Forensic science international最新文献_第3页

Bloodstain classification methods: What methods do analysts use, why, and how accurate are they? 血迹分类方法：分析人员使用什么方法，为什么使用，准确度如何？

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112797

Emma Hook , Sarah Fieldhouse , David Flatman-Fairs , Graham Williams

Many bloodstain pattern classification methods exist in the literature that analysts could use in casework. Currently, no research demonstrates which classification methods bloodstain pattern analysts use or why they use those specific methods; therefore, this study aims to address this gap and support the development of a standardised classification approach. This research surveyed 79 participants working in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA) to determine which classification methods are used and why. The most used classification methods were the ‘Passive, Spatter, and Altered,’ ‘other methods’ (such as OSAC BPA terminology and Passive, Spatter, Transfer), and ‘Taxonomic methodology,’ and that job role and court system influenced the method chosen. Participants also used their classification methods to classify ten bloodstain patterns. The average percentage of correct classifications was 85 %, consistent with previous research. The percentage of correct classifications was then compared to the classification methods used. No single classification method was shown to be more accurate than any other method for this specific sample. However, as assessing the accuracy and effectiveness of the classification methods was not the main aim of this study, further work is needed to conduct a thorough assessment that will aid in developing a standardised procedure.

文献中存在许多血迹模式分类方法，分析人员可以在案件工作中使用。目前，没有研究表明血迹分析人员使用哪种分类方法或为什么使用这些特定方法；因此，本研究旨在解决这一差距，并支持标准化分类方法的发展。这项研究调查了79名从事血迹模式分析（BPA）工作的参与者，以确定使用哪种分类方法以及原因。最常用的分类方法是“被动、飞溅和改变”、“其他方法”（如OSAC BPA术语和被动、飞溅、转移）和“分类学方法”，工作角色和法院系统影响了所选择的方法。参与者还使用他们的分类方法对十种血迹模式进行分类。正确分类的平均百分比为85 %，与先前的研究一致。然后将正确分类的百分比与使用的分类方法进行比较。对于这一特定样本，没有任何一种分类方法比任何其他方法更准确。然而，由于评估分类方法的准确性和有效性并不是本研究的主要目的，因此需要进一步开展工作来进行彻底的评估，这将有助于制定标准化程序。

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引用次数: 0

Nitazene-related deaths in Norway 2021–2024 2021-2024年挪威nitazene相关死亡人数

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112794

Merete Vevelstad , Hege-Merete Krabseth , An-Magritt Haneborg , Per Ole M. Gundersen , Joachim Frost , Åse Marit Leere Øiestad

Nitazenes are potent synthetic opioids that were never marketed as analgesics, due to the high overdose risk with rapid respiratory arrest and death. This study aims to present the nitazene concentrations and toxicological findings in all nitazene-related deaths registered in Norway during 2021–2024. De-identified data from the LIMS database (Oslo University Hospital) and the Beaker database (St. Olavs Hospital) were extracted for all forensic autopsy cases in Norway with nitazenes detected in blood from January 2021 to October 2024, including nitazene and drug concentrations in peripheral blood and urine, age, gender, location of autopsy, date of death, and sampling date. Analysis of nitazenes was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. Altogether, 36 nitazene-related deaths were registered in Norway; one death in 2021 (etonitazepyne (N-pyrrolidino etonitazene)), one death in 2022 (protonitazene), 13 deaths in 2023 (metonitazene n = 11, metonitazepyne (N-pyrrolidino metonitazene) n = 1, N-desethyl isotonitazene n = 1), and 21 deaths in 2024 (metonitazene n = 18, protonitazepyne (N-pyrrolidino protonitazene) n = 3). The nitazene-related deaths occurred in all regions of Norway, the majority were males (94.4 %), and median age was 29 years (range 19–56 years). Over 90 % of the cases also had one or more of other psychoactive drugs detected in blood, and 50 % had one or more designer benzodiazepines detected. The median (range) concentrations in post-mortem peripheral blood were 7.3 ng/ml (0.8–114.7 ng/ml) for metonitazene (n = 28) and 3.4 ng/ml (2.0–3.7 ng/ml) for protonitazepyne (n = 3). In summary, since June 2023 the prevalence of nitazene-related deaths escalated in Norway, and the majority were males in their twenties or younger. Our findings indicate that inexperienced drug users need better information about the extreme risk of accidental overdose when using such potent opioids.

