The advancements in the sectors of forensic science along with biological sciences has proved to be a cornerstone in serving justice to people across the world. Genes are the coding languages that the body uses to define the definite characteristics of a human being that differentiates that being amongst million others. Now, to distinguish and get hands on the criminals, unique techniques are developed and introduced in the market to be implemented in the real world in order to handout proper verdict by the judicial system. This paper deals with few of those molecular biology techniques that are implemented in forensics to unfold the reality of the cases. The paper discusses the basics, principles, pros, and cons along with the future aspects of the techniques with the reader and aims at clarifying the concept of analysis of the DNA. Techniques such as PCR, STR, mtDNA, NGS along with forensic DNA database CODIS are analysed in the paper which showcase the importance of the presence of a technique with a database for an optimal inference of the results.
事实证明，法医学和生物科学界的进步是为全世界人民伸张正义的基石。基因是人体用来确定人的明确特征的编码语言，它将人与其他人区分开来。现在，为了分辨和抓捕罪犯，市场上开发和引进了独特的技术，以便在现实世界中实施，由司法系统做出正确的判决。本文论述了在法医学中用于揭示案件真相的几种分子生物学技术。本文与读者讨论了这些技术的基本原理、原理、利弊和未来发展，旨在阐明 DNA 分析的概念。文中分析了 PCR、STR、mtDNA、NGS 等技术以及法医 DNA 数据库 CODIS，展示了一种技术和一个数据库对于最佳推断结果的重要性。
{"title":"Culmination of molecular genomic techniques in forensic crime investigation","authors":"Sanmitro Bhattacherjee , Susmita Mukherjee , Asmita Podder , Sonali Paul","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advancements in the sectors of forensic science along with biological sciences has proved to be a cornerstone in serving justice to people across the world. Genes are the coding languages that the body uses to define the definite characteristics of a human being that differentiates that being amongst million others. Now, to distinguish and get hands on the criminals, unique techniques are developed and introduced in the market to be implemented in the real world in order to handout proper verdict by the judicial system. This paper deals with few of those molecular biology techniques that are implemented in forensics to unfold the reality of the cases. The paper discusses the basics, principles, pros, and cons along with the future aspects of the techniques with the reader and aims at clarifying the concept of analysis of the DNA. Techniques such as PCR, STR, mtDNA, NGS along with forensic DNA database CODIS are analysed in the paper which showcase the importance of the presence of a technique with a database for an optimal inference of the results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"366 ","pages":"Article 112302"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142695366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112301
Shipeng Shao , Gengwang Hu , Liangliang Li , Yundi Gao , Ruonan Zhang , Siqi Liu , Hongfei Xu , Shuixiu Xia , Yu Wang
As a forensically important species, Thanatophilus sinuatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) is often active and widely distributed on animal and human carcasses. Although there is developmental data available for this species under small-group feeding conditions, there is still a lack of data on the developmental time of this species under aggregate feeding conditions, focusing on each developmental stage. Also, there are no studies on the development of this species under variable temperatures. Thus, this study focused on the aggregate rearing of T. sinuatus in China at seven constant temperatures and three variable temperatures from 16 to 34 °C, recording the developmental duration and accumulated degree days (ADD) of each developmental stage in detail. Additionally, body length, head capsule width and mesonotum width were measured at different times, and the survival rate was calculated for each stage. Based on the above data, an isomorphen diagram, the linear thermal summation models, the curvilinear Optim SSI models, and a survival curve were established and the head capsule width and mesonotum width were cluster analyzed to identify between instars. In addition, differences in total developmental time between constant and variable temperatures under the same mean temperature were compared to provide more comprehensive developmental data for estimating postmortem interval (PMI) using this species.
{"title":"Developmental time pattern of Thanatophilus sinuatus at different constant and variable temperatures","authors":"Shipeng Shao , Gengwang Hu , Liangliang Li , Yundi Gao , Ruonan Zhang , Siqi Liu , Hongfei Xu , Shuixiu Xia , Yu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a forensically important species, <em>Thanatophilus sinuatus</em> (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) is often active and widely distributed on animal and human carcasses. Although there is developmental data available for this species under small-group feeding conditions, there is still a lack of data on the developmental time of this species under aggregate feeding conditions, focusing on each developmental stage. Also, there are no studies on the development of this species under variable temperatures. Thus, this study focused on the aggregate rearing of <em>T. sinuatus</em> in China at seven constant temperatures and three variable temperatures from 16 to 34 °C, recording the developmental duration and accumulated degree days (ADD) of each developmental stage in detail. Additionally, body length, head capsule width and mesonotum width were measured at different times, and the survival rate was calculated for each stage. Based on the above data, an isomorphen diagram, the linear thermal summation models, the curvilinear Optim SSI models, and a survival curve were established and the head capsule width and mesonotum width were cluster analyzed to identify between instars. In addition, differences in total developmental time between constant and variable temperatures under the same mean temperature were compared to provide more comprehensive developmental data for estimating postmortem interval (PMI) using this species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"366 ","pages":"Article 112301"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142681253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Injecting drug use poses significant public health risks due to unsafe practices such as syringe sharing, reuse, and risky sexual behaviors, which increase the transmission of bloodborne viruses. In Tunisia, limited data on injecting drug use hinders the development of informed health and harm reduction policies.
