to chemical structure. DBS cards frequently provide equal or improved stability compared to whole blood, particularly in short-term analyses. Consequently, securing biological material in both forms is recommended to maximize analytical options in forensic and toxicological investigations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 112821"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112819
Ángel Rubio Salvador , Lydia P. Sánchez-Barba Muñoz , Fernando Navarro Merino , Jesús M. Úbeda-Portugués , Aristeidis Strimenopoulos , Paula Yanke , Elena Vera-Cruz , Marina Lozano
The analysis of bone injuries resulting from high-velocity firearm projectile trauma is a complex process, due to the influence of numerous variables on the resultant injury patterns. This complexity is particularly evident in specific skeletal regions, such as the oral cavity and teeth, which have received minimal attention in forensic research. In this study, four fractured teeth from an individual interred in a mass grave dating to the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) in Seville, Spain, were analysed to assess gunshot-related trauma.The teeth were examined using digital 3D microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This analysis enabled the identification of features in the dental tissue indicative of perimortem trauma, including characteristics related to the fracture response of living or hydrated dental tissue. Additionally, variations in damage —such as edges, surfaces, and fracture lines— were observed, depending on the proximity of the teeth to the projectile’s impact point in the oral cavity. Notably, surface damage presenting as pits was identified, with morphologies and patterns potentially linked to the forces generated by the projectile. These findings suggest that such microscopic features may serve as indicators of ballistic trauma, even in the absence of prior microscopic analyses of dental tissues.
{"title":"Microscopic characterisation of dental fractures caused by firearm projectiles","authors":"Ángel Rubio Salvador , Lydia P. Sánchez-Barba Muñoz , Fernando Navarro Merino , Jesús M. Úbeda-Portugués , Aristeidis Strimenopoulos , Paula Yanke , Elena Vera-Cruz , Marina Lozano","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The analysis of bone injuries resulting from high-velocity firearm projectile trauma is a complex process, due to the influence of numerous variables on the resultant injury patterns. This complexity is particularly evident in specific skeletal regions, such as the oral cavity and teeth, which have received minimal attention in forensic research. In this study, four fractured teeth from an individual interred in a mass grave dating to the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) in Seville, Spain, were analysed to assess gunshot-related trauma.The teeth were examined using digital 3D microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This analysis enabled the identification of features in the dental tissue indicative of perimortem trauma, including characteristics related to the fracture response of living or hydrated dental tissue. Additionally, variations in damage —such as edges, surfaces, and fracture lines— were observed, depending on the proximity of the teeth to the projectile’s impact point in the oral cavity. Notably, surface damage presenting as pits was identified, with morphologies and patterns potentially linked to the forces generated by the projectile. These findings suggest that such microscopic features may serve as indicators of ballistic trauma, even in the absence of prior microscopic analyses of dental tissues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 112819"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The altered document identification proficiency test of the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS), initiated by the China Academy of Forensic Science in 2022, provided a specially prepared questioned document sample. This challenging case sample rendered conventional morphological examination methods virtually ineffective. As a result, only a low percentage of judicial appraisal institutions received the “satisfactory” rating. This work examined the characteristics of the inkjet printers used in the proficiency test from two independent perspectives, by combining volatile solvent composition analysis of printing inks using GC–MS creatively with conventional morphological examination. This work not only efficiently determined whether there was appended content via a secondary printing pass in the case sample, but also further identified the brands of the inkjet printers used to prepare the sample of the proficiency test. Finally, precautions for identifying the brands of inkjet printers were summarized. We hope this work will underscore the importance of incorporating physical and chemical analytical methods in questioned document examination and draw forensic examiners’ attention to its necessity.
{"title":"Identification of the brands of the inkjet printers used in the altered document identification proficiency test: Combination of chemical analysis with conventional morphological examination","authors":"Xu Hu , Xiao-guang Jia , Ling-yun Zhang , Xiao-xia Zhang , Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The altered document identification proficiency test of the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS), initiated by the China Academy of Forensic Science in 2022, provided a specially prepared questioned document sample. This challenging case sample rendered conventional morphological examination methods virtually ineffective. As a result, only a low percentage of judicial appraisal institutions received the “satisfactory” rating. This work examined the characteristics of the inkjet printers used in the proficiency test from two independent perspectives, by combining volatile solvent composition analysis of printing inks using GC–MS creatively with conventional morphological examination. This work not only efficiently determined whether there was appended content via a secondary printing pass in the case sample, but also further identified the brands of the inkjet printers used to prepare the sample of the proficiency test. Finally, precautions for identifying the brands of inkjet printers were summarized. We hope this work will underscore the importance of incorporating physical and chemical analytical methods in questioned document examination and draw forensic examiners’ attention to its necessity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 112818"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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