nitazene是一种强效的合成阿片类药物，从未作为镇痛药上市销售，因为过量使用会导致呼吸骤停和死亡的风险很高。本研究旨在介绍2021-2024年期间挪威登记的所有nitazene相关死亡的nitazene浓度和毒理学结果。从LIMS数据库（奥斯陆大学医院）和Beaker数据库（St. Olavs医院）提取了2021年1月至2024年10月期间挪威所有在血液中检测到nitazene的法医尸检病例的去识别数据，包括外周血和尿液中的nitazene和药物浓度、年龄、性别、尸检地点、死亡日期和采样日期。采用液相色谱-质谱联用法对硝基苯进行分析。在挪威总共登记了36例与硝基苯有关的死亡；一个2021年去世(etonitazepyne (N-pyrrolidino etonitazene)),一个2022年去世(protonitazene), 13人死亡在2023年(metonitazene n = 11日metonitazepyne (N-pyrrolidino metonitazene) n = 1,N-desethyl isotonitazene n = 1),2024年和21例死亡(metonitazene n = 18日protonitazepyne (N-pyrrolidino protonitazene) n = 3)。与nitazene相关的死亡发生在挪威所有地区，大多数为男性（94.4 %），中位年龄为29岁（范围19-56岁）。超过90% %的病例还在血液中检测到一种或多种其他精神活性药物，50% %的病例检测到一种或多种苯二氮卓类药物。死后外周血中metonitazene （n = 28）和protonitazepne （n = 3）的中位浓度（范围）分别为7.3 ng/ml（0.8 ~ 114.7 ng/ml）和3.4 ng/ml（2.0 ~ 3.7 ng/ml）。总而言之，自2023年6月以来，挪威与nitazene有关的死亡流行率上升，大多数是20多岁或更年轻的男性。我们的研究结果表明，没有经验的吸毒者在使用这种强效阿片类药物时需要更好地了解意外过量服用的极端风险。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative performance evaluation of DRI and KIMS immunoassays for forensic drug screening in urine DRI和KIMS免疫测定法在尿液中法医药物筛选中的比较性能评价

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112800

Jihyun Kim, Seojin Kang, Nahyun Lee, Siyeon Kim

Rapid and reliable detection of illicit drugs such as methamphetamine and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is critical in forensic toxicology. Immunoassay-based screening methods offer time-efficient alternatives to instrumental techniques, especially for high-throughput forensic applications. This study aims to comparatively evaluate the analytical performance of two widely used DRI and KIMS immunoassay platforms in detecting these drugs in human urine samples, with a focus on forensic applicability. A total of 866 urine samples were analyzed using both DRI and KIMS-based immunoassays. Key performance metrics such as sensitivity, specificity, cross-reactivity, and cut-off concordance were assessed. All results were compared to mass spectrometry-confirmed reference data. Both platforms demonstrated acceptable performance for preliminary drug screening. However, variations were observed in detection sensitivity for THC and in false-positive rates for methamphetamine. In conclusion, both systems are suitable for high-throughput forensic drug screening. And the findings provide practical guidance for forensic laboratories selecting immunoassay platforms for drugs of abuse screening.

快速和可靠地检测甲基苯丙胺和Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol（四氢大麻酚）等非法药物对法医毒理学至关重要。基于免疫测定的筛选方法为仪器技术提供了时间效率高的替代方法，特别是对于高通量法医应用。本研究旨在比较评价两种广泛使用的DRI和KIMS免疫分析平台在检测人类尿液样本中这些药物的分析性能，重点是法医适用性。使用DRI和基于kim的免疫测定法分析了总共866份尿液样本。评估关键性能指标，如敏感性、特异性、交叉反应性和切断一致性。将所有结果与质谱确认的参考数据进行比较。两种平台在初步药物筛选中均表现出可接受的性能。然而，四氢大麻酚的检测灵敏度和甲基苯丙胺的假阳性率存在差异。综上所述，这两种系统都适用于高通量法医药物筛选。研究结果可为法医实验室选择免疫分析平台进行药物滥用筛查提供实践指导。