Methods
A syringe collection campaign was conducted in Tunis in November 2022. The used syringes were provided by the Tunisian Association for Information and Orientation on AIDS and Addiction (ATIOST), a harm-reduction service. These syringes had been distributed to people who inject drugs (PWID) as part of a mobile syringe exchange program. The objective of the study was to analyze the contents of the used syringes to gain further insights into drug use patterns among PWID. The residual substances in the syringes were examined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), in accordance with the standardized protocol of the European Syringe Collection and Analysis Project Enterprise (ESCAPE).
Results
A total of 261 syringes from five collection sites were analyzed. Among these, 87 % contained at least one psychoactive substance, while 32 % contained more than two psychoactive substances. The most frequently identified psychoactive substances were buprenorphine (50.28 %), amphetamine (11.65 %) and tramadol (9.66 %). No substances were detected in 34 syringes.
Conclusion
This method provides rapid data on drug use trends in specific regions and timeframes, revealing differences that can inform tailored prevention and harm reduction strategies. Such analyses are valuable for comparative studies across countries in the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP-South) region.
{"title":"Detected substance abuse among injecting drug users through analysis of used syringes in Tunisia","authors":"Bilel Moslah , Omar Smaoui , Thomas Néfau , Houyem Boukassoula , Nadia chaouali , Meriem Laaribi , Mohamed Anouar Nouioui , Dorra Amira , Abderrazek Hedhili","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>Injecting drug use poses significant public health risks due to unsafe practices such as syringe sharing, reuse, and risky sexual behaviors, which increase the transmission of bloodborne viruses. In Tunisia, limited data on injecting drug use hinders the development of informed health and harm reduction policies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A syringe collection campaign was conducted in Tunis in November 2022. The used syringes were provided by the Tunisian Association for Information and Orientation on AIDS and Addiction (ATIOST), a harm-reduction service. These syringes had been distributed to people who inject drugs (PWID) as part of a mobile syringe exchange program. The objective of the study was to analyze the contents of the used syringes to gain further insights into drug use patterns among PWID. The residual substances in the syringes were examined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), in accordance with the standardized protocol of the European Syringe Collection and Analysis Project Enterprise (ESCAPE).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 261 syringes from five collection sites were analyzed. Among these, 87 % contained at least one psychoactive substance, while 32 % contained more than two psychoactive substances. The most frequently identified psychoactive substances were buprenorphine (50.28 %), amphetamine (11.65 %) and tramadol (9.66 %). No substances were detected in 34 syringes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This method provides rapid data on drug use trends in specific regions and timeframes, revealing differences that can inform tailored prevention and harm reduction strategies. Such analyses are valuable for comparative studies across countries in the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP-South) region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 112299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112297
Pirkko Kriikku , Ilkka Ojanperä
Synthetic cathinones (SCs) are a group of new psychoactive substances with amphetamine-like effects but generally higher potency. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and significance of SCs in post-mortem (PM) investigations in Finland, focusing on the three most prevalent substances: α-PVP, α-PHP, and α-PiHP. All PM cases positive for SCs during 2018–2023 were investigated with respect to cause and manner of death, PM blood and urine concentrations, and concomitant use of other drugs of abuse. There were 136 findings of α-PVP, α-PHP, or α-PiHP in 118 death cases, in which the median age at death was 35 years and 82 % were males. Concomitant opioids, stimulants, or sedatives were found in 69–92 % of cases, and cannabis in 39–47 %. In two cases (1.7 %), SCs were the only findings of abused drugs. Thirty-four fatal poisonings (29 %) were identified in which at least one of the three SCs was implicated in the cause of death. The median (range) femoral blood concentrations of α-PVP, α-PHP, and α-PiHP in these poisoning cases were 0.18 (0.03–2.6) mg/L, 0.16 (0.02–0.58) mg/L, and 0.14 (0.03–2.1) mg/L, respectively. α-PVP, α-PHP and α-PiHP were found in 4.0 % of all drug abuse cases and in 2.7 % of all fatal poisonings related to drug abuse, while for amphetamine/methamphetamine, these figures were 44 % and 21 %, respectively. Despite their lower prevalence in PM cases, SCs appear to have similar abuse liability and similar drug use patterns to amphetamine.
{"title":"Findings of synthetic cathinones in post-mortem toxicology","authors":"Pirkko Kriikku , Ilkka Ojanperä","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Synthetic cathinones (SCs) are a group of new psychoactive substances with amphetamine-like effects but generally higher potency. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and significance of SCs in post-mortem (PM) investigations in Finland, focusing on the three most prevalent substances: α-PVP, α-PHP, and α-PiHP. All PM cases positive for SCs during 2018–2023 were investigated with respect to cause and manner of death, PM blood and urine concentrations, and concomitant use of other drugs of abuse. There were 136 findings of α-PVP, α-PHP, or α-PiHP in 118 death cases, in which the median age at death was 35 years and 82 % were males. Concomitant opioids, stimulants, or sedatives were found in 69–92 % of cases, and cannabis in 39–47 %. In two cases (1.7 %), SCs were the only findings of abused drugs. Thirty-four fatal poisonings (29 %) were identified in which at least one of the three SCs was implicated in the cause of death. The median (range) femoral blood concentrations of α-PVP, α-PHP, and α-PiHP in these poisoning cases were 0.18 (0.03–2.6) mg/L, 0.16 (0.02–0.58) mg/L, and 0.14 (0.03–2.1) mg/L, respectively. α-PVP, α-PHP and α-PiHP were found in 4.0 % of all drug abuse cases and in 2.7 % of all fatal poisonings related to drug abuse, while for amphetamine/methamphetamine, these figures were 44 % and 21 %, respectively. Despite their lower prevalence in PM cases, SCs appear to have similar abuse liability and similar drug use patterns to amphetamine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 112297"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112298
Alexandre Czech , Julien Scala-Bertola , Elise Pape , Allan Kolodziej , Nathalie Tscheiller , Jean-Yves Jouzeau , Elodie Marchand , Nicolas Gambier
Hair analysis for drugs has become extensively used for forensic investigation in recent years. To best interpret hair drug content in post-mortem conditions, the extent of external contamination by biological fluids, such as blood, must be taken into account to avoid false positive results. The present study evaluated opiates and opioids incorporation into hair from blood containing different concentrations of morphine (MOR), 6-mono-acetyl morphine (6-AM), codeine (COD), dihydrocodeine (DHC), tramadol (TRA), oxycodone (OXY), methadone (MET), 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3- diphenyl pyrrolidine (EDDP), buprenorphine (BUP) and norbuprenorphine (NBUP). The hair strands contaminated by brief soaking into blood were stored at room temperature (RT) or at 4°C during 6 hours, 1, 3, 7 or 14 days. After decontamination by extensive washing, we show that all opiates and opioids were incorporated into hair within a few hours at RT and 4°C, without significant changes over time. The concentrations of opiates and opioids in hair reached the cut-off levels established by the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT) for therapeutic (MET, COD), or toxic or lethal (all other molecules) blood concentrations. The metabolite to parent drug concentration ratios were determined for NBUP/BUP, MOR/6-AM and EDDP/MET and could be helpful as indicators of blood external contamination.