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引用次数: 0

A matter of age: Investigation of the ability to classify epithelial cells of different anatomical origin in aged samples using imaging flow cytometry 年龄问题：使用成像流式细胞术对老年样本中不同解剖来源的上皮细胞进行分类的能力的研究

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112799

Duncan Taylor , Abigail Skeffington , Ishana Somers , Roland A.H. van Oorschot , Giles Best , Mariya Goray

The evolution of forensic biological analysis from identity-focused inquiries to activity-level investigations has necessitated a more nuanced evaluation of biological material sources. In this context, imaging flow cytometry (IFC) has emerged as a promising novel technique for differentiating various epithelial cell types, offering potential advancements in the interpretation of forensic evidence. This project investigates if storage conditions of three and six months had a significant effect on the morphology of four different types of epithelial cells (penile, vaginal, buccal and epidermal) collected from 30 participants (15 males and 15 females) of three different age groups: 18–39, 40–59, and 60 + years. The data collected included 234 morphological measurements collected from over 635 thousand cells that were compared to the fresh samples collected from the same individuals. Our findings show that samples stored for three months, in conditions similar to those expected in forensic casework circumstances, generated similar cell counts (indicating minimal cell loss due to storage and aging) and classification accuracy to samples that were collected and processed immediately. However, the capacity of IFC in sample age identification remains unclear due to the confounding effects of instrument run and sample preparation differences.

法医生物学分析从以身份为中心的调查发展到活动层面的调查，因此有必要对生物材料来源进行更细致入微的评估。在这种背景下，成像流式细胞术（IFC）已成为一种有前途的新技术，用于区分各种上皮细胞类型，为法医证据的解释提供了潜在的进步。该项目研究了3个月和6个月的储存条件是否对4种不同类型上皮细胞（阴茎、阴道、口腔和表皮）的形态有显著影响，这些细胞来自30名参与者（15名男性和15名女性），他们来自3个不同的年龄组：18-39岁、40-59岁和60岁 + 岁。收集的数据包括从63.5万个细胞中收集的234个形态学测量数据，这些数据与从同一个体收集的新鲜样本进行了比较。我们的研究结果表明，在类似于法医案件工作环境的条件下，储存三个月的样本产生了与立即收集和处理的样本相似的细胞计数（表明由于储存和老化导致的细胞损失最小）和分类准确性。然而，由于仪器运行和样品制备差异的混杂影响，IFC在样品年龄鉴定方面的能力仍不清楚。

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引用次数: 0

Development and characterization of a blunt force trauma model in reconstructed human skin 重建人体皮肤钝力创伤模型的建立与表征

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2025-12-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112796

Thijs van der Mark , Ricardo W.J. Balk , Ingeborg S.E. Waas , Maartje Goudswaard , Manon Ceelen , Udo J.L. Reijnders , Vina N. Slev , Paul A.J. Krijnen , Hans W.M. Niessen , H. Ibrahim Korkmaz

Establishing the timing of violent incidents is often a crucial aspect of criminal proceedings. Forensic injury dating methods can provide important information, but remain limited up to date, especially in non-fatal injury. Previous research has shown potential for pathological analyses of superficial skin biopsies, however, there is a need for more specific biomarkers. An in vitro blunt force trauma model in reconstructed superficial skin may offer a platform to identify novel markers for forensic injury dating. This we have studied in a three-dimensional reconstructed human skin (RhS) model in vitro, in which human keratinocytes were cultured on fibroblast populated collagen-based hydrogels. Blunt force trauma was induced by the impact of a dropped metal object of 18.5, 68.2, and 100 g from a height of 5 and 10 cm onto the RhS model. Morphological changes resulting from the trauma were assessed through (immune)histochemical analysis 24 h post trauma induction. Blunt force application resulted in fragmentation of the dermal matrix. Additionally, a reduction in the cross-sectional area of spinous keratinocytes and an increase in epidermal stratification were found in β-catenin stained tissue. No differences in epidermal or stratum corneum thickness were found. This study demonstrates that the RhS model show key structural changes following blunt force trauma induction. As such it offers an promising in vitro platform to identify novel epidermal blunt force trauma markers.