{"title":"Outside-in hair contamination by blood containing opiates and opioids","authors":"Alexandre Czech , Julien Scala-Bertola , Elise Pape , Allan Kolodziej , Nathalie Tscheiller , Jean-Yves Jouzeau , Elodie Marchand , Nicolas Gambier","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hair analysis for drugs has become extensively used for forensic investigation in recent years. To best interpret hair drug content in post-mortem conditions, the extent of external contamination by biological fluids, such as blood, must be taken into account to avoid false positive results. The present study evaluated opiates and opioids incorporation into hair from blood containing different concentrations of morphine (MOR), 6-mono-acetyl morphine (6-AM), codeine (COD), dihydrocodeine (DHC), tramadol (TRA), oxycodone (OXY), methadone (MET), 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3- diphenyl pyrrolidine (EDDP), buprenorphine (BUP) and norbuprenorphine (NBUP). The hair strands contaminated by brief soaking into blood were stored at room temperature (RT) or at 4°C during 6 hours, 1, 3, 7 or 14 days. After decontamination by extensive washing, we show that all opiates and opioids were incorporated into hair within a few hours at RT and 4°C, without significant changes over time. The concentrations of opiates and opioids in hair reached the cut-off levels established by the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT) for therapeutic (MET, COD), or toxic or lethal (all other molecules) blood concentrations. The metabolite to parent drug concentration ratios were determined for NBUP/BUP, MOR/6-AM and EDDP/MET and could be helpful as indicators of blood external contamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 112298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142647371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112300
Joel Bottoni , Thomas Rost , Holger Wittig , Melanie Bauer , Eva Scheurer , Claudia Lenz
Photography is essential in forensic medicine documentation. While visible-light photography uses the human eye's spectrum (approximately 380–780 nm), infrared (IR) photography captures wavelengths invisible to the naked eye (approximately 700–1100 nm). This study aimed to assess the reliability of IR photography in detecting subcutaneous hematomas in deceased individuals. In postmortem examinations of 23 individuals with different skin tones, 43 hematomas were evaluated; for ethical reasons, hematomas on the face, neck, hands, or feet were excluded. Standardized photographs were taken using two different cameras: a Nikon D810 (visible-light) and a Nikon D800E modified with a 700 nm IR filter. Subsequently, tissue samples including the hematomas were excised. Hematoma density was assessed on paraffin-embedded samples using a Keyence VHX 5000 digital microscope. Raw IR photographs were processed with Photoshop to obtain tonal values of the darkest hematoma spot and the brightest spot of the surrounding intact tissue. Visual inspection of the excised samples confirmed that infrared photography accurately depicted 100 % of the 43 hematomas, whereas using visible-light photography, only 53.5 % were well visible and 46.5 % poorly visible. Tonal values correlated positively with microscopic densities of the hematomas, yielding a moderate to strong linear correlation coefficient of 0.70 (p < 0.001). In conclusion, IR photography is highly reliable in visualizing subcutaneous hematomas and has clear advantages over visible-light photography. Our results suggest that IR photography could be valuable as an additional tool in depicting suspected hematomas in living individuals.
{"title":"Comparison of visible-light and infrared photography for visualizing hematomas postmortem","authors":"Joel Bottoni , Thomas Rost , Holger Wittig , Melanie Bauer , Eva Scheurer , Claudia Lenz","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photography is essential in forensic medicine documentation. While visible-light photography uses the human eye's spectrum (approximately 380–780 nm), infrared (IR) photography captures wavelengths invisible to the naked eye (approximately 700–1100 nm). This study aimed to assess the reliability of IR photography in detecting subcutaneous hematomas in deceased individuals. In postmortem examinations of 23 individuals with different skin tones, 43 hematomas were evaluated; for ethical reasons, hematomas on the face, neck, hands, or feet were excluded. Standardized photographs were taken using two different cameras: a Nikon D810 (visible-light) and a Nikon D800E modified with a 700 nm IR filter. Subsequently, tissue samples including the hematomas were excised. Hematoma density was assessed on paraffin-embedded samples using a Keyence VHX 5000 digital microscope. Raw IR photographs were processed with Photoshop to obtain tonal values of the darkest hematoma spot and the brightest spot of the surrounding intact tissue. Visual inspection of the excised samples confirmed that infrared photography accurately depicted 100 % of the 43 hematomas, whereas using visible-light photography, only 53.5 % were well visible and 46.5 % poorly visible. Tonal values correlated positively with microscopic densities of the hematomas, yielding a moderate to strong linear correlation coefficient of 0.70 (p < 0.001). In conclusion, IR photography is highly reliable in visualizing subcutaneous hematomas and has clear advantages over visible-light photography. Our results suggest that IR photography could be valuable as an additional tool in depicting suspected hematomas in living individuals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"366 ","pages":"Article 112300"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142681232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112295
Danyela Kellett , Sanaz Zolghadriha , Ruth Morgan , David Lagnado , Sherry Nakhaeizadeh
Systematic reviews have been shown to be useful tools mainly in terms of identifying research areas, but the approach is less common in forensic science. Systematic reviews in forensic science have generally focused on topics closely linked to medicine or to the general practice of forensic science, such as cognitive bias or misleading evidence. The value of a systematic review is dependent on its transparency and reproducibility and, it is therefore of benefit to follow established guidelines, such as those published by the Cochrane Collaboration and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). This paper applies these guidelines to conduct an effective systematic review of the types of research that have addressed forensic footwear examination. Using this approach, it was found that overall, there is a significant body of research that has been undertaken addressing forensic footwear examination, with 427 papers in the scope of the systematic review. The results showed that the largest proportion of papers published reported the use of an algorithm to produce an automated system to code footwear marks (25.1 %). However, only a small number of papers (1.2 %) related to the actual coding process with limited research into the use of footwear intelligence (2.1 %) and linking of scenes (0.7 %) which would follow on from pattern coding. Papers relating to the recovery and enhancement of footwear marks most frequently reported in the areas of casting (7.3 %), photography (6.3 %), chemical enhancement of marks in blood (5.9 %) and other chemical enhancement (5.6 %). A relatively small proportion of papers identified considered interpretation (15.5 %) and the characteristics of a footwear mark (12.2 %), with the former predominantly focused on general interpretation (5.9 %) and the latter on damage or randomly acquired features (6.1 %). Overall, the review suggested that more research is needed to address the use of footwear intelligence; to understand the properties of footwear prints used to compare and evaluate footwear marks; and to develop a robust, transparent and consistent method to interpret and express the significance of a footwear comparison. The latter would facilitate the clear and unambiguous communication of findings to the Criminal Justice System as a whole, including the expression of the uncertainty of the evidence.