确定暴力事件发生的时间往往是刑事诉讼的一个关键方面。法医损伤测年方法可以提供重要的信息，但仍然是有限的，特别是在非致命伤害。先前的研究已经显示了浅表皮肤活检病理分析的潜力，然而，需要更具体的生物标志物。体外重建浅表皮肤钝力创伤模型可为鉴定新的法医损伤年代标记提供平台。我们在体外三维重建人体皮肤（RhS）模型中对此进行了研究，其中人类角质形成细胞在成纤维细胞填充的胶原基水凝胶上培养。钝器外伤是由18.5、68.2和100 g的金属物体从5和10 cm的高度落在RhS模型上造成的。创伤诱导后24 h通过（免疫）组织化学分析评估损伤引起的形态学变化。钝器造成真皮基质碎裂。此外，在β-连环蛋白染色的组织中，发现棘状角化细胞的横截面积减少，表皮分层增加。表皮和角质层厚度未见差异。本研究表明，RhS模型显示钝力创伤诱导后的关键结构变化。因此，它提供了一个有前途的体外平台来识别新的表皮钝器创伤标志物。

{"title":"Development and characterization of a blunt force trauma model in reconstructed human skin","authors":"Thijs van der Mark , Ricardo W.J. Balk , Ingeborg S.E. Waas , Maartje Goudswaard , Manon Ceelen , Udo J.L. Reijnders , Vina N. Slev , Paul A.J. Krijnen , Hans W.M. Niessen , H. Ibrahim Korkmaz","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Establishing the timing of violent incidents is often a crucial aspect of criminal proceedings. Forensic injury dating methods can provide important information, but remain limited up to date, especially in non-fatal injury. Previous research has shown potential for pathological analyses of superficial skin biopsies, however, there is a need for more specific biomarkers. An <em>in vitro</em> blunt force trauma model in reconstructed superficial skin may offer a platform to identify novel markers for forensic injury dating. This we have studied in a three-dimensional reconstructed human skin (RhS) model <em>in vitro,</em> in which human keratinocytes were cultured on fibroblast populated collagen-based hydrogels. Blunt force trauma was induced by the impact of a dropped metal object of 18.5, 68.2, and 100 g from a height of 5 and 10 cm onto the RhS model. Morphological changes resulting from the trauma were assessed through (immune)histochemical analysis 24 h post trauma induction. Blunt force application resulted in fragmentation of the dermal matrix. Additionally, a reduction in the cross-sectional area of spinous keratinocytes and an increase in epidermal stratification were found in β-catenin stained tissue. No differences in epidermal or stratum corneum thickness were found. This study demonstrates that the RhS model show key structural changes following blunt force trauma induction. As such it offers an promising <em>in vitro</em> platform to identify novel epidermal blunt force trauma markers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 112796"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A proof-of-concept study of the use of commercially available cashew gum powder as latent fingermark developer 商业上可用的腰果胶粉作为潜在手印显影剂的概念验证研究

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2025-12-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112791

Daniel da Silva Carvalho , Marcos Martinho Viana de Alecrim , Diego Sousa-Moura , Andre Lima Logrado , Daniela Mara de Oliveira , Sônia Nair Báo , Sebastião William da Silva

Latent fingermarks developed at crime scenes are essential pieces of evidence in investigations. However, many of the techniques used in this process are hazardous to the health of examiners. Therefore, it is desirable to search for less toxic, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective approaches. A promising alternative in this regard is the use of cashew gum powder as a latent fingermark developer. This material was compared in detail with the white development powder routinely employed by the Brazilian Federal Police. For this purpose, natural, eccrine, and sebaceous fingermarks in depletion series, regular and split fingermarks from different donors, on different surfaces, were evaluated according to the CAST and UC scales. The evaluation process was performed by volunteers (both experts and laypersons) and the results were statistically analyzed. Furthermore, to understand the structural and physicochemical properties of cashew gum powder, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis absorption and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used. With a regular size distribution, flake shape, hydrophilicity, and presence of different functional groups responsible for adhesion to the residues present in latent fingermarks, cashew gum powder proved to be superior to the regular white powder for the conditions tested. This finding could mean the discovery of an affordable, non-toxic, and effective new material for latent fingermark development.