{"title":"Forensic footwear examination: A systematic review of the existing literature","authors":"Danyela Kellett , Sanaz Zolghadriha , Ruth Morgan , David Lagnado , Sherry Nakhaeizadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Systematic reviews have been shown to be useful tools mainly in terms of identifying research areas, but the approach is less common in forensic science. Systematic reviews in forensic science have generally focused on topics closely linked to medicine or to the general practice of forensic science, such as cognitive bias or misleading evidence. The value of a systematic review is dependent on its transparency and reproducibility and, it is therefore of benefit to follow established guidelines, such as those published by the Cochrane Collaboration and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). This paper applies these guidelines to conduct an effective systematic review of the types of research that have addressed forensic footwear examination. Using this approach, it was found that overall, there is a significant body of research that has been undertaken addressing forensic footwear examination, with 427 papers in the scope of the systematic review. The results showed that the largest proportion of papers published reported the use of an algorithm to produce an automated system to code footwear marks (25.1 %). However, only a small number of papers (1.2 %) related to the actual coding process with limited research into the use of footwear intelligence (2.1 %) and linking of scenes (0.7 %) which would follow on from pattern coding. Papers relating to the recovery and enhancement of footwear marks most frequently reported in the areas of casting (7.3 %), photography (6.3 %), chemical enhancement of marks in blood (5.9 %) and other chemical enhancement (5.6 %). A relatively small proportion of papers identified considered interpretation (15.5 %) and the characteristics of a footwear mark (12.2 %), with the former predominantly focused on general interpretation (5.9 %) and the latter on damage or randomly acquired features (6.1 %). Overall, the review suggested that more research is needed to address the use of footwear intelligence; to understand the properties of footwear prints used to compare and evaluate footwear marks; and to develop a robust, transparent and consistent method to interpret and express the significance of a footwear comparison. The latter would facilitate the clear and unambiguous communication of findings to the Criminal Justice System as a whole, including the expression of the uncertainty of the evidence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 112295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112291
Daniel da Silva Carvalho , Bernardo José Munhoz Lobo , Atailson Oliveira da Silva , Marcelo Henrique Sousa , Sebastião William da Silva
Carbon dots (CDs) are zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials that have been subject of considerable interest due to their remarkable electronic and optical characteristics. Their adjustable properties have gathered attention in different fields, including biological sensing, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, photocatalysis, solar cells, and latent fingerprint development. In forensic science, the frequently reported outstanding photoluminescence behavior and biocompatibility of CDs are particularly important. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to assess the reliability of the results presented in studies proposing CD-based solutions for latent fingerprint development. By standardizing procedures, forensic science guidelines are valuable references that provide a framework for comparing new development materials with established ones. These publications were used to generate key points that allowed for a more objective evaluation of the reviewed studies. Our analysis revealed that most of the studies were conducted under rather limited conditions, with significant potential for bias in the presentation and evaluation of the new results achieved by the new CD-based developmental materials.