在犯罪现场形成的潜在手印是调查中必不可少的证据。然而，在这个过程中使用的许多技术对审查员的健康是有害的。因此，寻找毒性更小、对环境友好、成本效益更高的方法是很有必要的。在这方面，一个有希望的替代方案是使用腰果胶粉作为潜在的手印显影剂。这种材料与巴西联邦警察经常使用的白色显像粉进行了详细的比较。为此，根据CAST和UC量表，对不同供者在不同表面上的枯竭系列的天然、内分泌和皮脂腺手印、常规手印和分裂手印进行了评估。评估过程由志愿者（专家和非专业人员）完成，并对结果进行统计分析。利用扫描电镜（SEM）、x射线衍射（XRD）、紫外可见吸收光谱（UV-Vis）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对腰果胶粉的结构和理化性质进行了研究。腰果胶粉具有规则的粒径分布、片状、亲水性，并且存在不同的官能团，负责粘附潜在手印中的残留物，在测试条件下，腰果胶粉被证明优于普通白色粉末。这一发现可能意味着发现了一种廉价、无毒、有效的新材料，用于潜在的手印开发。

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引用次数: 0

Profiling medicines containing anabolic steroids by electronic circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopies 用电子圆二色和红外光谱分析含有合成代谢类固醇的药物

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112793

F. Králík , M. Hušáková , M. Kuchař , V. Setnička

Anabolic androgenic steroids play a key role in many important biological processes in human body. One of them is the control and enhancement of muscle growth, and, for this reason, they are closely connected with doping in professional sport. Various steroid-containing preparations have also become popular among amateur sportsmen and bodybuilders as their availability is highly facilitated by an easy access to the Internet, where they can be bought easily and anonymously. Preparations from such unofficial sources, however, can have uncertain composition, and their excessive usage may be harmful to health. It is thus important to seek reliable and fast analytical approaches for the identification and profiling of steroid-containing samples from various suspicious sources to be able to efficiently fight the illegal spread of potentially life-threatening preparations. In the presented work, a combination of two IR spectroscopy techniques and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) was used to analyse several medicines from various unofficial Internet sources and police seizures that allegedly contained anabolic steroids. It turned out that this relatively cheap, user-friendly and fast framework enabled an interesting and reliable tool for the preliminary classification of suspicious pharmaceutical samples in forms of tablets and oil solutions. While IR spectroscopy is often used in forensic practice, application of ECD presents a new interesting approach that advantageously complements the information about the analysed samples, for instance the absolute configuration of the active substances.

合成代谢雄激素类固醇在人体许多重要的生物过程中起着关键作用。其中之一是控制和促进肌肉生长，因此，它们与职业体育中的兴奋剂密切相关。各种含有类固醇的制剂也在业余运动员和健美运动员中很受欢迎，因为互联网很容易访问，它们可以很容易地匿名购买。然而，这些非官方来源的制剂成分可能不确定，过量使用可能对健康有害。因此，重要的是寻求可靠和快速的分析方法，以鉴定和分析来自各种可疑来源的含有类固醇的样品，以便能够有效地打击可能危及生命的制剂的非法传播。在介绍的工作中，使用两种红外光谱技术和电子圆二色性（ECD）的组合来分析来自各种非官方互联网来源和警方缉获的据称含有合成代谢类固醇的几种药物。事实证明，这种相对便宜、用户友好和快速的框架为片剂和油溶液形式的可疑药物样品的初步分类提供了一个有趣和可靠的工具。虽然红外光谱在法医实践中经常使用，但ECD的应用提出了一种新的有趣的方法，有利于补充分析样品的信息，例如活性物质的绝对构型。

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引用次数: 0

Purity and adulterants in street heroin in Denmark from 2006 to 2024 2006年至2024年丹麦街头海洛因的纯度和掺假情况

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112795

Morten Hesse , Charlotte Uggerhøj Andersen , Lotte Ask Reitzel , Tina Stokholm Eriksen , Christian Lindholst

An opioid epidemic has hit many countries across the world in recent years. High-potency opioids, sometimes mixed with heroin or other traditional opioids, have contributed substantially to this epidemic. In Europe, the amount of heroin seized has declined since 2011, and the population of treatment seekers is aging. This study aimed to elucidate the number of heroin seizures pr. year according to statistics reported by the Danish police. Furthermore, we used samples from the “Drugs at street-level in Denmark” (DSLD) project to assess trends in purity and adulterants, including high potency opioids such as fentanyls and nitazenes, or other new psychoactive substances (NPS) in heroin seized at the street level in Denmark. The total number of heroin seizures pr. year declined from 1499 in 2006–207 in 2024. The DSLD project included 676 samples, of which 415 were heroin base, 256 were heroin chloride, and five were unclassified. The median (interquartile range) seizure was 0.29 (0.15 – 0.56) grams, and the median purity was 22 (14 – 35) %. The median purity of heroin base and heroin chloride was 18 (12−25) % and 35 (24.5–46.5) %, respectively, and varied between regions. The purity of heroin chloride decreased over the years, while the purity of heroin base increased slightly. The most common adulterants were caffeine (87.8 %), and acetaminophen (71.4 %), often co-occurring (70.6 %). No fentanyls, nitazenes, or other NPS, were detected. These findings suggest that heroin is gradually becoming less prominent within the Danish illicit drug market.

近年来，阿片类药物流行病袭击了世界上许多国家。强效类阿片有时与海洛因或其他传统类阿片混合，大大加剧了这一流行病。在欧洲，自2011年以来缉获的海洛因数量有所下降，寻求治疗的人口正在老龄化。这项研究的目的是根据丹麦警方报告的统计数字阐明每年缉获的海洛因数量。此外，我们使用了来自“丹麦街头毒品”（DSLD）项目的样本来评估纯度和掺杂物的趋势，包括在丹麦街头缉获的海洛因中的高效阿片类药物，如芬太尼和nitazene，或其他新的精神活性物质（NPS）。每年检获的海洛英总数由2006年至2024年的1499宗下降至207宗。DSLD项目包括676份样本，其中海洛因碱类样本415份，海洛因氯类样本256份，未分类样本5份。中位数（四分位数范围）缉获量为0.29（0.15 - 0.56）克，中位数纯度为22(14 - 35)%。海洛因碱和氯海洛因的中位数纯度分别为18(12 - 25)%和35(24.5-46.5)%，各地区差异较大。氯海洛因的纯度逐年下降，而海洛因碱的纯度略有上升。最常见的掺假物是咖啡因（87.8 %）和对乙酰氨基酚（71.4 %），经常同时出现（70.6 %）。未检测到芬太尼、尼nitazene或其他NPS。这些调查结果表明，海洛因在丹麦非法毒品市场上逐渐变得不那么突出。

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引用次数: 0

Age assessment using the second molar maturation index (I2M): A systematic review 第二磨牙成熟度指数（I2M）的年龄评估：系统综述

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112792

Clarice de Araújo Oliveira , Beatriz Alves Furtado , Paulo Henrique Viana Pinto , Ricardo Henrique Alves da Silva

Age estimation plays a crucial role in forensic sciences, being necessary for deceased and living individuals. In adolescents, it is often used to estimate whether an individual is above or below legal age thresholds, which vary across countries. In 2018, Cameriere et al. introduced the Second Molar Maturation Index (I_2M), a method based on measuring apical openings and tooth height of the second molar to estimate whether an individual is older or younger than 14 or 16 years. Since then, some studies have sought to validate this method, with varying outcomes. This systematic review aimed to assess the applicability of the I_2M method for estimating age thresholds of 12, 14, 15, and 16 years in forensic contexts. A systematic search was conducted in six databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, and SciELO), using keywords in Portuguese, Spanish, and English. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed. Seven eligible studies were identified, all using orthopantomographs of individuals aged 7–22 years. Validations were performed in seven countries: Brazil, Chile, China, Croatia, India, Portugal, and Turkey. All included studies showed a low risk of bias. The findings indicate that the I_2M method is applicable for estimating age thresholds of 12, 14, 15, and 16 years in forensic practice, with satisfactory results across diverse populations. However, further primary research is necessary to strengthen the evidence base and improve the method’s reliability.