碳点（CD）是一种零维碳纳米材料，因其显著的电子和光学特性而备受关注。它们的可调节性能在生物传感、药物输送、光动力疗法、光催化、太阳能电池和潜指纹开发等不同领域引起了人们的关注。在法医学中，经常报道的 CD 的出色光致发光性能和生物相容性尤为重要。因此，本系统综述的目的是评估提出基于光盘的潜伏指纹显现解决方案的研究结果的可靠性。通过标准化程序，法医学指南是宝贵的参考资料，为比较新的显影材料和已有材料提供了框架。我们利用这些出版物生成要点，以便对所审查的研究进行更客观的评估。我们的分析表明，大多数研究都是在相当有限的条件下进行的，在介绍和评价基于 CD 的新显影材料所取得的新成果时，很可能会出现偏差。
{"title":"According to forensic science recommendations, are carbon dots capable of reliably developing latent fingerprints?","authors":"Daniel da Silva Carvalho , Bernardo José Munhoz Lobo , Atailson Oliveira da Silva , Marcelo Henrique Sousa , Sebastião William da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon dots (CDs) are zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials that have been subject of considerable interest due to their remarkable electronic and optical characteristics. Their adjustable properties have gathered attention in different fields, including biological sensing, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, photocatalysis, solar cells, and latent fingerprint development. In forensic science, the frequently reported outstanding photoluminescence behavior and biocompatibility of CDs are particularly important. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to assess the reliability of the results presented in studies proposing CD-based solutions for latent fingerprint development. By standardizing procedures, forensic science guidelines are valuable references that provide a framework for comparing new development materials with established ones. These publications were used to generate key points that allowed for a more objective evaluation of the reviewed studies. Our analysis revealed that most of the studies were conducted under rather limited conditions, with significant potential for bias in the presentation and evaluation of the new results achieved by the new CD-based developmental materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 112291"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142617186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112293
Mateusz Trokielewicz , Piotr Maciejewicz , Adam Czajka
Post-mortem iris recognition (PMIR) is a recently developed area of expertise falling into the broader category of biometric methods utilizing human iris features for the purpose of automatic or semi-automatic establishing or confirming one’s identity. Yet, contrary to traditional iris recognition applied to living individuals, post-mortem biometrics presents forensic experts and scientists with challenges that have previously been unknown and require novel approaches and development of new skills. This paper summarizes the current state of the art of research in this area, both with respect to studies exploring the feasibility of iris recognition in a forensic setting, as well as the challenges still pervasive in the scientific community and potential ways to overcome them. We argue that post-mortem iris biometrics can serve both as a way for improving iris recognition, as well as provide forensic examiners tools for extending knowledge and skills in their respective field.
{"title":"Post-mortem iris biometrics – Field, applications and methods","authors":"Mateusz Trokielewicz , Piotr Maciejewicz , Adam Czajka","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Post-mortem iris recognition (PMIR) is a recently developed area of expertise falling into the broader category of biometric methods utilizing human iris features for the purpose of automatic or semi-automatic establishing or confirming one’s identity. Yet, contrary to traditional iris recognition applied to living individuals, post-mortem biometrics presents forensic experts and scientists with challenges that have previously been unknown and require novel approaches and development of new skills. This paper summarizes the current state of the art of research in this area, both with respect to studies exploring the feasibility of iris recognition in a forensic setting, as well as the challenges still pervasive in the scientific community and potential ways to overcome them. We argue that post-mortem iris biometrics can serve both as a way for improving iris recognition, as well as provide forensic examiners tools for extending knowledge and skills in their respective field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 112293"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112296
Jing Ma
This study proposes the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), specifically reinforcement learning and immersive human-computer interaction, to enhance crime scene investigation (CSI) training and assessment in public security colleges and universities. By incorporating these technologies, the aim is to provide a more systematic, scientific, and efficient learning experience for students, while ensuring fair and impartial evaluation. The technical roadmap and implementation strategy for applying AI and immersive interaction in CSI training are outlined, along with an application plan for different stages of the training and assessment process. This integration seeks to standardize and optimize CSI training, improving both intelligence and efficiency while ensuring fairness in evaluations.
{"title":"Smart tech meets forensics: Enhancing crime scene investigation with digital simulations","authors":"Jing Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), specifically reinforcement learning and immersive human-computer interaction, to enhance crime scene investigation (CSI) training and assessment in public security colleges and universities. By incorporating these technologies, the aim is to provide a more systematic, scientific, and efficient learning experience for students, while ensuring fair and impartial evaluation. The technical roadmap and implementation strategy for applying AI and immersive interaction in CSI training are outlined, along with an application plan for different stages of the training and assessment process. This integration seeks to standardize and optimize CSI training, improving both intelligence and efficiency while ensuring fairness in evaluations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 112296"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142617202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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