年龄估计在法医学中起着至关重要的作用，对死者和活着的人都是必要的。在青少年中，它通常用于估计个人是否高于或低于法定年龄阈值，各国的法定年龄阈值各不相同。2018年，Cameriere等人引入了第二磨牙成熟指数（I2M），这是一种基于测量第二磨牙的根尖开口和牙齿高度来估计个体年龄是大于还是小于14岁或16岁的方法。从那时起，一些研究试图验证这种方法，结果各不相同。本系统综述旨在评估I2M方法在法医环境中估计12、14、15和16岁年龄阈值的适用性。系统检索了六个数据库（PubMed/MEDLINE、Embase、Scopus、Web of Science、LILACS和SciELO），检索关键词为葡萄牙语、西班牙语和英语。根据预先确定的纳入和排除标准选择研究。评估方法学质量和偏倚风险。确定了7项符合条件的研究，所有研究均使用7-22岁个体的骨正位断层摄影术。验证在七个国家进行：巴西、智利、中国、克罗地亚、印度、葡萄牙和土耳其。所有纳入的研究均显示低偏倚风险。研究结果表明，I2M方法适用于法医实践中估计12、14、15和16岁的年龄阈值，并在不同人群中取得了令人满意的结果。但是，为了加强证据基础，提高方法的可靠性，还需要进一步的初步研究。

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引用次数: 0

Prevalence of psychoactive drugs in injured drivers over 10 years in Victoria, Australia 澳大利亚维多利亚州10年来受伤司机服用精神药物的情况

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112790

Matthew Di Rago , Dimitri Gerostamoulos , Carla Morris , Gemma Wynd , Noel W. Woodford , Olaf H. Drummer AO

One thousand of the mandatory blood specimens taken from injured drivers attending a hospital over a decade were analyzed for a full range of legal and illegal drugs in an accredited forensic toxicology laboratory with confirmation by a validated LC-MS/MS procedure. Ethanol ( ≥0.05 g/100 mL), methamphetamine (≥0.01 mg/L), THC (≥1 ng/mL) were present in 13.6 %, 12.7 % and 11.5 %, respectively with only minor variations over the decade. In contrast, the prevalence of ketamine, cocaine, fentanyl and new psychoactive substances (NPS) increased substantially over this period reaching 7.0 %, 1.8 %, 2.0 % and 3.0 % in the last 5 years of the study. A substantial proportion of drivers were also positive for opioids, antidepressants, and benzodiazepines, although some of these may have been given post-crash as part of their medical treatment. Overall, about 38 % of drivers had a potentially impairing drug detected in their blood on presentation to hospital and at least one common illicit drug with or without ethanol were present in almost 23 % of drivers. The presence of more than one common illicit drug (THC, methamphetamine, MDMA, cocaine, heroin), with or without ethanol, increased from 4.3 % in the first 5 years to 5.8 % in the last five years, which may reflect a higher crash risk for those drivers.

在一个认可的法医毒理学实验室中，从十多年来在医院就诊的受伤司机身上采集的一千份强制性血液样本进行了全面的合法和非法药物分析，并通过有效的LC-MS/MS程序进行了确认。乙醇（≥0.05 g/100 mL）、甲基苯丙胺（≥0.01 mg/L）和四氢大麻酚（≥1 ng/mL）分别占13.6 %、12.7 %和11.5 %，10年间变化不大。相比之下，氯胺酮、可卡因、芬太尼和新型精神活性物质（NPS）的患病率在此期间大幅增加，在研究的最后5年达到7.0 %、1.8 %、2.0 %和3.0 %。相当一部分司机的阿片类药物、抗抑郁药和苯二氮卓类药物检测也呈阳性，尽管其中一些可能是在车祸后作为治疗的一部分服用的。总体而言，约38% %的司机在被送往医院时血液中检测到一种潜在的有害药物，至少有一种常见的非法药物（含或不含乙醇）存在于近23% %的司机身上。含有或不含乙醇的一种以上常见非法药物（四氢大麻酚、甲基苯丙胺、摇头丸、可卡因、海洛因）的存在，从前5年的4.3 %增加到最近5年的5.8 %，这可能反映了这些司机更高的撞车风险。

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